Thesis (M.A. (Journalism and Media Studies))--Rhodes University, 2004. / Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts.

This thesis is a process of writing characters using a cyclical methodology to turn the writer into a reader of their own work, then back into a writer again. The components of this thesis both practice and propose writing as research and develop a concept of character that is ‘relational’. Taking Donald Barthelme’s assertion, ‘Writing is a process of dealing with not-knowing, a forcing of what and how,’ this thesis is attentive to the uncertainty of process: a process that has accreted knowledge in the form of characters and methods. Making People Up is chronologically structured in order to make visible how its form was discovered through practice. The first component is a book of character studies You are of vital importance written in the first year of the PhD. This is followed by a reflective manuscript of essays which use a method of redescription to render a generative moment between the completion of one book and the beginning of the next. The third component is a second book Social Script which is a character study and a conclusion to the thesis. Building on Adam Phillips’ assertion, ‘Being misrepresented is simply being presented with a version of ourselves – an invention – that we cannot agree with. But we are daunted by other people making us up, by the number of people we seem to be,’ this thesis starts from the premise that in the everyday we make each other up and then goes on to use the form of the character study to explore unresolvable tensions around this process. Building four parallel propositions: that character is fiction; that a relational concept of character is a critique of the extent to which we can know each other; that constituting the writer as a reader of their own characters renders a generative moment and critical reflection; that oscillating the proximity to and distance from a character provokes you, the reader, to imagine character as a relationally contingent concept. The thesis will draw on key concepts by Christopher Bollas and Adam Phillips, literary discourse on character, reader-response criticism and a selection of literary and artistic works that have informed this process of writing characters. Research Questions: 1. Does a relational concept of character critique claims to ‘know’ each other? 2. Does replacing interpretation with redescription make a reflective methodology critical and generative? 3. What kind of narrative structure will constitute a ‘relational’ character study?

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In today’s lexicon a ‘Daily Constitutional’ usually refers to a daily walk. But in actuality, a ‘Daily Constitutional’ is something that one does on a daily basis that is beneficial to one’s constitution or healthful(1); and one’s constitution being the aggregate of a person’s physical and psychological characteristics(2). With this definition, the daily constitutional refers to any daily activity that improves a person’s physical or mental health. At various stages in my life I may have understood my constitutional to be any number of things and it was not until I came into my own did I truly discover my Daily Constitutional, the creative process. In the following thesis I will be covering my thoughts and opinions on the creative process as well as my role of Artist in a larger art community. The thesis consists of six chapters, each being a letter I wrote for Daily Constitutional, A Publication for the Artist’s Voice as the Editor-in-Chief. I created the Daily Constitutional in 2005 in order to provide my contemporary colleagues with an opportunity to once again have a voice in the art world. The publication is entirely submission based with an international open call. Each semi-annual issue is created out of the submissions received and composed by a rotating panel of six artists and has been ongoing throughout my tenure at Virginia Commonwealth University. The mission of the publication is to provide an outlet and forum for the individual Artist’s voice, rather than the cacophony that is the art world at large (galleries, critics, curators, museums, patrons and finally the artists themselves). To provide a place to express, exchange and discuss, without interpretation, the artist’s opinions, ideas and discoveries within one’s practice. This publication can only be made possible, through a collaboration of individual Artists.(3) This document was created with Adobe InDesign CS2. 1. “constitutional.” Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 03 May. 2009. . 2. “constitution.” Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 03 May. 2009. . 3. “Mission Statement,” Daily Constitutional, A Publication for the Artist’s Voice, 2005-09, http://www.dailyconstitutional.org/mission_statement.html

This thesis identifies and analyzes gendering in the art writing devoted to Lee Bontecou's metal and canvas sculptures made from the 1959 - 1964. Through a careful reading of reviews and articles written about Bontecou's constructions, this thesis reconstructs the context of the art world in the United States at mid-century and investigates how cultural expectations regarding gender directed the reception of Bontecou's art, beginning in 1959 and continuing through mid-1960s. Incorporating a description of the contemporaneous cultural context with description of the constructions and an analysis of examples of primary writing, the thesis chronologically follows the evolution of a tendency in art writing to associate gender-specific motivation and interpretation to one recurring feature of Bontecou's works.

My doctoral thesis is comprised of two bodies of research: two artworks taking the form of installations (videos, audio recordings, textiles, texts), which will be exhibited for viva. Femme Fabrications, 2016, is made from research into the American artist Joseph Cornell's (1903-1972) source materials held in the Smithsonian American Art Museum alongside research on Jean Wilkinson's 1977 book Flower Fabrications. A series of textile works encased in silk lined boxes trace my step-by-step construction of a rose from organdie. The floral emblem of the white rose (dried), 'death is preferable to a loss of innocence' , becomes an editing device, which I use to consider a number of possible recipients for the rose, such as Cornell himself. Spoken word audio recordings, which ruminate on how his sexuality pertain to the criteria of the rose are edited together with home-camcorder video footage of the house that Cornell lived in for most of his life - the house he made the entirety of his artworks within. Central to The Cesspool of Rapture, 2017, are moving-image studies of zippers, stains, rips, abrasions, openings, and closings in a series of dresses made by the American couturier Charles James (1906-1978). These videos register and move through the material research, the garments, at alternating speeds. The changing speed is registered in sound by clicks synced to each individual frame. It is at times violent and at other times tentative and gentle as the uncovering of the damage to the dresses unfolds. Audio recordings of James explicating his interests in eroticism and sexuality persistently interject the footage. This work includes the installation of a series of reconstructions of James's 1932 Taxi dress. Its black linen body is reconfigured and abstracted as the splayed design makes unfinished seams and unzipped zippers visible. In each artwork I configure viewing and consuming as a mode of authorship. I show how these diverse processes of identification become authored acts. When drawn into intimate relation with the leftover material of these historical authors, my contamination proves deviant: I gain possession of the capacity to speak for them, to expose, idolise, misrepresent, and fictionalise them. My thesis is composed of this group of methodologies, which were found and developed within the production of the artworks.

Ma thèse porte sur l’évolution de la réception des chevaux dans l’art européen du XVIIIe siècle à aujourd’hui. En examinant minutieusement des œuvres d’artistes tels que Rosa Bonheur, George Stubbs, Sawrey Gilpin, Pablo Picasso, Art Orienté Objet et plusieurs autres, dans des contextes artistiques variés – peinture, dessin, sculpture, bioart ou encore danse –, j’entends démontrer que les façons de voir (ou de ne pas voir) les chevaux dans toute leur complexité sont historiquement limitatives et changeantes. Selon une approche transdisciplinaire, ma recherche combine l’histoire de l’art animalier, les études animales, ma formation en beaux-arts, et une vaste expérience sur le terrain auprès des chevaux. Elle cherche également à modifier et à nuancer les lectures contemporaines de l’art mettant en scène des chevaux, en plus de proposer des façons alternatives, plus accueillantes, d’écrire au sujet de cet Autre. La première moitié de la thèse se concentre sur la façon dont le cheval a été représenté dans l’art aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, tandis que la seconde moitié, qui couvre les XXe et XXIe siècles, poursuit ce thème en mettant en exergue les pratiques d’écriture au sujet des œuvres d’art représentant les chevaux et la façon dont elles ont souvent été inhospitalières. Cherchant à dépasser le dualisme linguistique actuel au sein de la discipline pour décrire les dynamiques interespèces, cette thèse propose des avenues de réflexion innovantes sur le binaire cheval/humain, qui ont puisé dans des ressources inusitées en histoire de l’art, soit les idées de la déconstruction en lien avec les animaux, où la notion d’hospitalité est particulièrement importante. Puisque l’historienne de l’art dispose d’une certaine latitude quant à la structuration de « l’histoire qu’elle raconte », les récits de la thèse sont transmis de manière à être plus empathiques aux réalités équines. Dans cette veine, l’ambition globale de ma thèse est de mettre l’accent sur l’importance de conscientiser le regard posé sur l’œuvre d’art équine ou équestre et sur les responsabilités de l’auteur, de manière à sensibiliser le regardeur à des responsabilités relevant de l’éthique interespèces. Chaque cheval est unique, physiquement et psychologiquement. À l’intérieur d’une pratique qui souhaite étudier l’art qui le représente, (re)connaître la valeur singulière de cet Autre impose des défis particuliers. Aujourd’hui, les contacts avec les chevaux sont pour la majorité des historiens de l’art inexistants, ce qui engendre généralement une vision et une compréhension plus superficielle de l’Autre. Ma thèse apporte de nouvelles perspectives aux débats contemporains sur les possibilités de voir les chevaux dans l’art et sur les paramètres à prendre en compte pour le faire, et elle fournit des modèles potentiels quant à la manière d’écrire sur cet Autre en tant qu’être familier. Bien que mon sujet soit les chevaux dans l’art et dans les écrits sur l’art, les interprétations que je développe ici ont une résonance et une pertinence plus larges, notamment pour les études animales. / My thesis considers the shifting reception of equine themed European art from the 18th Century to today. Through a series of close readings of works encompassing diverse media such as painting, drawing, sculpture, bio art and dance, by artists including Rosa Bonheur, George Stubbs, Sawrey Gilpin, Pablo Picasso and Art Orienté Objet, I demonstrate that the ways horses have been seen (or not seen) in all their complexity are historically contingent and changeable. My transdisciplinary approach combines insights from the history of animal art, animal studies, my training in fine art and my substantial practical knowledge of actual horses gleaned from my time teaching bareback riding and rehabilitating horses suffering from physical and psychological trauma. As well as seeking to shift and nuance contemporary readings of art featuring horses, I also strive to develop a mode of writing about horses that is more welcoming to this Other, the horse, than many previous art historical analyses. The first half of the thesis focusses on how horses were represented in 18th and 19th century European art. The second half considers 20th century and 21st century art and also examines how ways of writing about horses in art history have been restrictive and unwelcoming. I seek to move beyond the dualistic language conventionally employed by art history to refer to equine subject matter because it constrains efforts to rethink interspecies dynamics and impedes attempts to reconceptualise the horse/human binary. My attempts to transcend dualism have required me to engage with deconstruction, a way of thinking rarely embraced by art history. In this context, the notion of hospitality has been particularly important. As art historians possess a measure of agency regarding the structuring of the stories they tell, my own endeavours are organized around the need to show empathy towards horses in their lived reality. In this vein, the overarching concern of my thesis is to emphasize the need for a critically reflexive way of looking at art with equine subject matter, one that foregrounds the viewer’s and the writer’s responsibilities in relation to interspecies ethics. Every horse is physically and psychologically unique and acknowledging this singularity, the singularity of an Other, as it manifests in and through representation, poses specific challenges. Today most art historians have no day-to-day knowledge of horses, a reality that leads to a superficial and unempathic perception of this Other. My thesis, grounded in an intimate familiarity with equines, in lived experience, in fieldwork of a kind, contributes new insights to contemporary debates about the parameters and possibilities for seeing horses in art and provides potential models for how to write of this Other as a familiar. Although my subject is horses in art and in writings about art, the understandings I develop here have a broader resonance and relevance for animal studies.

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