Arroz e feijão são alimentos comuns em uma refeição típica brasileira, oferecendo grande variedade de nutrientes. São fontes de minerais, como o ferro e zinco, que são essenciais ao bom funcionamento do organismo. O ferro participa de importantes processos metabólicos de transporte e é componente de muitas proteínas. O zinco, por sua vez, é constituinte essencial para a atividade de muitas enzimas. A deficiência destes minerais pode levar a uma série de doenças e ao impedimento do funcionamento normal do organismo. Sabe-se que o ferro não heme, oriundo dos vegetais, possui menor absorção do que o ferro heme, de origem animal, assim como o zinco vegetal, que acaba sofrendo interferência de inibidores, naturalmente presentes em vegetais. Os inibidores mais comuns em arroz e feijão são os polifenóis, com maior abrangência dos taninos, e o ácido fítico conhecido por seu efeito quelante. Promover estratégias que visem aumentar a absorção de nutrientes são interessantes, visto que eles podem ser reduzidos pelos inibidores. Neste estudo, foram elaborados quatro tratamentos, sendo que todos continham arroz e feijão e variaram entre si quanto à promotores adicionados à esta mistura. Ácido ascórbico e aminoácidos sulfurados, como a cisteína foram os escolhidos para este estudo para verificar a promoção de ferro e zinco. Para simular uma realidade nutricional, como fonte de ácido ascórbico foi escolhido o tomate, e, como fonte de aminoácidos sulfurados foram escolhidos o alho e a cebola. O objetivo foi avaliar a bioacessibilidade do ferro e zinco em arroz e feijão, bem como analisar a influência de promotores e inibidores na absorção destes micronutrientes. A bioacessibilidade foi determinada pela utilização de células caco-2, que é um método validado tanto para ferro como para zinco, e o teor de ferritina e zinco foram usados como indicadores de bioacessibilidade. Como resultado, observou-se que tanto a cisteína como o ácido ascórbico estiveram associados com o aumento na absorção de ferro, porém tal efeito só foi significativo quando permaneceram juntos no mesmo tratamento. Em relação aos inibidores, somente o ácido fítico influenciou a bioacessibilidade de ferro, enquanto que para taninos não foi observada influência. A ação dos promotores e inibidores não teve relação significativa para zinco. / Rice and beans are common foods in a typical Brazilian meal, offering great variety of nutrients. They are sources of minerals such as iron and zinc, which are essential to the proper functioning of the body. Iron participates in important metabolic processes of transport and is a component of many proteins. Zinc, in turn, is an essential constituent for the activity of many enzymes. The deficiency of these minerals can lead to several diseases and to the impediment of normal functioning of the body. It is known that non-heme iron, derived from vegetables has less absorption than heme iron, of animal origin, as well as plant zinc that ends up suffering interference from inhibitors, naturally present in vegetables. The most common inhibitors in rice and beans are polyphenols, with greater coverage of tannins and phytic acid, known for its chelating effect. Promoting strategies to increase nutrient uptake are interesting, as they can be reduced by inhibitors. In this study, four treatments were elaborated, all of which contained rice and beans and varied among them for the promoters added to this mixture. Ascorbic acid and sulfur amino acids such as cysteine were chosen for this study to verify the promotion of iron and zinc. For simulate a nutritional reality tomato was chosen as a source of ascorbic acid and garlic and onion was chosen as a source of sulfur amino acids. The objective was to evaluate the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc in rice and beans, as well as to analyze the influence of promoters and inhibitors on the absorption of these micronutrients. Bioaccessibility was determined using caco-2 cells, which is a validated method for both iron and zinc and the content of ferritin and zinc were used as indicators of bioaccessibility. As a result, both cysteine and ascorbic acid were found to be associated with increased iron absorption, but this effect was only significant when they were in the same treatment. In relation to the inhibitors, only phytic acid influenced the bioaccessibility of iron, while for tannins no influence was observed. The action of promoters and inhibitors was not significantly related to zinc.

Cheung, Wing Ki. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-112). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments / Abbreviations / Abstract 一 English --- p.i / - Chinese --- p.iii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1. --- Colon Cancer / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Colon cancer statistic in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Development of Colon cancer --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3. --- Treatment --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2. --- Chemistry of ascorbates / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Sodium-L-ascorbate --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- "Sodium 5,6-benazylidene-L-ascorbate" --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3. --- "Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, and their biological consequences" --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4. --- Cell cycle --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5. --- Autophagy --- p.8 / Chapter 1.6. --- Human colon cancer HT29 cells for anti-tumor study --- p.9 / Chapter 1.7 --- Aim of study --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Comparative studies of cytotoxicity of SAA and SBA in short term treatment / Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3. --- Results --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4. --- Discussion --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Comparative studies of SAA and SBA in oxidative stress induction and their corresponding ROS inhibitors / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3. --- Results --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4. --- Discussion --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- "Effects of SAA and SBA treatments on cell cycle regulatory proteins and the induction of transient cell cycle arrests in Gl, S and G2 phases Cell Cycle" / Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3. --- Results --- p.53 / Chapter 4.4. --- Discussion --- p.69 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Autophagy induction during SBA treatment and autophagy inhibition during SAA treatment / Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.74 / Chapter 5.3. --- Results --- p.77 / Chapter 5.4. --- Discussion --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- General Discussion --- p.93 / References --- p.100

Arroz e feijão são alimentos comuns em uma refeição típica brasileira, oferecendo grande variedade de nutrientes. São fontes de minerais, como o ferro e zinco, que são essenciais ao bom funcionamento do organismo. O ferro participa de importantes processos metabólicos de transporte e é componente de muitas proteínas. O zinco, por sua vez, é constituinte essencial para a atividade de muitas enzimas. A deficiência destes minerais pode levar a uma série de doenças e ao impedimento do funcionamento normal do organismo. Sabe-se que o ferro não heme, oriundo dos vegetais, possui menor absorção do que o ferro heme, de origem animal, assim como o zinco vegetal, que acaba sofrendo interferência de inibidores, naturalmente presentes em vegetais. Os inibidores mais comuns em arroz e feijão são os polifenóis, com maior abrangência dos taninos, e o ácido fítico conhecido por seu efeito quelante. Promover estratégias que visem aumentar a absorção de nutrientes são interessantes, visto que eles podem ser reduzidos pelos inibidores. Neste estudo, foram elaborados quatro tratamentos, sendo que todos continham arroz e feijão e variaram entre si quanto à promotores adicionados à esta mistura. Ácido ascórbico e aminoácidos sulfurados, como a cisteína foram os escolhidos para este estudo para verificar a promoção de ferro e zinco. Para simular uma realidade nutricional, como fonte de ácido ascórbico foi escolhido o tomate, e, como fonte de aminoácidos sulfurados foram escolhidos o alho e a cebola. O objetivo foi avaliar a bioacessibilidade do ferro e zinco em arroz e feijão, bem como analisar a influência de promotores e inibidores na absorção destes micronutrientes. A bioacessibilidade foi determinada pela utilização de células caco-2, que é um método validado tanto para ferro como para zinco, e o teor de ferritina e zinco foram usados como indicadores de bioacessibilidade. Como resultado, observou-se que tanto a cisteína como o ácido ascórbico estiveram associados com o aumento na absorção de ferro, porém tal efeito só foi significativo quando permaneceram juntos no mesmo tratamento. Em relação aos inibidores, somente o ácido fítico influenciou a bioacessibilidade de ferro, enquanto que para taninos não foi observada influência. A ação dos promotores e inibidores não teve relação significativa para zinco. / Rice and beans are common foods in a typical Brazilian meal, offering great variety of nutrients. They are sources of minerals such as iron and zinc, which are essential to the proper functioning of the body. Iron participates in important metabolic processes of transport and is a component of many proteins. Zinc, in turn, is an essential constituent for the activity of many enzymes. The deficiency of these minerals can lead to several diseases and to the impediment of normal functioning of the body. It is known that non-heme iron, derived from vegetables has less absorption than heme iron, of animal origin, as well as plant zinc that ends up suffering interference from inhibitors, naturally present in vegetables. The most common inhibitors in rice and beans are polyphenols, with greater coverage of tannins and phytic acid, known for its chelating effect. Promoting strategies to increase nutrient uptake are interesting, as they can be reduced by inhibitors. In this study, four treatments were elaborated, all of which contained rice and beans and varied among them for the promoters added to this mixture. Ascorbic acid and sulfur amino acids such as cysteine were chosen for this study to verify the promotion of iron and zinc. For simulate a nutritional reality tomato was chosen as a source of ascorbic acid and garlic and onion was chosen as a source of sulfur amino acids. The objective was to evaluate the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc in rice and beans, as well as to analyze the influence of promoters and inhibitors on the absorption of these micronutrients. Bioaccessibility was determined using caco-2 cells, which is a validated method for both iron and zinc and the content of ferritin and zinc were used as indicators of bioaccessibility. As a result, both cysteine and ascorbic acid were found to be associated with increased iron absorption, but this effect was only significant when they were in the same treatment. In relation to the inhibitors, only phytic acid influenced the bioaccessibility of iron, while for tannins no influence was observed. The action of promoters and inhibitors was not significantly related to zinc.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Animal Production)) --University of Limpopo, 2007 / Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of time of initiation of feeding after hatching and influence of dietary lysine and ascorbic acid supplementation on productivity, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The first experiment examined the effect of time of initiation of feeding after hatching and influence of dietary lysine supplementation during realimentation on productivity, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens during the winter period. Three hundred and sixty unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens with an initial weight of 30 ± 2 g per bird were assigned to twelve treatments with three replications of ten birds each in a 4 (times of initiation of feeding) x 3 (lysine supplemental levels) factorial, complete randomized design. At each time of initiation of feeding after hatching during the starter and grower stages, the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous but with three different lysine supplementation levels. Lysine supplementation started three days after hatching. Time of initiation of feeding above 36 hours after hatching resulted in growth retardation and high mortality rate. More than 50 % of the birds died between one and three days of age when initiation of feeding after hatching was above 36 hours. However, the birds ‘caught-up’ at the latest within eight days of realimentation. This compensatory growth could be explained in terms of higher intakes. Lysine supplementation during realimentation reduced the number of days of ‘catch-up’ irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Generally, the higher the level of lysine supplementation, the lower was the number of days of ‘catch-up’ upon realimentation. Thereafter, time of initiation of feeding after hatching and lysine supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on live weight, feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, diet digestibility, nitrogen content of breast meat, dressing %, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The second experiment examined the effect of time of initiation of feeding after hatching and influence of dietary ascorbic acid supplementation on productivity, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens during the summer period. Six v hundred and seventy five unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens with an initial weight of 32 ± 2 g per bird were assigned to fifteen treatments with three replications of fifteen birds each in a 3 (times of initiation of feeding) x 5 (ascorbic acid supplemental levels) factorial, complete randomized design. Ascorbic acid supplementation started 3 days after hatching. An average of 18 % and 31 % of the birds died between one and three days of age when initiation of feeding after hatching was above 36 hours. However, the birds ‘caught-up’ within ten days of realimentation irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. This compensatory growth could be explained in terms of reduced maintenance requirement and possibly, increased efficiency of growth. Following ‘catch-up’, ascorbic acid supplementation during realimentation lowered (P<0.05) mortality rate and improved growth rates irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Growth rate increased incrementally with increasing levels of ascorbic acid supplementation within each time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Improved growth rate in the ascorbic acid supplemented birds resulted in improved live weight in comparison with those without ascorbic acid supplementation at 21 days of age and continued until 42 days of age. Live weight increased incrementally with increasing levels of ascorbic acid supplementation within each time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Similarly, increasing ascorbic acid supplementation within each time of initiation of feeding after hatching increased dressing percentage and breast meat yield at 42 days old. However, ascorbic acid supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake of the birds irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. In both experiments, mortality was positively and strongly correlated with time of initiation of feeding after hatching while live weight was negatively and strongly correlated with time of initiation of feeding after hatching. It is concluded that time of initiation of feeding above 36 hours after hatching is not desirable, mainly because of its effect on mortality. However, lysine supplementation in the diet of broiler chickens subjected to delayed initiation of feeding after hatching might play a key role in accelerating the rate of ‘catch-up’ growth response. vi It is also concluded that the beneficial effect of ascorbic acid supplementation could be exploited in reducing mortality rate and improving growth rates in broiler chickens subjected to delayed initiation of feeding after hatching. / the National Research Foundation

ABSTRACT Three different genotypes of sugar beet (diploid, triploid and tetraploid) / 4 varieties from diploid and triploid genotypes Soraya (KWS8123) and Leila (diploid), Visa (H68121) and Kassandra (triploid) and 2 lines from tetraploid genotype &Ccedil / BM315 and EA2075 (tetraploid) were used for investigating the effects of ploidy level on plant regeneration. Within three sugar beet genotypes, with respect to the treatments, triploids or tetraploids were found to respond to treatments significantly different when compared with diploids. The responses of polyploids were superior over the responses of diploids. Moreover, varieties from same genotype responded differently to treatments. Two types of calli were obtained / one white and friable with regenerative capacity and the other green and compact with no regenerative capacity. Concentration of sucrose on callus development was observed to be important. High concentration of sucrose (30 g/L) was found to cause discoloration and irresponsiveness of formed calli at callus enlargement and subsequent shoot regeneration stages. Therefore, low concentration (10 g/L) is advised to be used at these stages / although this caused less callus induction. Although initially used for the prevention of tissue discoloration, L-ascorbic acid inclusion into the medium was found to be positively affecting the regeneration capacity. When used at 20 mg/100 mL concentration, the only two spontaneous shoots from the tetraploid EA2075 line were obtained. Subsequently, these shoots were successfully rooted and whole plants were obtained. The effect of silver nitrate, in combination with L-ascorbic acid, on the prevention of sugar beet tissue discoloration was investigated. Unfortunately, the symptoms of discoloration did not diminish. Moreover, callus formation was reduced and the subsequent shoot recovery could not be achieved. Since a total of 3456 explants were used during this study, and only 2 whole plants were regenerated, the efficiency of plant recovery was calculated as a rather low value of 0.058 %.

No description available.

Five separate field experiments were conducted across different environmental locations in Texas for the purpose of quantifying concentrations of different phytochemical groups (ascorbic acid, capsaicinoids, and flavonoids) within various pepper species, as well as, to identify the most optimum environment to promote expression of the aforementioned phytochemical. Depending on the particular experiment, quantitative measurements were then used in more detail in one of three ways: for identification of the most superior individuals and optimum environmental locations to express elevated concentrations of a particular phytochemical (first three experiments), to calculate heritability and % heterosis estimates for various fruit characteristics and phytochemical levels (fourth experiment), or for use in a specific biotechnology technique to potentially identify a molecular marker linked to elevated levels of ascorbic acid (AA) and flavonoids (quercetin and luteolin) (fifth experiment). In the first experiment, significant differences in fruit weight, capsaicin, and dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) were revealed in fruit tissue of five Habanero (Capsicum chinense) hybrids in comparison to a popular, commercial check (Kukulkan F1) after being grown across three different environmental locations (College Station, Uvalde, and Weslaco). Fruit grown at the Weslaco location was found to be larger and contained more capsaicin and DHC than those produced in Uvalde or College Station. While flavonoid contents were variable and low in all genotypes and locations, a few hybrids showed some potential for use in future crossing schemes to compete against the commercial check. Our results further suggested that variation in phytochemicals in fruit tissue of Habanero genotypes can be exploited by selecting in an appropriate environment. In the second experiment, analysis of four jalapeño hybrids in comparison to three commercial checks (Dragon, Ixtapa, and J1845), as well as, two cayenne hybrids in comparison to one commercial check (Mesilla) were compared after growing in three different locations (Amarillo, College Station, and Uvalde). Results demonstrated that the College Station location contributed to production of fruit containing higher concentrations of both AA and flavonoids, while those grown in Amarillo produced fruit with higher capsaicinoids. As expected, cayenne samples contained more AA and flavonoids than jalapeño samples. In comparison to the commercial jalapeño checks, all jalapeño hybrids generally expressed less capsaicinoids. With respect to AA and flavonoid concentrations, a few jalapeño hybrids proved to have some potential to compete against their respective commercial cultivars. For the cayenne market, one genotype revealed its potential use in mild markets and for farmers interested in a new hybrid expressing both appreciable levels of phytochemicals, as well as, more visually aesthetic attributes. Statistical analyses from the third experiment found all the F-values for each characteristic to be significant except the Location x Genotype (L x G) component for fruit wall thickness. For this experiment, a total of 21 different C. annuum (jalapeño, Serrano, and cayenne) genotypes were evaluated after growing in two diverse environmental locations (Uvalde and Weslaco). In general, peppers grown in Weslaco produced fruit with higher concentrations of AA and capsaicinoids, with a few exceptions, while fruit grown at Uvalde generally was larger in size and contained higher concentrations of flavonoids. In comparison to their respective commercial checks (jalapeño – Dragon, Tormenta; Serrano – Halcon, Magnum45; cayenne – Mesilla), a few hybrids were arguably more desirable for their respective markets with respect to different fruit measurements, AA, capsaicinoid, and flavonoid concentrations. This evidence further suggested the potential benefit this material could have for growers interested in replacing current material in the industry and to more successfully provide consumers with a healthier ingredient to better sustain their lives. In the fourth experiment, results confirmed our hypotheses that paprika type material has higher AA and flavonoid concentrations than Serrano peppers, while the opposite is possible for capsaicinoid expression. For this experiment, our goal was to identify the relative ease of incorporating different traits of interest into an improved specimen evaluating a combination of 29 F1 paprika and Serrano pepper (C. annuum) hybrids along with 19 of their respective parents. We were also able to identify how productive certain crossing combinations were at expressing a significant amount of positive heterosis for different characteristics of interest. From our correlation analyses, we were able to identify that a significant association can exist between fruit weight and fruit diameter, as well as when other characteristics were evaluated. In all, our results were able to reveal how effective certain combinations of parent material are towards production of offspring with improved traits expressing appreciable fruit characteristics and elevated phytochemical concentrations. Finally, the quantitative measurements produced in our F2 molecular marker experiment found significant amounts of variation for both flavonoids (quercetin and luteolin) and AA expression. It was evident that incorporation of the necessary genes of interest present within fruit tissue across this F2 family for these different phytochemicals were passed from ‘Ca377’ (P1) to several of these offspring. Three candidate primers were eventually identified for their potential polymorphic expression. However, after statistically analyzing the results, only one primer was identified as expressing a significant association (although the value was still relatively low) of variability with respect to luteolin. We also identified a significant association between quercetin and luteolin, quercetin and total flavonoids (quercetin+luteolin), as well as, luteolin and total flavonoids (quercetin+luteolin) in fruit tissues of different pepper material. From our results, we were able to arguably conclude that an environmental component may serve a more essential role in activating the necessary physiological processes to produce specific secondary metabolites. Although our RAPD technique was fairly straightforward and useful, some may argue that a more reliable technique would have been better. Therefore, we postulate that success may be possible in the near future if a different molecular marker technique is used.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-28 / Introdução: EROs são produzidas durante o metabolismo normal das células, tendo funções fisiológicas importantes como a sinalização celular. Porém, em uma situação que leve o organismo a uma produção exagerada de EROs, temos o chamado estresse oxidativo, que tem ação deletéria às células, podendo levar à apoptose ou à senescência celular . A vitamina C é um dos principais agentes antioxidantes do organismo, atuando em todas as formas de estresse oxidativo. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da vitamina C em cultura de fibroblastos humanos dérmicos submetida ao estresse oxidativo pelo peróxido de hidrogênio. Método: O método constitui-se no isolamento e cultivo de fibroblastos humanos dérmico em seis grupos: controle, Vitamina C+, Vitamina C -, H2O2, Vitamina C + H2O2, Vitamina C - H2O2. Os fibroblastos foram submetidos ao estresse oxidativo pela suplementação de H2O2 ao meio de cultura por 2 horas. Foram avaliados a proliferação pelo MTT, a senescência celular pela marcação da enzima beta-galoctosidase, a apoptose celular e a liberação de EROs pela citometria de fluxo. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que o peróxido de hidrogênio aumentou significantemente a senescência celular e a apoptose nos fibroblastos. A vitamina C diminuiu significantemente a indução da senescência celular somente no estado intracelular. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a vitamina C não protegeu os fibroblastos humanos dérmicos cultivados contra o estresse oxidativo induzido pelo H2O2 e que a Vitamina C intracelular levou a uma diminuição da indução da senescência celular. / Introduction: ROS are produced during normal cell metabolism, and have physiological functions such as cell signaling. However, in a situation that leads the body to an overproduction of ROS, we have the so called oxidative stress, which has deleterious effects on cells and may lead to apoptosis or cell senescence. Vitamin C is one of the major antioxidants in the body, acting in all forms of oxidative stress. Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of vitamin C in cultured human dermal fibroblasts subjected to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Methods: The method consisted in the isolation and cultivation of human dermal fibroblasts into six groups: control, vitamin C (+), Vitamin C (-), H2O2, Vitamin C (+) H2O2, Vitamin C (-) H2O2. Fibroblasts were submitted to oxidative stress by the addition of H2O2 to the culture medium for 2 hours. The following points were evaluated: cell proliferation by MTT, cell senescence by marking the enzyme beta-galactosidase, cell apoptosis and the release of free radicals by flow cytometry. Results: The results demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide significantly increased senescence and apoptosis in fibroblasts, and that vitamin C only decreased induced cell senescence significantly when intracellular. Conclusion: We concluded that vitamin C did not protect cultured human dermal fibroblasts against oxidative stress induced by H2O2 and that intracellular vitamin C led to a decrease in the induction of cell senescence. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-06-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moreira_gc_me_botfca.pdf: 522936 bytes, checksum: 59249a8e43961d1234678ad95d42c9af (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar os efeitos do ácido ascórbico e da radiação gama na conservação pós-colheita de maçã Royal Gala minimamente processada, submetida à refrigeração, visando estender a sua vida útil, retardando seu amadurecimento e reduzindo a incidência de patógenos, sem prejuízo das suas características físicas, químicas e organolépticas. Foram realizados 4 experimentos: Experimento 1 - os frutos processados em cubos de 2 x 2 cm; Experimento 2 - os frutos processados em rodelas de 1 cm; Experimento 3 - os frutos cortados em 4 partes. Para os experimentos 1, 2 e 3, após o processamento nos diferentes cortes, os frutos foram acondicionadas em bandejas de isopor envolvidas em filme plástico e submetidas a diferentes concentrações de ácido ascórbico (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% e 4%); Experimento 4 - os frutos processados em cubos de 2 x 2 cm, imersos em solução de 3% de ácido ascórbico, acondicionados em bandejas de isopor envolvidas em filme plástico e irradiadas com diferentes doses de radiação gama (T1 - Testemunha (0,0kGy), T2 - 0,1kGy, T3 - 0,2kGy, T4 - 0,3kGy, T5 - 0,4kGy, T6 - 0,5kGy). As frutas foram irradiadas na EMBRARAD, localizada em Cotia - SP. Foram utilizadas nessa pesquisa maçãs Royal Gala, provenientes da Empresa Agroban (Vacaria - RS). Os frutos foram transportados ao Laboratório de Frutas e Hortaliças, pertencente ao Departamento de Gestão e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP - Câmpus de Botucatu, SP. Para cada experimento, os frutos após receberem cada tratamento, foram armazenados em câmara fria a 5l1ºC e 85 - 90% de umidade relativa. As avaliações foram realizadas a cada dois dias, durante 10 dias de armazenamento. As alterações na qualidade pós-colheita foram detectadas por meio das análises de perda de massa fresca... / The present work had as objective to verify the effects of the ascorbic acid and the gamma radiation in the postharvest conservation of the minimally processed apple 'Royal Gala' minimally processed, submitted to the refrigeration aiming to extend its useful life, delaying its ripening and reducing the microorganisms incidence, without damage of its physical, chemistries and sensorial characteristics. Four experiments were accomplished: Experiment 1 - the fruits processed in cubes of 2 x 2 cm; Experiment 2 - the fruits processed in slices of 1 cm; Experiment 3 - the fruits cut in 4 parts. For the experiments 1, 2 and 3, after the processing in the different cuts, the fruits were conditioned in isopor trays involved in plastic film and submitted to different concentrations of ascorbic acid (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%); Experiment 4 - the fruits processed in cubes of 2 x 2 cm, immersed in solution of 3% of ascorbic acid, conditioned in isopor trays involved in plastic film and irradiated with different gamma radiation doses (T1 - control (0,0kGy), T2 - 0,1kGy, T3 - 0,2kGy, T4 - 0,3kGy, T5 - 0,4kGy, T6 - 0,5kGy). The fruits were irradiated in EMBRARAD, located in Cotia - SP. Apples ' Royal Gala' were used in this research, coming from the Company Agroban (Vacaria - RS). The fruits were transported to the Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables, belonging to the 'Departamento de Gestão e Tecnologia Agroindustrial', of 'Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP - Campus of Botucatu, SP'. Each fruit after receiving treatment, was stored for each experiment in a cold camera to 5l1ºC and 85 - 90% of relative humidity. The evaluations were accomplished every other day, for 10 days of storage. The alterations in the quality postharvest were detected through the analyses of loss of fresh mass... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

This study was conducted at the laboratory of Biology and Adaptive Aquatic Toxicology, as well as at the Pisciculture Laboratory, both from the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). The overall objective was to evaluate the antioxidant effects of vitamin C on biochemical and hematological parameters of jundiá Rhamdia quelen. The study was divided in two experiments (phase), and the results of the first experiment served as the basis for the second period. The first step consisted in preparing food supplemented with vitamin C in 3 different concentrations: (1) 0 (2) and 500 (3) 1000 mg / kg. During supplementation were collected 10 fish per diet on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28, for the purpose of performing a concentration curve to ascertain the minimum amount of supplementation it to obtain the protective effect of vitamin C. In each collection, blood, liver and gill samples were collected for subsequent biochemical and hematological analysis. Our results showed that the activity of catalase (CAT) in the liver, increased, only in group 1, with no significant changes in the other groups. The levels of lipid peroxidation in liver and gills were reduced in groups 2 and 3 compared to group 1. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver increased both in group 2 and in group 3 compared to group 1. The protein carbonyl content in gills was higher in group 1 when compared to others groups. Regarding the activity of glutathione Stransferase enzymes (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of non-protein thiols (NPSH), there was no significant difference between groups. The total erythrocyte count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (HCT) increased in all groups. There were no significant differences in relation to the mean cell volume (MCV) and mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) values. From the results obtained it was observed that the amount of 500 or 1000 mg/kg vitamin C were sufficient to improve the antioxidant ability to Rhamdia quelen and it was established that 28 days of feeding would be a minimum to obtain desired results. Through these assumptions began the second phase of the study, where animals were fed for 30 days with feed containing 1000 mg/kg of vitamin C. The animals were divided into the following groups: (1) control Vitamin C 0 mg/kg (2) control vitamin C 1000 mg/kg, (3) exposure to atrazine vitamin C 0 mg/kg, (4) exposure to atrazine vitamin C 1000 mg/kg. After the feeding period the animals were subjected to exposure atrazine at a concentration of 10μg/L, for a period of 96 hours. The purpose of this step was to determine whether this amount of vitamin C would be sufficient for fish protection against stress caused by exposure to the herbicide. At this stage we choose to perform analysis only in the liver, since the gill showed few significant changes in the first phase of the experiment. The results of this phase showed that in all groups there was no significant difference in lipid peroxidation. However, there was a decrease in protein carbonyl content in group 4 when compared to the other groups. NPSH levels increased only in the groups supplemented with 1000 mg/kg vitamin C (groups 2 and 4). There was no significant difference in the GST activity among the groups. The GPx activity increased significantly in group 4 as compared to the other groups. The CAT activity decreased both in groups 3 and 4. Thus, we conclude that vitamin C improved liver protection when the animals were exposed to atrazine. Therefore, a diet supplemented with adequate amounts of vitamin C, can provide both good nutrition for the fish as well as a protection against stress factors. / O presente estudo foi realizado no laboratório de Biologia Adaptativa e Toxicologia Aquática, bem como no laboratório de Piscicultura, ambos pertencentes à Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). O objetivo geral foi avaliar os efeitos antioxidantes da vitamina C sobre parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen). O estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos (fases), sendo os resultados do primeiro experimento base para o segundo período experimental. A primeira fase constituiu-se na preparação da ração suplementada com vitamina C, em 3 diferentes concentrações: (1) 0, (2) 500 e (3) 1000 mg/kg. Durante a suplementação foram coletados 10 peixes por dieta, nos dias 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28, com o intuito de realizar uma curva de concentração a fim de conhecer a quantidade mínima de suplementação para que se obtenha os efeitos protetores da vitamina C. Em cada coleta foram amostrados: sangue, fígado e brânquias, para posteriores análises bioquímicas e hematológicas. Nossos resultados mostraram que a atividade da catalase (CAT), em fígado, aumentou apenas no grupo 1, não havendo alterações significativas nos outros grupos. Os níveis de peroxidação lipídica em fígado e brânquias foram reduzidos nos grupos 2 e 3, quando comparado ao grupo 1. A atividade da glutationa-peroxidase (GPx) no fígado aumentou tanto no grupo 2 quanto no grupo 3, quando comparado ao grupo 1. O nível de proteína carbonil, em brânquias, foi elevado apenas no grupo 1, quando comparado com os outros grupos. Em relação as atividade das enzimas glutationa-S-transferase (GST) e superóxido dismutase (SOD), bem como ao nível dos tióis- não proteicos (NPSH), não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. A contagem total de eritrócitos (RBC), hemoglobina (Hb) e hematócrito (HCT) aumentou em todos os grupos. Não houve diferenças significativas em relação aos valores do volume celular médio (MCV) e da hemoglobina celular média (MCH). A partir dos resultados obtidos observou-se que as quantidades de 500 ou 1000 mg/kg de vitamina C foram suficientes para a melhoria da capacidade antioxidante de Rhamdia quelen, bem como foi estabelecido que 28 dias de alimentação seria um período mínimo para se obter os resultados desejados. Por meio destes pressupostos iniciamos a segunda fase do estudo, onde os animais foram alimentados por 30 dias com ração contendo 1000 mg/kg de vitamina C. Os animais foram divididos nos seguintes grupos: (1) controle - vitamina C 0 mg/kg, (2) controle - vitamina C 1000 mg/kg, (3) exposição à atrazina - vitamina C 0 mg/kg e (4) exposição à atrazina - vitamina C 1000 mg/kg. Após o período de alimentação estes animais foram submetidos à exposição de Atrazina, na concentração de 10μg/L, por um período de 96 horas. O objetivo desta etapa foi verificar se essa quantidade de vitamina C seria suficiente para a proteção dos peixes contra o estresse causado pela exposição ao herbicida. Nesta etapa escolhemos realizar as análises apenas em fígado, uma vez que a brânquia mostrou poucas alterações significativas na primeira fase do experimento. Os resultados desta fase mostraram que em todos os grupos não houve diferenças significativas na peroxidação lipídica. Entretanto, houve uma diminuição do conteúdo da proteína carbonil no grupo 4, quando comparado com os outros grupos. Os níveis de NPSH aumentou apenas nos grupos suplementados com 1000 mg/kg de vitamina C (grupos 2 e 4). Não houve diferença significativa da atividade da enzima GST, em nenhum grupo. A atividade da GPx aumentou significativamente no grupo 4 em comparação com os outros grupos. A atividade da CAT diminuiu, tanto no grupo 3 quanto no grupo 4. Sendo assim, concluímos que a vitamina C mostrou ser capaz de melhorar a proteção do fígado quando os animais foram expostos a Atrazina. Logo, uma dieta suplementada com quantidades adequadas de vitamina C, pode proporcionar tanto uma boa nutrição para os peixes, bem como uma proteção contra fatores de estresse.