This article provides answers to many of the common questions that medical students ask about the specialty of family medicine. It describes the crucial role that family physicians have in the evolving health care environment, the scope of practice, the diverse career opportunities available, the education and training of family physicians, the economic realities of a career in family medicine, why the future is so bright for family medicine, and why family physicians are passionate about their work.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Short Message Service (SMS) is one of the most popularly used services for communication between mobile phone users. In recent times it has also been proposed as a means for information access. However, there are several challenges to be overcome in order to process an SMS, especially when it is used as a query in an information retrieval system.SMS users often tend deliberately to use compacted and grammatically incorrect writing that makes the message difficult to process with conventional information retrieval systems. To overcome this, a pre-processing step known as normalization is required. In this thesis an investigation of SMS normalization algorithms is carried out. To this end,studies have been conducted into the design of algorithms for translating and normalizing SMS text. Character-based, unsupervised and rule-based techniques are presented. An investigation was also undertaken into the design and development of a system for information access via SMS. A specific system was designed to access information related to a Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) database in healthcare, using a case study. This study secures SMS communication, especially for healthcare information systems. The proposed technique is to encipher the messages using the secure shell (SSH) protocol.

本篇論文基於市場上所存在的一些交易機制，探討漲跌停前後之股價行為。因為證券市場上存在一些交易規則，例如漲跌停限制、買賣價差、最小升降單位限制、競價制度等，這些交易規則，具有法定的效力，理所當然地會影響投資人的行為。這種以各種交易機制的存在，探討價格形成的過程，就是市場微結構理論之研究範疇。 本篇引用Hausman, Lo, and MacKinlay (1992)所建立之Ordered Probit模型來分析漲跌停前後之股價行為，以個股逐筆交易的價格變動為因變數，而建立因變數為間斷型之分析模型，並以等待撮合時間、交易量、落後期交易價格、買賣價差等經濟變數，來探討個股逐筆交易價格變動的成因。在此同時，鑑於以往研究多假定價量關係為線性，本研究引入非線性的概念，檢定價量之間是否存有非線線性之關係；最後，為使模型更具解釋力，我們引入異質性變異數。 第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………..1 第一節 研究動機……………………………………………..1 第二節 研究目的……………………………………………..7 第三節 研究範圍與限制……………………………………..7 第四節 研究架構與內容……………………………………..8 第二章 文獻回顧……………………………………………………….10 第一節 非同時交易………………………………………….10 第二節 最小升降單位……………………………………….11 第三節 買賣價差…………………………………………….14 第四節 漲跌停限制………………………………………….15 第五節 重要模型回顧…………………………………….…18 2.5.1 Chou(1996)……………………………………..18 2.5.2 Hausman, Lo, and MacKinlay(1992)…………..20 第三章 實證模型設定………………………………………………….25 第一節 資料來源…………………………………………….25 第二節 樣本選取…………………………………………….25 第三節 模型設定…………………………………………….26 3.3.1 價格的變動區間……………………………….26 3.3.2 解釋變數……………………………………….29 3.3.3 條件變異數的型式…………………………….32 3.3.4 價格與成交量之間非線性關係的檢定……….32 第四節 資料處理…………………………………………….33 第四章 實證分析……………………………………………………….36 第一節 模型基本統計分析………………………………….36 第二節 價量非線性關係的檢定…………………………….39 第三節 Ordered Probit模型實證分析……………………….40 第五章 結論與建議……………………………………………………..48 第一節 結論…………………………………………………..48 第二節 建議…………………………………………………..49 參考文獻…………………………………………………………………..50 / This thesis is an application of the market microstructure theory’. In light of some trading mechanisms in our stock market, such as price limit, bid-asked spread, tick size, and auction system, those trading rules would influence the behavior of investors. We want to study the process and outcomes of stock price under those explicit trading rules. We use the Ordered Probit model (Hausman, Lo, and MacKinlay, 1992) to investigate the stock behaviors when it hits price limits. We also use price change as the discrete dependent variable, and time elapsed, trading volume, lag price changes, bid-asked spread as explanatory variables. In order to make the model more explainable, heterogeneity is applied. Moreover, we also want to find out if there is any nonlinear relationship between price change and trading volume.

顧客關係管理（Customer Relationship Management，縮寫為CRM）是近來十分熱門的觀念，而關係行銷是此觀念在行銷上的實際應用。關係行銷的理論認為如果企業能蒐集顧客的詳盡資訊，並據此開發出個人化的行銷計劃，就可以有效地提昇顧客的滿意度，使其成為企業的忠實客戶，為企業帶來長期性的收益。 　　在行銷活動中，售後服務是維持顧客滿意度的重要環節。本研究以售後服務中的產品常見問題集（Frequently Asked Questions，縮寫為FAQ）為主題，實作一個FAQ導覽與維護的雛型系統。使用者可以在系統的協助下，瀏覽與產品有關的FAQ，若找不到想要的資訊，則可以提出新的問題，要求公司為其解答。 　　本系統運用代理人程式的觀念，協助FAQ導覽與新問題處理工作的遂行，並利用社群討論的方式，為顧客提出的新問題尋求解答。為了讓企業重視FAQ的維護工作，本研究試圖將FAQ的維護責任與公司的客服體制作初步的結合，其作法是將新問題的處理責任加諸於公司的員工，並由公司主管監督其工作進度。藉由這些努力，本研究希望塑造出一個良好的FAQ服務環境，使得顧客與企業能互蒙其利。 / Customer relationship management (CRM) has become a very popular concept recently. Relationship marketing is one of its application in marketing area. The relationship marketing theory claims that collecting detailed information about customers and developing customized marketing plans for individual customers can improve customer satisfaction and loyalty significantly, and organizations will benefit from this strategy in the long term. 　　Post-sale service (or after-sale service) is a vital part of marketing activities for maintaining customers' satisfaction. This study focuses on product FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) in the post-sale service category and implements a prototype system which would allow FAQ navigation and maintenance on the Internet. Users can browse product-related FAQs with assistance from the system. If they cannot find satisfying information, they could issue new requests, and the organization would then resolve them. 　　The system applies software agents to assist the process of FAQ navigation and answering of new questions. Customers' requests can also be solved by a community-discussion approach. To force organizations to pay more attention to post-sale service, this study tries to incorporate FAQ maintenance into customer services by requiring employees to answer any raised questions, and allowing the managers to monitor the performance of those employees. Through such efforts, this study establishes a FAQ service environment and creates a win-win situation for both customers and organizations.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att göra en jämförande studie mellan faktorerna som enligt en teoretisk ram påverkar en miljöinvestering och faktorerna som ingår i ett företags bedömnings-modell. Respondentbolaget begärde i ett tidigt skede att få vara anonymt och benämns därför som Företaget. Det är en multinationell koncern med verksamhet i många skilda branscher, men med fokus på norden och produkter som kan kopplas till lantbruk. Den teoretiska referensramen har sin utgångspunkt i begreppen värde och investering samt hur deras koppling till miljö och miljöinvesteringar för att identifiera de faktorer som påverkar en miljöinvestering. Faktorerna som ingår i den teoretiska referensramen och som jämförs mot respondentbolagets faktorer är:  Investeringens värdetillförsel  Investeringens miljöpåverkan  Hur investeringen påverkar produktionsförutsättningarna  Krav från samhället  Kundkrav Kopplingen däremellan bedöms enligt en femgradig skala. Informationen från Företaget inhäm-tades genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer med representanter från Företaget. Slutsatsen för detta arbete är att Företaget har identifierat samma faktorer som den teoretiska referensramen. De använder dock mätetal som inte fullt ut reflekterar faktorerna. Den största avvikelsen är bedömningen av en investerings värdetillförsel, då Företaget fullt ut införlivar det producerade värdet samt det faktum att en miljöinvestering skall ses som irreversibel. Enkelhet premieras hos Företaget och det är för att prioritera modellens användbarhet, som Företaget väl-jer att acceptera brister i bedömningsmodellen. För att förbättra bedömningsmodellen bör Företaget därför införliva nya mätetal som till större del reflekterar faktorerna som påverkar en miljöinvestering / The purpose of this master thesis is to present a comparison between the factors that affects an environmental investment. This is done through applying a theoretical framework on the factors affecting a company’s existing appraisal model for environmental investments. The company that was a part of this thesis asked at an initial stage for confidentiality, therefore it is called the Company in this thesis. The Company that contributes with the appraisal model is a multination-al group with operations in many different industries, but with a focus on the Nordic countries and products that may be linked to the agricultural sector. The theoretical framework has its base in the concepts of value and investments and their connection to the environment and the envi-ronmental investment. The identified factors in the theoretical framework are:  The investment’s addition to the value creation to the company  The investment’s environmental impact  How the investment affects the production  Demands from society  Customer demands From these, the factors affecting a company’s existing appraisal model were compared and their connection to theoretical framework was judged according to a 5-grade scale. Information from the Company was acquired through semi-structured interviews with representatives from the Company. The largest deviation is how the company considers an investment’s contribution to the produced value. Because of this imperfection does the company's model not fully incorporate the produced value and that an environmental investment is irreversible. The overall conclusion is that the Company has identified the same factors as the theoretical framework. The Company has though chosen to use their existing methods and performance indicators that don’t fully incorporate the factors in the theoretical framework. The largest devia-tions are how the company considers an investment’s contribution to the produced value and that it should be considered as irreversible. The Company must therefore in order to enhance their appraisal model develop new performance measures for the factors.

Introducción. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar si existe correlación entre los conocimientos sobre las consecuencias de la obesidad y el grado de actividad física de las personas. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico durante los años 2013 y 2014. Participaron 215 alumnos de pregrado seleccionados por conveniencia no relacionados a carreras del campo de la salud en una universidad de Lima, Perú. Se evaluó el grado de actividad física utilizando el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) y el nivel de conocimientos sobre consecuencias de la obesidad utilizando la escala Obesity Risk Knowledge-10 (ORK-10). También, se consignó las fuentes de información de donde obtuvieron el conocimiento para responder dicho cuestionario. Resultados. La mediana de edad fue 20 (rango intercuartílico=4) y 63% eran mujeres. De acuerdo al IPAQ, 53,9% realizaban actividad física alta, 35,4%, moderada y 10,7%, leve. Se encontró una correlación muy baja (rs=0,06) entre el puntaje del ORK-10 y la cantidad de equivalentes metabólicos/minuto consumidos por semana, pero no era significativa (p=0,38). Las personas informadas por medios de comunicación y por personal de salud obtuvieron mayores puntajes en el ORK- 10 que quienes se informaron por otras vías (p<0,05). Conclusiones. La correlación entre los conocimientos sobre consecuencias de la obesidad y el grado de actividad física es muy baja. Es necesario utilizar enfoques multidisciplinarios que incluyan todos los determinantes de la realización de actividad física para poder lograr cambios en la conducta de la población.