Os procedimentos de dosagem Marshall e Superpave definem os teores de ligante de projeto baseados em parâmetros volumétricos. Nessa situação, sistemáticas de dosagem com tipos de compactação diferentes podem conduzir a teores de ligante de projeto distintos que definirão a vida útil dos revestimentos asfálticos. O objetivo principal desse trabalho é avaliar o comportamento mecânico de misturas asfálticas moldadas por diferentes métodos de compactação de laboratório e analisar a relação com os resultados de amostras obtidas a partir de misturas compactadas por rolagem pneumática na mesa compactadora francesa. A fase experimental consistiu na dosagem de misturas pelos métodos Marshall e Superpave (este último com dois tamanhos de moldes), além da compactação na Prensa de Cisalhamento Giratória (PCG) e da moldagem de placas na mesa compactadora. Avaliou-se o efeito do tipo de compactação, do tamanho do molde e do número de giros do Compactador Giratório Superpave (CGS) no teor de projeto, nos parâmetros volumétricos, no comportamento mecânico e no desempenho quanto à fadiga e à resistência ao afundamento em trilha de roda. Adicionalmente, foi avaliada a eficiência do método Bailey de composição granulométrica quanto à resistência à deformação permanente em função do tipo de agregado. Constatou-se que o método Bailey, por si só, não garante resistência à deformação permanente, sendo essa dependente do tipo de agregado incluindo seus parâmetros de forma. O principal produto da pesquisa, com efeitos práticos no projeto de misturas asfálticas, traduz-se na recomendação do método Superpave com molde de 100 mm (para TMN <= 12,5 mm) para volume de tráfego médio a alto em detrimento ao método Superpave com 150 mm, tendo em vista que o primeiro apresenta densificação mais semelhante às amostras preparadas na compactação por rolagem (similar ao que ocorre em pista) o que resulta em comportamento mecânico também mais próximo da realidade de campo. A utilização dos moldes de 150 mm de diâmetro no CGS pode ser viabilizada desde que se adote um número de giros menor do aquele proposto para projeto pelo Asphalt Institute (2001). Por fim, é fundamental que os ensaios e os cálculos para obtenção dos parâmetros volumétricos e escolha do teor de projeto sigam ao normatizado pela ASTM, pelo Asphalt Institute (2001) e pela ABNT. / The Marshall and Superpave mixture designs procedures are based mainly on volumetric parameters. Despite this similarity, the definition of the optimum asphalt content is highly influenced by the laboratory compaction method. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the compaction method on the volumetric and mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures. Furthermore, the results are compared with the performance of samples prepared on the LCPC roller compactor. The experimental procedure included Marshall and Superpave mixture design methods (the second one with two mold sizes), the French gyratory shear compactor (PCG), and also the LCPC roller compactor. The effect of compaction method, mold size and number of gyrations on the air voids content (and consequently, on the optimum asphalt binder content), mechanical properties and on the fatigue and rutting performance were evaluated. Moreover, the efficiency of the Bailey method for aggregate gradation selection on rutting was evaluated by the wheel tracking test of the LCPC. It was found that the Bailey method itself does not ensure resistance to rutting. It depends on the aggregate source, specially its shape. The main contribution of this study is the recommendation of the Superpave 100 mm (NMS <= 12,5 mm) for medium and high traffic, once its densification was similar to the roller compacted samples. The use of 150 mm molds in the SGC is recommended only if the number of gyrations is smaller than the one used in this study. It is essential that the laboratory standard procedures used for the tests and volumetric parameters calculations follow ASTM, Asphalt Institute (2001) and ABNT.

The diploma thesis is focused on evaluation of properties of fine aggregate by means of laboratory tests. Fine aggregate evaluation was performed using sieving test, laser diffraction, delta ring and ball test, bitumen number test, uncompacted void content of fine aggregate according to AASHTO T 304, voids of dry compacted filler (Rigden) test and particle density of filler. Laboratory research has led to the discovery of some properties of fine aggregate and their dependencies.

The aim of diploma thesis is to design mixture SMA LA 8 with crumb rubber modified bitumen (9,9 %) and a modifier additive TecRoad (22 %) and the test of water sensitivity, the resistance to permanent deformation and to frost cracking, the determination of the stiffness and fatigue characteristics. Test methods are described and evaluated.

Load induced top-down fatigue cracking has been recognized recently as a major distress phenomenon in asphalt pavements. This failure mode has been observed in many parts of the world, and in some regions, it was found to be more prevalent and a primary cause of pavements failure. The main factors which are identified as potential causes of top down fatigue cracking are primarily linked to age hardening, mixtures fracture resistance and unbound layers stiffness. Mechanistic Empirical analytical models, which are based on hot mix asphalt fracture mechanics (HMA-FM) and that could predict crack initiation time and propagation rate, have been developed and shown their capacity in delivering acceptable predictions. However, in these methods, the effect of age hardening and healing is not properly accounted and moreover, these models do not consider the effect of mixture morphology influence on long term pavement performance. Another drawback of these models is, as analysis tools they are not suitable to be used for pavement design purpose. The main objective of this study is to develop a reliability calibrated design framework in load resistance factor design (LRFD) format which could be implemented to design pavement sections against top down fatigue cracking. For this purpose, asphalt mixture morphology based sub-models were developed and incorporated to HMA-FM to characterize the effect of aging and degradation on fracture resistance and healing potential. These sub-models were developed empirically exploiting the observed relation that exist between mixture morphology and fracture resistance. The developed crack initiation prediction model was calibrated and validated using pavement sections that have high quality laboratory data and observed field performance history. As traffic volume was identified in having a dominant influence on predicted performance, two separate model calibration and validation studies were undertaken based on expected traffic volume. The predictions result for both model calibration and validation was found to be in an excellent agreement with the observed performance in the field. A LRFD based design framework was suggested that could be implemented to optimize pavement sections against top-down fatigue cracking. To achieve this objective, pavement sections with various design target reliabilities and functional requirements were analyzed and studied.  A simplified but efficient limit state equation was generated using a central composite design (CCD) based response surface methodology, and FORM based reliability analysis was implemented to compute reliabilities and formulate associated partial safety factors. A design example using the new partial safety factors have clearly illustrated the potential of the new method, which could be used to supplement existing design procedures. / <p>QC 20150427</p>

No description available.

A utilização de materiais reciclados na pavimentação é uma técnica que possibilita tanto benefícios econômicos quanto ambientais, contribui para a restauração das estruturas e proporciona a manutenção de condições ideais do nível de qualidade dos pavimentos. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o comportamento quanto à deformação permanente de quatro misturas a frio estabilizadas com emulsão asfáltica e asfalto espumado, analisando os resultados obtidos em três procedimentos de ensaio de Flow Number adaptados para misturas recicladas a frio. Os procedimentos foram baseados na norma ABNT NBR 16505 (2016), no estudo de misturas recicladas feito por Kim e Lee (2012) e em resultados de simulações de estruturas de pavimento de trechos experimentais, por meio do software 3D-Move. Nos diferentes procedimentos, variou-se a tensão vertical e a temperatura de ensaio, além da verificação da influência do processo de cura no desempenho dos materiais. Os resultados do ensaio de Flow Number demonstraram, de forma geral, a melhora no desempenho das quatro misturas recicladas a frio com maior tempo de cura, não ocorrendo deformação permanente ao longo do ensaio. Este foi um fator preponderante para o desempenho das misturas asfálticas recicladas a frio, nas condições apresentadas, conferindo melhor desempenho para as amostras curadas. A granulometria das misturas estabilizadas com asfalto espumado e cimento Portland, utilizado como fíler, também conferiram maior resistência à deformação permanente das misturas. A granulometria das amostras com maior quantidade de material asfáltico reciclado pode influenciar seu comportamento quanto à deformação permanente, a depender da estrutura das partículas de material asfáltico reciclado, assim como a forma de dispersão do ligante, uma vez que a mistura estabilizada com emulsão apresentou maior dependência da temperatura e tensão vertical aplicada em comparação às misturas que foram estabilizadas com asfalto espumado. O ensaio de Flow Number mostrou ser uma ferramenta útil para a investigação da deformação permanente de misturas recicladas a frio. / The use of recycled materials in the pavement rehabilitation is a technique that allows both economic and environmental benefits, contributes to the restoration of the structural capacity, and maintains the ideal conditions of the quality level of the pavement. The objective of this study is to evaluate the behavior with respect to permanent deformation of four asphalt mixtures stabilized with asphalt emulsion and foamed asphalt, analyzing the results obtained in three Flow Number test procedures adapted for cold recycled mixtures. The procedures were based on ABNT NBR 16505 (2016), the study of recycled mixtures made by Kim and Lee (2012), and results of simulations of pavement structures of experimental sections, using 3D-Move software. In the different procedures, the vertical stress and the test temperature were varied, besides the verification of the influence of the curing process on the performance of the materials. The results of the Flow Number test showed, in general, the improvement in the performance of the four cold recycled mixtures with longer curing time, with no permanent deformation occurring during the test. It was a preponderant factor for the performance of the asphalt mixtures, giving better performance for the cured samples. The gradation of the mixtures stabilized with foamed asphalt and Portland cement, used as filler, also gave greater resistance to the permanent deformation. The gradation of the samples with the highest amount of recycled asphalt material can influence their behavior regarding permanent deformation, depending on the structure of the particles, as well as the dispersion form of the binder into the mixture, that influences the performance of the cold recycled mixtures. Since the stabilized emulsion mixture showed greater dependence on the temperature and the vertical tension applied compared to other mixtures that were stabilized with foamed asphalt. The Flow Number test proved to be a useful tool for investigating the permanent deformation of cold recycled mixtures.

There are many variables that affect the viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures with time, among which age hardening may be considered one of the important ones. Age hardening of asphalt mixtures is an irreversible process, which contributes to a reduction of the durability of pavements and eventually increases the maintenance cost. Beside the environmental effects, ageing in asphalt mixture depends on the physicochemical properties of bitumen and mixture morphology which is a combined effect of aggregate packing, porosity, air void distribution and their interconnectivity. Thus, a clear understanding on the physicochemical properties of bitumen and mixture morphology may help to predict the performance of asphalt mixtures, which will contribute to longer-lasting and better performing pavements. When looking at the bitumen at micro-scale, one can see microstructures appearing under certain conditions which can be partially explained by the interaction of the individual phases. Since the thermo-rheological behavior of bitumen depends largely on its chemical structure and intermolecular microstructures, studying these can lead to understanding of the mechanism, speed and conditions under which this phase behavior occurs. Linking this to the changes in properties of bitumen can thus lead to better understanding of the causes of ageing, its dominant parameters and the resulting diminished mechanical response. To investigate ageing in asphalt pavements, along with physicochemical properties of bitumen one needs to also focus on the influence of mixture morphology.  It is known that asphalt mixtures with similar percentages of air-voids can have different morphologies and thus can age differently. Prediction of ageing behavior without considering the influence of mixture morphology may thus lead to erroneous conclusions and non-optimal mix design. Hence, it is important to understand the interplay between the mixture morphology and ageing susceptibility and relate this to the long term mixture performance. The aim of this Thesis was to develop fundamental understanding on ageing in asphalt mixtures that can contribute to the asphalt community moving away from the currently used accelerated ageing laboratory tests and empirical models that can lead to erroneous conclusions. To reach this aim, experimental and numerical micro-scale analyses on bitumen and meso-scale investigations on mixture morphology have been performed which, collectively, allowed for the development of a method for the prediction of asphalt field ageing, incorporating both mixture morphology and micro-scale bitumen mechanisms. For this, first, the mechanisms of surface ageing and diffusion controlled oxidative ageing were identified. Secondly, the influence of mixture morphology on asphalt ageing susceptibility was investigated. Procedures to determine the controlling parameter were then developed and an empirical framework to quantify the long-term field ageing of asphalt mixtures was set-up. For this, a combination of experimental and numerical methods was employed. An extensive experimental study was carried out to understand the fundamental mechanisms behind the micro-structural phase appearance and the speed or mobility at which they change. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was utilized at different temperatures to investigate the phase separation behavior for four different types of bitumen and co-relate it with the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) measurements. Based on the experimental findings, it was concluded that the observed phase separation is mainly due to the wax/paraffin fraction presence in bitumen (Paper I). A hypothesis was developed of the appearance of a thin film at the specimen surface due to ageing which is creating a barrier, restricting thus the microstructures to float towards the surface. Furthermore, investigation showed that depending on the bitumen and exposure types this surface thin film is water soluble and thus the moisture damage becomes more severe with the ageing of asphalt pavement (Paper II and IV). A new empirical relation to obtain the primary structure coating thickness was established utilizing mixture volumetric properties and gradation using a large set of data from different literature sources. It was found that the enhanced morphological framework can be used to optimize the long term performance of asphalt mixtures (Paper III).  Thereafter, the effect of diffusion controlled oxidative ageing on different mixture morphologies based on oxidative ageing mechanism of bitumen and diffusion-reaction process was investigated using the Finite Element Method (FEM). From the FE analyses, the effect of air-void distribution and their interconnectivity combined with the aggregate packing was shown to have a significant effect on age hardening (Paper IV). It was shown that focusing only on the percentage of air-void as the main predictive ageing parameter may lead to an erroneous conclusion and non-optimal predictions of long-term behavior.  To replace such approaches, a new way to predict the long-term ageing was proposed in this Thesis, utilizing the found influences of mixture morphology and fundamental mechanism. Though additional mechanisms and non-linear coupling between them may be still needed to reach the ‘ultimate’ ageing prediction model, the current model was found to be a significant improvement to the currently used methods and may lead the way towards further enhancing the fundamental knowledge towards asphalt mixture ageing (Paper V). / <p>QC 20140509</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SayonaraAM.pdf: 1044063 bytes, checksum: d1b95ad1d99c6054fef5cfc1ae612b07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In Natal/RN, 68% of the population uses some kind of individual system for their domestic sewers treatment, being that the most used it is septic tank, followed by sumidouro. Every treatment system of sewers, usually used, generates a by-product denominated sludge. That residue presents some components, in its constitution, undesirable under the environmental and sanitary point of view. In such case, to assure that the system treatment has satisfactory results, it is necessary to do the adjusted disposition of the sludge sewage. Several countries are looking for technical alternatives for the use and disposition of residues. Under technical and environmental conditions appropriate, these materials can be used, decreasing the consumption of the natural resources and the treatment need, storage or elimination of the wastes, what decrease the risks created. Some of the alternatives of recycling of the sludge sewage are: the application in the agriculture, in the production of energy and as raw material in the civil construction. This study evaluated asphalt mixtures behavior that partially substituted conventional aggregates by septic tank sludge. The septic tank sludge gave origin to two raw materials called raw sludge and sludge ash. The raw sludge was put as a small aggregate and the sludge ash as filler. In the first experiment it was made a comparison between the mixture with conventional aggregates and the mixtures that replaced sand by raw sludge in the proportions from 5% to 40%. In the second experiment, it was made comparison between mixtures with 1%, 2% and 3% of sludge ash and cement. The stages developed along the study were: physical characterization of the conventional materials; physical, chemistry, thermal, mineralogical characterizations and analysis of environmental risk of the raw sludge; physical characterization and analysis of environmental risk of the sludge ash; analysis of the mixtures performance through its volumetric and mechanical characteristics; forecast of the mixtures susceptibility in the moisture presence. For the grain size composition used and with the percentage asphalt adopted, the mixtures with up to 7,5% of raw sludge in his composition attend to the National Department of Transports Infrastructure (DNIT) specifications. However, in agreement with the mixtures susceptibility in the moisture presence, the mixtures with addition of raw sludge don't present satisfactory acting. In such case, they could be used in arid and semi-arid areas. The raw sludge application in mixtures increased their voids volume and their stability. However, it damaged mixtures adhesiveness. Mixtures with sludge ash and with cement presented similar behavior. However, mixtures with sludge ash presented a better performance than mixtures with cement as for their stability and their tensile strength ratio. The mixture with 1% of sludge ash is better. The wastes studied don't represent environmental risk / Em Natal/RN, 68% da popula??o adotam algum tipo de sistema individual para o tratamento dos seus esgotos dom?sticos, sendo que a mais empregada ? a do tipo tanque s?ptico, seguido de sumidouro. Todo sistema de tratamento de esgotos, usualmente empregado, gera um subproduto denominado lodo. Esse res?duo apresenta alguns componentes, em sua constitui??o, indesej?veis sob o ponto de vista ambiental e sanit?rio. Sendo assim, para garantir que o sistema de tratamento tenha resultados satisfat?rios, ? necess?rio fazer a disposi??o final adequada do lodo de esgoto. V?rios pa?ses v?m buscando alternativas t?cnicas para o aproveitamento e disposi??o de res?duos. Sob condi??es t?cnicas e ambientais adequadas, estes materiais podem ser empregados, diminuindo assim o consumo dos recursos naturais e a necessidade de tratamento, armazenamento ou elimina??o dos rejeitos, tendo-se, como conseq??ncia, a redu??o dos riscos gerados. Algumas das alternativas de reciclagem do lodo de esgoto s?o: a aplica??o do mesmo na agricultura, na produ??o de energia e como insumo na constru??o civil. Este trabalho avalia o comportamento de misturas asf?lticas que substituem parcialmente os agregados convencionais por lodo de tanque s?ptico. O lodo de tanque s?ptico originou duas mat?rias-prima denominadas lodo in natura e lodo calcinado. O lodo in natura foi empregado como um agregado mi?do e o lodo calcinado como um filler. No primeiro experimento, fez-se a compara??o entre a mistura que empregou somente agregados convencionais e as misturas que substitu?ram a areia por lodo in natura nas propor??es de 5% a 40%. No segundo experimento, fez-se a compara??o entre as misturas com 1%, 2% e 3% de lodo calcinado e de cimento. As etapas desenvolvidas ao longo do estudo foram: caracteriza??o f?sica dos materiais convencionais; caracteriza??o f?sica, qu?mica, t?rmica, mineral?gica e an?lise de risco ambiental do lodo in natura; caracteriza??o f?sica e an?lise de risco ambiental do lodo calcinado; an?lise do desempenho das misturas que incorporaram os res?duos, atrav?s de seu comportamento volum?trico e mec?nico; previs?o da susceptibilidade das misturas estudadas na presen?a de umidade. Para a composi??o granulom?trica utilizada e com o teor de asfalto adotado, as misturas com at? 7,5% de lodo in natura em sua composi??o atendem as especifica??es do Departamento Nacional de Infra-estrutura de Transportes DNIT. No entanto, de acordo com o ensaio de susceptibilidade ? umidade, as misturas com adi??o de lodo in natura n?o apresentam desempenho satisfat?rio. Sendo assim, elas poderiam ser empregadas em regi?es ?ridas e semi-?ridas. A incorpora??o de lodo in natura aumenta o volume de vazios e a estabilidade das misturas. No entanto, prejudica a adesividade das mesmas na presen?a de ?gua. As misturas com lodo calcinado apresentam comportamento semelhante ?s misturas com cimento. No entanto, apresentam melhor desempenho quanto ? estabilidade e a rela??o de resist?ncia ? tra??o. A mistura com 1% de lodo calcinado ? a que apresenta melhor desempenho, segundo os crit?rios estudados. Os res?duos estudados n?o representam risco ambiental, de acordo com a an?lise preliminar feita

The aim of this diploma thesis is theoretical knowledge of the problems rich bottom layer and practical part of comparison of three asphalt mixtures for base layers using common road bitumen and modified rubber granulate. Selected functional laboratory tests (low temperature, fatigue resistance, bulk density) and stiffnes modules are performed on these mixtures and the results are compared to each other.

In this diplomatic work, the issue of low-temperature asphalts and binders for asphalt mixtures is solved. Diploma work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part of diploma work, the purpose was to process a overview of technologies that allow the reduction of working temperature in the production and laying of asphalt mixtures. The purpose of the practical part was to comparison the functional parameters of two types of asphalt mixtures made in two variants, with the common asphalt binder and adding licomont into asphalt. Attention was given to stiffness, wheel drive tests and low temperature parameters.