Criminal aspects of assisted reproduction Abstract The work deals with one of the most dynamically developing medical disciplines - assisted reproduction, the introduction and development of their technologies are considered one of the greatest advances in medicine in the 20th century. The purpose of this thesis is to provide the consistent overview of criminal law relations which may arise within providing assisted reproduction and to analyze the individual facts of crimes related to assisted reproduction, which should verify whether their wording provides sufficient protection for relations, interests and values covered by the Criminal Code. The thesis is composed of six chapters. The first chapter presents the fields of criminal law and medical law and examines the relationship between criminal law and health care system. The second chapter lists the conditions of criminal liability of natural and legal persons and lists the ground establishing the absence of criminal liability. The third chapter defines the concept of assisted reproduction, characterizes its methods, provides a historical overview of events that preceded the current interpretation of the concept. The third chapter also provides an overview of the principles that apply in this field of medicine and a list of sources governing the issue....

This dissertation work aims to contribute to the understanding and explanation of individual psychological experience during the process of assisted reproduction. The research objective is to understand and describe infertile individual's experience during the process of assisted reproduction techniques treatment. The aim of the project is to immerse into the experience of infertile individuals and try to understand what the individual ascribes to himself, his infertility, reproductive medicine and how the individual perceives reality. The work helps to understand the experience of individual's perception of himself, his partner and his surroundings, in relation to his infertility and assisted reproduction techniques and what feelings and emotions he experiences. The dissertation project is answering four research questions: How do the participants feel about their child? How do the participants experience the process of assisted reproduction techniques? How do participants experience the emotions in the context of assisted reproduction? How do participants think about their partners and the social environments in the context of conception and ART? The nature of the adopted epistemological anthropomorphic attitude and theoretical models of the interaction symbolism and social constructivism, a...

The Mississippi gopher frog (MGF, Lithobates sevosa) is a critically endangered amphibian which requires the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to successfully reproduce in captivity. Several challenges to successfully breeding MGFs were investigated to improve reproduction in this species. Accurate identification of biological sex is a necessary first step to reproducing species, thus several non-invasive techniques for sex identification were compared in the weakly dimorphic MGF. Reliably obtaining eggs from female MGFs has also proved difficult, therefore, four exogenous hormone therapies were compared for their success to induce ovulation. Ultrasound imaging was used alongside hormone treatments to improve understanding of ovarian response to hormone treatment. Lastly, short-term cold storage of spermic urine was studied to determine the feasibility of this technique for MGF gamete storage. Findings from these research projects are important for the successful conservation of the MGF by aiding in the production offspring for future reintroduction programs.

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This thesis investigates how norms regarding good parenting and ideas about the best interest of the child interact with race and whiteness. It explores different themes found in the main government report (SOU) conducted by the state appointed committee  (Inseminationsutredningen) in a qualitative discourse analysis. The focus has been to discern how race and whiteness is presented through its non-disclosure in the material. The main body of theory consists of work surrounding critical race theory, critical adoption studies, parenting as white privilege, discourse analysis and critical studies of Swedish reproductive politics. This thesis sets out to investigate how the report discusses race, but also how whiteness is constructed in relation to parenting. The general conclusion is that the reports reluctance to talk about race and the analogy with adoption both helped establish a view on insemination as a practice for white parents. Since the report repeatedly said that insemination could not be viewed as a human right, it would imply that only those best qualified would be entitled to insemination. The vagueness of the criteria put forth by the report, indicates that not all people will have the same ability to qualify as parents, since parents with immigration background often are seen as less adequate parents, because of their lack of Swedishness. While the report does in fact not deny people of non-Swedish status access to insemination, this thesis shows that ideas about who can be viewed as both Swedish and adequate parents are closely related to race and whiteness. Combined with the reluctance to mention race and how the analogy with adoption positioned the insemination couple as white, I suggest whiteness can be viewed as an unspoken criteria, an invisible hurdle that only non-white Swedes will encounter.

The thesis deals with the dilemma of the believer and the position of the Catholic Church on assisted reproduction. It describes the origins of human life, reflections on its origins, and mentions the need for its protection and the preservation of dignity, as well as referring to the Church's view of its creation in marriage. It points out the issue of infertility and possible ways of its solution, including assisted reproduction. There is emphasized the rejection of the Catholic Church's assisted reproduction and its thorough explanation from the churches of the documents. The final chapter offers possible solutions to fulfilling the desire for a child that are morally acceptable, including both the methods of natural parenting planning and the possibility of alternative family care but also the accepting the fact of childlessness.

Reproductive Medicine currently represents one of the fastest growing medical fields. The birth of Louise Joy Brown as the first baby conceived in vitro fertilization or in vitro, is considered being the historic milestone in development of the treatement methods in assised reproducion. Ethical discussions regarding the admissibility of these methods have developed as a result of technological advance of the infertility treatment. Adequate response of applicable law was required on the currant state of medicine which resulted in the need to regulate legally this field whether it's about establishing of assumption of fatherhood with regard to determination of fatherhood of a child conceived through artificial insemination, as well as determination of the basic conditions for the access to assisted reproductive techniques. Originally, the legislation of artificial insemination was defined only in the implementing regulation of the Ministry of Health, as the reproductive technologies were entirely new area. Today, the area of assisted reproduction is regulated in Act no. 373/2011. This thesis deals with the regulation of the assisted reproduction and it focuses on the controversial methods and procedures which are based on child sex selection, gamete donation and donor anonymity and also it deals with...

O presente estudo visou investigar o efeito da refrigeração do sêmen da jaguatirica sobre o Índice de Motilidade Espermática [IME=(%M+MPx5)/2; %M = proporção de espermatozóides móveis; MP = motilidade progressiva], integridade acrossomal (IA) e capacitação espermática; assim como avaliar a eficácia da técnica FITC-PNA/IP na avaliação simultânea da viabilidade espermática (VE) e IA. Sete jaguatiricas foram eletroejaculadas, sendo utilizados apenas ejaculados (n=16) apresentando %M>=60% e MP>=3. Avaliou-se a IA por meio da Coloração Simples. Os ejaculados foram diluídos 1:1 na Variante do Diluente de PLatz e submetidos aos Protocolos de Transporte: Temperatura Ambiente e Refrigeração, - 0,23ºC/min, (Experimento 1); ou apenas Temperatura Ambiente (Experimentos 2 e 3). Após 2h, as alíquotas foram reaquecidas, reavaliando-se os parâmetros observados antes do transporte. Os espermatozóides foram lavados por centrifugação em meio F10 de Ham, ressuspensos nesse meio e processados conforme o experimento: (1) após pré-incubação (38ºC; 5%CO2) durante 0, 1, 2 e 4 horas, foram retiradas alíquotas a cada intervalo para serem incubadas (30 min) na ausência e na presença do cálcio ionóforo A23187 (Ca2+Ion) (1mM), avaliando-se IA e IME; (2) após pré-incubação por 0, 1 e 2h, foram incubadas alíquotas na ausência e presença de 1 e 2mM de Ca2+Ion, avaliado-se IA e IME; (3) pré-incubados por 9h, sendo retiradas alíquotas a cada hora, para as avaliações da IA e VE, (a) separadamente através da Coloração Simples e do IME, ou (b) simultaneamente através da técnica FITC-PNA/IP. A refrigeração causou declínio (p<0,02) da IA (71,0%) e IME (67,1), em comparação aos valores observados antes do transporte (88,5%; 85,4), enquanto a manutenção das amostras à temperatura ambiente não afetou (p>0,1) essas variáveis (84,8%; 76,4). Dentre as amostras refrigeradas, aquelas expostas ao Ca2+Ion sofreram redução (p<0,01) na IA (52,4%) frente ao controle (55,56%). Já nas amostras transportadas à temperatura ambiente, não foi observada diferença (p>0,1) entre os grupos com e sem ionóforo (64,41% vs. 63,87%). Quando analisados os tempos separadamente, o único tratamento em que houve efeito (p<0,05) do Ca2+Ion sobre a IA foi aquele refrigerado e pré-incubado por 2h. Foi verificada redução (p<0,05) nos valores de IME e IA devida à simples incubação, mesmo na ausência do Ca2+Ion. A concentração de 2µM dessa substância foi mais efetiva na indução da reação acrossômica que 1µM. Apesar dos fluorocromos FITC-PNA/IP terem se ligado aos espermatozóides, nas regiões esperadas, a proporção de células marcadas variou aleatoriamente durante pré-incubação, sem correlação (p>0,1) com IME. A IA avaliada pela Coloração Simples apresentou correlação positiva (r=0,77; p<0,0001) com IME, decrescendo (p<0,0001) durante pré-incubação. A refrigeração mostrou-se desvantajosa frente à manutenção do sêmen à temperatura ambiente, pois foi deletéria à função e às membranas dos espermatozóides. A refrigeração tornou-os capazes de responder ao estímulo do Ca2+Ion, característica observada nos espermatozóides capacitados. O ensaio de reação acrossômica induzida pelo Ca2+Ion deve ser aperfeiçoado para permitir avaliação acurada da capacitação espermática na jaguatirica. A Coloração Simples associada à avaliação do IME foi mais eficiente e menos laboriosa, frente á técnica FITC-PNA/IP, na avaliação da IA e VE. / This study aimed to investigate the effect of ocelot semen refrigeration on Sperm Motility Index [SMI=(%M+PMx5)/2; %M = proportion of motile spermatozoa ; PM = Progressive Motility], acrossomal integrity (AI) and sperm capacitation. Another objective was to evaluate the FITC-PNA/IP technique efficacy on evaluating simultaneously sperm viability (SV) and AI. Five ocelots, were electroejaculated, the semen was evaluated and only ejaculates (n=16) presenting %M>=60% and PM>=3 were used. Sperm AI was evaluated using Fast Green / Rose Bengal staining (FGRB). The ejaculates were diluted 1:1 in Platz Diluent Variant and subjected to the transportation protocols: Room Temperature and Cooling, -0.23ºC/min, (experiment 1); or only Room Temperature (experiments 2 and 3). After 2 hours, the aliquots were rewarmed and samples were taken to re-evaluate the parameters observed before the transport. The spermatozoa were washed in Ham’s F10 medium, ressuspended in fresh medium and processed differently, according the experiment: (1) after pre-incubation (38ºC; 5%CO2) during 0, 1, 2 and 4 hours, samples were taken at each time point to be incubated in the absence and presence of 1mM calcium ionophore A23187 (Ca2+Ion), SMI and AI were evaluated; (2) after pre-incubation during 0, 1 and 2h, aliquots were incubated in the absence and presence of 1 and 2 mM Ca2+Ion; SMI and AI were evaluated; (3) after pre-incubation during 9h, aliquots were taken every hour to compare the evaluation of SV and AI (a) separately by the FGRB staining and SMI or (b) simultaneously by the FITC-PNA / IP technique. Cooling caused decline (p<0.02) on AI (71.0%) and SMI (67.1), when compared to values observed before transportation (88.5%; 85.4). Maintenance at room temperature didn’t affect (p>0.1) these variables (84.8%; 76.4). Among cooled samples, spermatozoa exposed to Ca2+Ion showed smaller (P<0.01) AI value (52.4%) compared to the group incubated without that substance (55.56%). For samples transported at room temperature, it wasn’t observed difference (P>0.05) between the groups with and without ionophore (64.41% vs. 63.87%). When time intervals were analysed separately, the only treatment in which there was effect (p<0,05) of Ca2+Ion on AI was the group refrigerated and pre-incubated for 2h. There was a reduction (p<0,05) on SMI and AI due simply to incubation, even in the absence of Ca2+Ion. The 2µM concentration of this substance was more effective to induce acrosome reaction than 1µM. FITC-PNA and IP fluorocromes bound spermatozoa at the expected sites. However, proportion of marked cells varied randomly during pre-incubation, and didn’t correlate (p>0,1) with SMI. IA evaluated by FGRB staining showed positive correlation (r=0,77; p<0,0001) with SMI, decreasing (p<0,0001) during incubation. Cooling was disadvantageous compared to maintaining semen at room temperature, since it was deleterious to spermatozoa membranes and function, and made those cells capable to answer the Ca2+Ion challenge, a characteristic observed in capacitated spermatozoa. Ca2+Ion induced acrosome reaction assay must be improved to allow accurate evaluation of sperm capacitation on ocelots. FGRB staining associated to SMI evaluation was more efficient and easier to perform, than FITC-PNA/IP technique, for AI and SV investigation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rita de Cassia Ferrer da Rosa.pdf: 2799974 bytes, checksum: 3f1e2668cd0f7d4b33ceab81ba7fef69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-13 / The aim of this study was to investigate the experience of infertility in conjugality, in order to understand the psyche of couples that search for aid in assisted reproduction techniques. It is an exploratory field research using qualitative and quantitative approaches. It involved a sample of 60 subjects that attended three sessions including three couples each. Data were treated with SPAD.t and SPSS software, which allowed for the frequency calculation and the categorization of verbal material of the participants. The study included a survey of categories of analyzes, which were later analyzed under the theoretical perspective of Analytical Psychology. The results are consistent with previous studies that point to a painful experience brought by infertility, expressed through feelings of sadness, frustration, and failure, that potentially affects the lives of these couples. The results obtained in the protocol of this study also show that in many cases the partners seek and offer support to each other, and often are sensitive to the partner's emotional needs. It was also observed the expression of cooperative actions as a coping strategy of the couple. Resources recruited by the partners to handle this experience reveal the relational quality the couple / O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi investigar a vivência da infertilidade na conjugalidade. O estudo buscou compreender o psiquismo do casal que procura auxílio nas Técnicas de Reprodução Assistida. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, exploratória, que utilizou abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. A pesquisa foi realizada com uma amostra de 60 sujeitos. Foram realizados 3 encontros, contando com a participação de 3 (três) casais em cada encontro. Os dados foram tratados com o programa SPAD.t (versão 1.5) e SPSS, o que permitiu observar a frequência e a categorização do material verbal dos participantes da amostra. O estudo incluiu o levantamento de categorias de análises, posteriormente analisadas sob a perspectiva teórica da Psicologia Analítica. Os resultados encontrados corroboram estudos anteriores que indicam que a infertilidade traz uma vivência dolorosa, expressa em sentimentos de tristeza, frustração e incapacidade, afetando, potencialmente, a vida do casal. Os resultados obtidos no protocolo deste estudo demonstram que, em muitos casais, os parceiros buscam e oferecem apoio mutuamente com frequência, e são sensíveis às necessidades emocionais um do outro. Observou-se também a expressão de ações cooperativas como estratégia de enfrentamento do casal. Os recursos recrutados pelos parceiros para lidar com essa vivência apontam para a qualidade relacional do casal

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Lescura do Nascimento.pdf: 1938441 bytes, checksum: 8c031d4fee48e7e925438829d350ed22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-24 / Assisted human reproductive techniques have the objective to aid individuals with fertility difficulties. As a rule, several embryos are created when female gametes are fertilized in vitro. However, not all of such embryos are fit to be used in the same embryonic introduction procedure into the uterus. The surplus of such human embryos, better known as exceeding embryos, once in cryopreservation, experiment development suspension for undetermined period of time. As per Law 11.105/05 (Biosafety Law), all genitors of frozen embryos up to the date of its publication, even if such embryos are deemed unfeasible, as well as all genitors of frozen embryos at any other time, provided such embryos are also deemed unfeasible, have the faculty to offer such embryos to be used in stem cell research and for therapeutic procedures. Embryonic Adoption then appears as an option to such legal faculty or as a sole alternative to be exercised by the genitors of such exceeding embryos who are not entitled to that faculty, but are willing to allow such embryos to be born. In this new mode of adoption, embryos that are no longer part of their genitors parenting plans may be taken by other persons willing to provide them with conditions for gestation, birth, family and dignity / As técnicas de reprodução humana assistida visam prestar auxílio a pessoas que possuem dificuldades em estabelecer filiação. Quando gametas femininos são inseminados in vitro, em regra, vários embriões são criados. Entretanto, nem todos os embriões então surgidos são aproveitados em um mesmo procedimento de introdução embrionária no útero feminino. Esses embriões humanos excedentes, mais conhecidos como embriões excedentários, uma vez criopreservados, experimentam suspensão de seu desenvolvimento por tempo indeterminado. Pela Lei 11.105/05 (Lei de Biossegurança), todos os genitores de embriões congelados até a data de sua publicação, ainda que não considerados inviáveis, assim como todos os genitores de embriões congelados a qualquer tempo, desde que classificados como inviáveis, possuem a faculdade de ofertá-los a pesquisas e terapias com células-tronco. Como opção a essa faculdade concedida por essa lei, ou como única alternativa a ser exercida pelos genitores de embriões excedentários que não possuem tal faculdade, mas que não desejam lhes promover o nascimento surge a Adoção Embrionária. Nessa nova modalidade de adoção, embriões que não mais integram o projeto parental de seus genitores, podem ser acolhidos por pessoas que queiram lhes promover gestação, nascimento, família e dignidade