<p>Under det senaste decenniet har svensk lagstiftning ändrats vid två tillfällen som möjliggjort för homosexuella par att gemensamt prövas som adoptivföräldrar och för lesbiska par att få barn med hjälp av assisterad befruktning inom den svenska sjukvården. I anslutning till att lagförslagen lagts fram har Sveriges Psykologförbund fungerat som remissinstans.</p><p>Syftet med studien är att närmare undersöka och skapa en fördjupad förståelse för Sveriges Psykologförbunds ställningstaganden i frågor som rör homosexuellas familjebildningar. Undersökningen består av nio enskilda intervjuer med personer som funnits i Psykologförbundets ledning under den aktuella tidsperioden. Materialet har analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativ metod inom det diskursanalytiska fältet.</p><p>Resultatet visar att homosexuella familjer framställs som problematiska med hjälp av två diskurser, vilka i sin tur är relaterade till vilken fråga som behandlas. En diskurs om svårigheter som tillförs familjen utifrån, i form av negativa samhällsattityder till homosexualitet, är retoriskt användbar i argumentation mot homoadoptioner. Frågan om assisterad befruktning för lesbiska par framställs däremot som problematisk genom argumentation som knyts till svårigheter som tillstöter inifrån familjen. Genom att jämföra den lesbiska familjen mot en heterosexuell norm skapas föreställningar om problem som kretsar kring ett underskott av män och ett överskott av kvinnor som föräldrar. Normativa bilder av biologi, kön och sexualitet framträder, vilka analyseras och diskuteras i uppsatsen.</p>

In this research, I carefully and coherently examine Chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005 as the first legislation to afford surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition in South Africa. I argue that the application of Chapter 19 imposes a number of unwarranted limitations on several of the constitutional rights of the parties to a surrogacy agreement. In addition, I propose that Chapter 19 is not in accordance with the principal of the best interests of the child. I examine the history of surrogate motherhood in South Africa and establish that, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, no legislation expressly afforded surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition. Hence, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, parties who entered surrogacy agreements could, first, not rely on the agreement to enforce contractual obligations, and secondly, the legal positions of the parties to the agreement were uncertain. Thirdly, a child born of a surrogacy agreement was seen as the child of the surrogate mother and not of the commissioning parents.

Le diagnostic préimplantatoire (DPI), issu d'une alliance entre la procréation médicalement assistée et les techniques de diagnostic génétique, met à la disposition des êtres humains des conditions entièrement nouvelles pour le "contrôle de la qualité" des enfants. Sur la base d'un vaste ensemble de critères, telle choix du sexe ou l'élimination d'une maladie génétique, les parents peuvent désormais sélectionner leurs embryons créés par fécondation in vitro en fonction de leurs caractéristiques génétiques. Les applications du DPI suscitent toutefois de nombreuses questions. Pas surprenant que le DPI et ses différentes applications fassent l'objet d'un intense débat éthique; ils requièrent certes la mise en place d'un cadre normatif. En 2004, le Canada a finalement adopté la Loi concernant la procréation médicalement assistée et la recherche connexe (L.C. 2004, ch. 2). À titre de manipulation sur l'embryon, le DPI y est indirectement couvert. L'article 10 (2) établit en ce sens une condition générale concernant la modification, la manipulation, le traitement ou l'utilisation d'un embryon in vitro dont le régime de réglementation et d'autorisation en déterminera les limites. Nous pouvons à juste titre nous demander ce qu'il en sera dans le cas de chacune des applications du DPI. L'une d'entre elles, la sélection du sexe pour des raisons non médicales, est déjà prohibée en vertu du texte de loi. Que prévoiront les règlements pour les autres utilisations du DPI? Le gouverneur en conseil dispose du pouvoir pour désigner les catégories d'activités pouvant faire l'objet d'une autorisation ainsi que pour établir les modalités d'exercice de toute activité réglementée. De quelle nature seront ces règlements? Que doivent-ils ou peuvent-ils contenir? Je m'interroge sur le contrôle juridique des diverses applications de cette technique diagnostique. À cet égard, la France et le Royaume-Uni offrent des modèles normatifs fort intéressants pour le Canada. Au cours de cette analyse j'ai cherché à déterminer lequel de ces deux modèles est le plus adapté à la réalité canadienne en matière de procréation médicalement assistée et de DPI. J'ai d'autre part constaté que le choix d'un modèle dépend de notre position à l'égard de certaines questions éthiques telle l'importance de l'autonomie reproductive (i.e. la liberté de choix des embryons en fonction de critères établis par les individus). / Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), which results from an alliance between medically assisted reproduction and genetic diagnostic techniques, provides humans with an entirely new means of chiId "quality control." Based on a vast set of criteria, such as sex selection or the elimination of a genetic disorder, parents can now select embryos created via in vitro fertilization according to their genetic characteristics. These applications give rise to numerous questions. It is not surprising that PGD and its various applications are the subject of intense ethical debate; the implementation of a legislative framework is a definite necessity. ln 2004, Canada finally adopted the Act Respecting Assisted Human Reproduction and Related Research (S.C. 2004, ch. 2). PGD is indirectly covered under embryo manipulation. Section 10 (2) sets out general conditions concerning the modification, manipulation, treatment or use of an in vitro embryo-the limits of which are determined by the regulation and authorization framework. We may rightly ask what form this will take in each PGD application. One of them, sex selection for nonmedical reasons, is already prohibited in the text of the Act. What regulatory provisions will be made for other uses of PGD? The Governor-in-Council has the power to designate categories of activities that may be authorized and to establish conditions for the exercise of any regulated activity. What type of regulations will they be? What must they or should they contain? 1 have examined the judicial control of various applications of this diagnostic technique. Both France and the United Kingdom offer normative models of interest to Canada. During this analysis, 1 have endeavoured to determine which of these two models is most suited to the Canadian reality with respect to medically assisted reproduction and PGD. 1 thus noted that the choice of a model also depends on our position on certain ethical issues such as the importance of reproductive autonomy (i.e., freedom of choice of embryos according to criteria established by individuals). / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de LLM en maîtrise option recherche axe Droit, Biotechnologies et Société"

Cette thèse porte sur la question des origines biogénétiques au Brésil et au Québec. Elle vise à mettre en lumière les raisons, conséquences et contraintes de la recherche des origines entreprise par les personnes conçues grâce à un don de gamètes ou adoptées. La question des origines est ici analysée à partir de trois points de vue: la parenté, le droit et la science. Le cadre proposé combine les trois approches suivantes : 1) le recours à la parenté permet dřanalyser, de par son caractère hybride, social et biologique, les tensions entre nature et culture; 2) le droit balise les comportements permis et transforme les notions associées à ce qui est correct et juste en des principes d'action; 3) la science construit, sous lřangle de la vérité, la manière dont les liens entre génétique, transmission et hérédité sous-tendent les comportements sociaux. Les représentations de lřorigine mises de lřavant dans ces trois domaines influencent la décision personnelle dřentreprendre ou non la quête de ses origines et celle, éventuelle, d'introduire un « étranger » dans la famille. Ces différents angles permettront de saisir le rôle de chacun des personnages impliqués et de décrire les conditions associées à la quête identitaire et à la filiation. La construction de la thèse sřappuie sur l'histoire des pratiques d'adoption et de procréation médicalement assistée (PMA), au Brésil et au Québec et sur les études qui sřy rapportent. La comparaison entre ces deux pays ne se limite pas à identifier leurs seules différences en termes socio- économiques ; elle prend aussi en compte leur spécificité culturelle et juridique à travers le concept dř « épistémologies civiques ». La parenté, le droit et la science fournissent le contexte permettant de comprendre les raisons mises en jeu dans la recherche des origines. De fait, la valorisation des liens de parenté sociale dialogue, entre autres, avec la curiosité pour les données génétiques. De plus, la loi sřinscrit comme une médiation entre parenté et science. Lřétude des ressemblances et différences dans la pratique de l'adoption et de la PMA au Brésil et au Québec permet de suivre les étapes de la quête des adoptés et issus d'un don de gamètes, de la découverte des conditions de leur filiation jusqu'aux « retrouvailles ». La thèse aborde également le débat entre les versants personnel et collectif de lřidentité à travers l'analyse des pratiques et des discours des associations de personnes adoptées, des couples infertiles et des familles homoparentales, autour de la thématique des origines. Le but de cette thèse est de souligner l'importance de mettre en perspective ces échanges entre la parenté, le droit et la science pour comprendre les réalités complexes que nous vivons aujourd'hui. iii L'origine et sa quête sont les véhicules utilisés ici pour mettre en évidence des formes familiales plurielles qui permettent d'analyser la manière dont nous négocions de nouvelles formes de filiation et de construction des familles. / The subject of this thesis is the biogenetic origins in Brazil and Quebec. It aims to highlight the reasons, consequences and constraints of the search for origins undertaken by persons conceived by gamete donation and adopted persons. The question of origins is here analyzed from three perspectives: kinship, law and science. The proposed framework combines the following approaches: 1) kinship, through its hybrid nature, can analyze social and biological tensions between nature and culture, 2) law, associated with notions of what is right and just are taken as principles of action, 3) science, constructed in terms of truth and how links between genetics and transmission may underlying social behaviours. Different representations of origins are put forward in this thesis where certain areas can influence the personal decision whether to undertake the search for its origins and possible decision to introduce a "foreigner" in the family. These prospects will help us to understand the role of each of the characters involved and describe the conditions associated with the search for biological identity and parenthood. The construction of the thesis is based on the literature and the history of adoption and assisted reproduction (AR) in Brazil and Quebec. The comparison between these two countries cannot be confined to identify their differences in socio-economic terms, it has to take into account the cultural and legal particularities in both countries only through the concept "civic epistemologies". Kinship, law and science provide the context for understanding the reasons brought into play in the search for origins. In a sense, the valorization of social aspects of kinship dialogue, among other things, with the curiosity for genetic information, likewise the law comes as a mediation between kinship and science. The study of similarities and differences in the practice of adoption and AR in Brazil and Quebec allows, in this thesis devoted to the question of the origin of adopted children and donor offspring, to follow the steps going through the discover of the conditions of their affiliation, their search for the biological origins and the eventual "reunion". The thesis also examines the debate between the slopes of personal and collective identity through the analysis of the discourses and practices of associations of people adopted, infertile couples and LGBT families around the theme of origins. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the importance to dialogue kinship

In this research, I carefully and coherently examine Chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005 as the first legislation to afford surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition in South Africa. I argue that the application of Chapter 19 imposes a number of unwarranted limitations on several of the constitutional rights of the parties to a surrogacy agreement. In addition, I propose that Chapter 19 is not in accordance with the principal of the best interests of the child. I examine the history of surrogate motherhood in South Africa and establish that, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, no legislation expressly afforded surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition. Hence, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, parties who entered surrogacy agreements could, first, not rely on the agreement to enforce contractual obligations, and secondly, the legal positions of the parties to the agreement were uncertain. Thirdly, a child born of a surrogacy agreement was seen as the child of the surrogate mother and not of the commissioning parents.

Le contexte social dans lequel s’inscrivent le désir d’enfant et la procréation en Occident s’est profondément transformé au cours des dernières décennies. Après l’introduction de la contraception et l’augmentation du nombre d’enfants nés hors mariage, le développement des nouvelles techniques reproductives et de l’adoption, notamment l’adoption internationale, ont à leur tour contribué à la transformation des cadres dans lesquels s’inscrivent les relations de parenté et la formation des familles. À partir de l’étude de témoignages de couples québécois dont les échecs successifs en procréation médicalement assistée (PMA) ont mené à la décision d’adopter, cette thèse interroge les multiples dimensions qu’implique un tel type de trajectoire. Sur le plan social, tant la procréation médicalement assistée que l’adoption nécessitent l’intervention d’une tierce partie pour concrétiser et faire reconnaître l’établissement du lien filiatif, soit la médecine dans le cas de la PMA et celle des autorités juridiques et gouvernementales dans le cas de l’adoption. Les deux phénomènes mettent également en scène des situations et des enjeux hautement révélateurs des valeurs et des représentations collectives en matière de parenté et de famille. D’un premier abord, le type de parcours étudié semble illustrer le passage entre deux sphères complètement distinctes: celle de la nature et du biologique incarnée par la PMA et celle de la culture et du lien social incarnée par l’adoption. Or, l’étude des trajectoires des participants donne à voir une situation beaucoup plus complexe où s’entremêlent un ensemble d’explications et de facteurs relatifs au désir d’enfant, à la famille, à la parentalité qui ne font sens qu’une fois replacés dans le contexte des grandes tendances sociales et idéologiques qui traversent notre société. Plus globalement, les analyses proposées dans cette thèse participent au développement d’une anthropologie de la parenté qui tienne compte des dynamiques et des tensions qui touchent la famille moderne. / The social context surrounding reproduction and the desire for children in the West has undergone a profound transformation in recent decades. Following the introduction of contraception and the increase in the number of children born out of wedlock, the development of new reproductive technologies and adoption, particularly international adoption, has in turn contributed to transforming the frameworks surrounding kinship and the formation of families. Based on the testimonials of Québec couples whose successive failures in medically assisted procreation (MAP) have led them to the decision to adopt, this thesis examines the multiple dimensions involved in this type of trajectory. Socially, both AR and adoption require the intervention of a third party to establish and legitimize filiation: the medical profession in the case of AR, and legal and government authorities in the case of adoption. Both phenomena also put into play situations and issues that are highly revealing of values and collective representations regarding kinship and the family. At first glance, the type of path studied seems to illustrate a transition between two completely separate spheres: that of nature and biology embodied by AR, and that of culture and social relations embodied by adoption. However, the study of the participants’ trajectories reveals a much more complex situation in which a set of explanations and factors related to the desire for children, the family, and parenthood intertwine and make sense only when viewed in the context of the major social and ideological trends that our society is undergoing. More generally, the analyses proposed in this thesis contribute to the development of an anthropology of kinship that accounts for the dynamics and tensions that affect the modern family.

No description available.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2018-01-04T18:48:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VictorZaia.pdf: 2047527 bytes, checksum: 7858d54d0ef6a892713e11b89f935efc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-04T18:48:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VictorZaia.pdf: 2047527 bytes, checksum: 7858d54d0ef6a892713e11b89f935efc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study investigated whether and how Infertility Stress, Importance of Parenthood and resilience impacted on assisted reproductive treatment (ART) in infertile couples. 423 people participated in the research: 189 women, 183 men, mean age of 37 years, 72.1% first treatment of ART, 69.3% primary infertility, 64% sedentary life, 21.9% had aborted anteriorly, 71% had to make use of the in vitro fertilization technique. 49.3% of the participants believed they had over 60% chance of success in their treatment. To measure the variables, the instruments chosen were: Infertility Related-Stress Scale (IRSS); Importance of Parenthood in the Infertility Scale (IPIS) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 10) and treatment outcome measures in ART were verified. The main statistical analyzes indicated that the participants with the increased stress levels were: women, had more time of treatment in ART, lower monthly income, believed excessively in the success of the treatment; higher levels of importance of parenting were found in people who followed a religion and with a female’s infertility. Resilience has been positively associated with older people. Infertility Stress and Importance of Parenthood are positively correlated, and both are reverse with resilience. Furthermore, the importance of parenthood has been correlated to higher levels of displayed oocytes. The infertility stress, in intrapersonal domain, explains 6.5% of the variance of pregnancy, classifying 65% of cases correctly. The results indicate that women suffer more with infertility than men. When the cause of infertility is in both partners, adequate levels of importance of parenthood and scholastic level are protective factors for infertility stress. To believe excessively in the success of ART treatment and to follow a religion is not in itself negative. The ART outcome measures are altered by stress levels, which in turn is influenced by the resilience, which should be developed in individuals undergoing treatment for infertility. It is therefore necessary, a continuous focus on the emotional aspects of infertile patients, thus promoting the resilience, the reduction of stress levels, and the autonomy in the path chosen to have their children. Establishing protocols that measure levels of infertility stress, the importance of parenthood and resilience in patients receiving ART, would allow specific interventions that would lead to better adaptation to infertility and better outcomes measures in ART. / Este estudo investigou como e se o estresse, a importância da parentalidade e a resiliência impactaram no tratamento de infertilidade de casais. Participaram do estudo 423 pessoas, 189 mulheres e 183 homens, de média de idade de 37 anos, no primeiro tratamento em reprodução humana (72,1%), com infertilidade primária (69,3%), vida sedentária (64%) e histórico de aborto (21,9%) que iriam fazer fertilização in vitro (71%). Quase a metade deles (49,3%) acreditava possuir mais de 60% de chance de sucesso no tratamento que se iniciaria. Para avaliação das variáveis fez-se uso dos seguintes instrumentos: Infertility Related-Stress Scale (IRSS); Importance of Parenthood in Infertility Scale (IPIS) e Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 10), além de repostas ao tratamento de Reprodução Humana Assistida. Os principais resultados de análises estatísticas descritivas, correlacionais e de regressões logísticas indicaram que os participantes com maior estresse eram mulheres, tinham mais tempo de tratamento, menor renda e crença no sucesso do tratamento; maior importância da parentalidade em pessoas com alguma religião, causa feminina de infertilidade. A resiliência foi encontrada em maiores níveis em pessoas mais velhas. Estresse da infertilidade e importância da parentalidade se correlacionaram e ambas são inversas à resiliência. A importância da parentalidade também foi correlacionada a maiores níveis de oócitos visualizados. O estresse relatado da infertilidade, no domínio intrapessoal explica 6,5% da variância da gravidez, classificando 65% dos casos corretamente. Os resultados permitiram identificar que a mulher sofre maior impacto pela situação de infertilidade do que o homem. A causa de infertilidade em ambos os parceiros indica que melhor nível da importância da parentalidade e a escolaridade são fatores protetivos ao estresse. A crença no tratamento, apesar de supervalorizada, não é por si negativa, bem como o possuir alguma religião. Os resultados do tratamento podem ser modificados pelos níveis de estresse, que por sua vez são influenciados pela resiliência, a qual deveria ser trabalhada e ampliada nas pessoas em tratamento de infertilidade. É necessário, portanto, um olhar contínuo sobre os aspectos emocionais dos pacientes inférteis, de modo a favorecer a resiliência e a redução de estresse, de modo a possibilitar uma vivência de autonomia dessas pessoas na busca de terem o próprio filho. Para tanto, estabelecer protocolos de averiguação dos níveis de estresse, importância da parentalidade e resiliência, nos pacientes que iniciam o trajeto de reprodução humana, auxiliaria em intervenções mais específicas que favoreceriam melhor adaptação e melhores resultados no tratamento.

This thesis deals with the issue of assisted reproduction, ethical aspects of infertility treatment and in particular looking for the answer to the question of whether they have children from donated gametes natural right to know their biological parents, the gamete donors. The diploma thesis is devoted to the topic of infertility and description of some of the methods of assisted reproduction. Emphasis is on the status of child from gamete donation, especially with regard to its natural right to know the donor. Children only have the right to know the donor of the gametes from which it originated in countries, where the donation is not anonymous.. For these countries, the Czech republic does not belong. Seeking an answer to the question whether it is these children's natural right to know the identity of the donor, is started from how the natiral law is understood in general and also from a bio-psycho-social needs that children have. The work also includes a description of an exploratory survey realized in one of the reproductive clinics. Through survey, Infertile couples commented on the topic of organ donation and the possibility to confer children the natural right to know their biological parents.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Nesta tese foram analisadas iniciativas e ações individuais e coletivas de gestores e profissionais de dois Hospitais Público-Universitários de Saúde, que mantêm serviços de referência no atendimento às infertilidades, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. É visada a implementação de tecnologias de reprodução assistida (RA) pelo SUS, no Estado. O estudo constou de entrevistas com profissionais de saúde destes serviços e especialistas na área que ali atuam, leitura de prontuários e pesquisa documental no Departamento de Serviço Social de um dos serviços, além de atualização bibliográfica no campo estudado. Os resultados obtidos de material primário e documental evidenciam a não priorização da reprodução assistida em políticas públicas de saúde no Brasil. No entanto, foi possível encontrar importantes iniciativas dos próprios profissionais de saúde para a ampliação da atenção em infertilidade e do acesso às tecnologias reprodutivas no Rio de Janeiro. Em geral, foram mobilizações individuais, que dependeram do empenho direto dos médicos responsáveis dos serviços. As motivações para estas ações incluíam aspectos acadêmicos, assistenciais, de direitos reprodutivos, além de interesses público-privados. A única mobilização interinstitucional, organizada inicialmente pelo Serviço Social, não conseguiu garantir o acesso à assistência integral em reprodução assistida no Rio de Janeiro. No caso da reprodução assistida, há uma forte desigualdade de base socioeconômica, já que mulheres e casais pobres são excluídos, ou quase, do acesso à IIU, Fiv e ICSI, pois não têm condições econômicas para tentar um tratamento particular, onde se encontram concentradas mais de 90% da assistência no país. Este segmento populacional não encontra recursos, nem tecnológicos, nem humanos, nos serviços públicos de saúde. Este quadro aumenta sua vulnerabilidade e reduz sua autonomia reprodutiva pela falta de acesso. / This thesis analyses initiatives and actions undertaken by managers and health professionals working in two public university hospitals that offer model health services to tackle the problem of infertility in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The aim of the study is to infer the implementation of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) by the Brazilian Universal Health System (SUS) in these two different Units. The study was based on interviews with medical specialists and other health professionals; archived patient data and documental service papers, besides an update of the concerned scientific literature (critical reading). The results from our primary data (interviews) as well as patients data show non-prioritizing policies and implementation of high complexity techniques at SUS. Nevertheless, we could find relevant initiatives emerging from actions by the health staff themselves, in order to try to guarantee access to ART techniques to women and couples living in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Most of them consisted of individual mobilization, depending on direct efforts undertaken by the heads of the medical facilities in the hospital. The motivations for these actions ranged from academic interests to the aim of improving availability of treatment, the concern with reproductive rights, and what we called in this text public-private interests. We found the organization of a network initiative by health social works, but it did not achieve the integral access to treatment in the area of assisted reproduction (ART), in Rio de Janeiro. In the case of ART, there is a huge socioeconomic inequality that almost completely excludes poor women and couples from the access to IIU, Fiv and Icsi, since these techniques are present in 90% of cases in private clinics and private health sector not integrated to the SUS. So, this population that cannot count on economic resources is also excluded from technologic and human resources for ART. This lack of access aggravates their vulnerability also reducing their reproductive autonomy in decisions making.