<p>Hunden är människans bästa vän, men det är först på senare tid som hundens hälsoeffekter har börjat undersökas. Internationellt sätt används hundar i vården i en helt annan utsträckning än i Sverige. Hälsoeffekter i form av kortare vårdtid, snabbare rehabilitering och bättre egenvård har påvisats. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva patientens upplevelser av hundens närvaro i vårdandet. Studien var en litteraturstudie med 15 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultatet visade att hundar kan användas både som komplementär behandling till en traditionell behandling eller som icke farmaceutisk behandling i vårdandet. Användning av hundar i vården visar på ökat socialt beteende, ökad fysisk aktivitet och ökat psykiskt välbefinnande. Även förändringar hos patienter med nedsatt aktivitetsförmåga märktes med en ökad motivation och initiativförmåga. Hunden ger en distraherande effekt vilket avleder tankar på de nedsatta förmågorna i det dagliga livet, dessutom ger hunden trygghet och sällskap. Med tanke på det viktiga med att aktivera gamla och passiva patienter bör ämnet uppmärksammas. Mer forskning på de effekter hunden tillför både utifrån ett patient-, personal- och samhällsperspektiv. Kunskaper inom ämnet ger möjlighet för sjuksköterskan att använda denna resurs i vårdandet av patienten.</p> / <p>The dog is man's best friend, but it is only recently that the dog's health benefits have begun to be explored.<strong> </strong>Internationally the dog is used in health care in a different extent than in Sweden. Health effects in form of shorter length of stay, faster rehabilitation and better self-care has been demonstrated. The purpose of literature study was to describe the patients' experiences of the dog's presence in healthcare. The study was a literature review of 15 scientific articles. The results showed that dogs can be used as a complementary treatment to conventional treatment or non-pharmaceutical treatment in the care process. The use of dogs in health care shows positive social ability, increased physical activity and psychological improvement for the patient. Although changes in patients with reduced activity was noticeable with increased motivation and initiative. The dog gives a distracting effect which put away thoughts on aches and problems in daily life, the dog also gives protection and companionship. Given the importance of activating old and passive patients should be acknowledged. More research is needed on the effects from the dog from both from the patient, personal and social perspective. Knowledge of the subject provides an opportunity for the nurse to use this resource in the care of the patient.</p>

Bakgrund: Idag lever minst 150 000 personer med demens i Sverige, år 2050 beräknas antalet ha fyrdubblats. Insatserna för personer med demens ska ge dem den hjälp de behöver i det sociala samspelet och ge dem en känsla av trygghet. Att som människa bli sedd och bekräftad ökar chansen för god hälsa, och eftersom hunden är expert på att tolka kroppsspråk och subtila signaler som människor lätt missar erbjuder den ett speciellt sällskap. Syfte: Beskriva hundens roll inom demenssjukvård. Frågeställningar: Hur kan hunden användas i omvårdnaden av personer med demenssjukdom? Vilka effekter har interventioner med hund på personer med demenssjukdom? Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie. Resultat: Det finns i huvudsak två olika sätt att använda intervention med hund inom demenssjukvård, Animal Assisted Activity (AAA) och Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT). AAA fokuserar på trivsel och social samvaro medan AAT har fokus på individuell behandling. Både psykologiska och fysiologiska effekter hos personer med demens kunde påvisas av interventioner med hund. Effekter på socialt beteende, beteendeproblem, kognitiva förmågor, upplevelse av det dagliga livet samt effekter på rörelse och stress kunde uppvisas. Inga effekter på läkemedelsanvändning observerades. Slutsats: Studieresultatet visar på att det är syftet med hundinterventionen som bestämmer om det är AAA eller AAT som bör användas. Vidare tyder resultatet på att det är troligt att socialt beteende och fysisk rörelse ökar av hundinterventioner, samt att beteendeproblem och stress kan minska. Studieresultatet antyder inte någon effekt på läkemedelsanvändningen.

Hunden är människans bästa vän, men det är först på senare tid som hundens hälsoeffekter har börjat undersökas. Internationellt sätt används hundar i vården i en helt annan utsträckning än i Sverige. Hälsoeffekter i form av kortare vårdtid, snabbare rehabilitering och bättre egenvård har påvisats. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva patientens upplevelser av hundens närvaro i vårdandet. Studien var en litteraturstudie med 15 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultatet visade att hundar kan användas både som komplementär behandling till en traditionell behandling eller som icke farmaceutisk behandling i vårdandet. Användning av hundar i vården visar på ökat socialt beteende, ökad fysisk aktivitet och ökat psykiskt välbefinnande. Även förändringar hos patienter med nedsatt aktivitetsförmåga märktes med en ökad motivation och initiativförmåga. Hunden ger en distraherande effekt vilket avleder tankar på de nedsatta förmågorna i det dagliga livet, dessutom ger hunden trygghet och sällskap. Med tanke på det viktiga med att aktivera gamla och passiva patienter bör ämnet uppmärksammas. Mer forskning på de effekter hunden tillför både utifrån ett patient-, personal- och samhällsperspektiv. Kunskaper inom ämnet ger möjlighet för sjuksköterskan att använda denna resurs i vårdandet av patienten. / The dog is man's best friend, but it is only recently that the dog's health benefits have begun to be explored. Internationally the dog is used in health care in a different extent than in Sweden. Health effects in form of shorter length of stay, faster rehabilitation and better self-care has been demonstrated. The purpose of literature study was to describe the patients' experiences of the dog's presence in healthcare. The study was a literature review of 15 scientific articles. The results showed that dogs can be used as a complementary treatment to conventional treatment or non-pharmaceutical treatment in the care process. The use of dogs in health care shows positive social ability, increased physical activity and psychological improvement for the patient. Although changes in patients with reduced activity was noticeable with increased motivation and initiative. The dog gives a distracting effect which put away thoughts on aches and problems in daily life, the dog also gives protection and companionship. Given the importance of activating old and passive patients should be acknowledged. More research is needed on the effects from the dog from both from the patient, personal and social perspective. Knowledge of the subject provides an opportunity for the nurse to use this resource in the care of the patient.

Therapeutic horseback riding can be recommended as a useful health promotion intervention for individuals with disabilities who face challenges to optimal health and wellness. This qualitative study examined the perceived benefits of a therapeutic riding program for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), with particular focus on aspects that can potentially help maximize the physical, emotional, and social health of this population. This study utilized multiple methods to gain an in-depth perspective on the benefits of a therapeutic riding program based at Central Kentucky Riding for Hope in Lexington, Kentucky, for subjects presenting primarily with ASD. Focus groups were held with five instructors and five class volunteers, and semi-structured personal interviews were conducted with two staff members and the parents and family members of 15 children diagnosed with ASD who were currently enrolled a riding session. Client records containing medical history, lesson plans and client evaluations were also reviewed. Thematic analysis of the data supported perceived gains in the areas of physical, cognitive, psychological, and social development and also highlighted additional support mechanisms for family members of the clients. Some of the most common benefits reported included increased physicality, improved focus and attention, modification of inappropriate behaviors, enhanced self-concept, and increased social interaction and communication. Major factors believed to affect the success of this intervention were the unique movement and sensory stimulation of the horse, the supportive environment of the facility, and the increased motivation for the children to participate and complete the structured activities and exercises required in the riding class setting. Results of this study encourage the utilization of therapeutic riding as an effective health promotion intervention for individuals with ASD. Recommendations for future research efforts include analysis of the effects of deep sensory pressure and the movement provided by the horse on the emotional regulation and cognitive processing of children with ASD. Study designs isolating the variable of the horse’s presence could further clarify the nature of the animal’s role in similar interventions. Quantitative studies with larger samples measuring specific cognitive, psychological, and social variables not previously studied but revealed in this data are also encouraged.

Bakgrund: I Sverige har cirka 95000 människor någon form av autismspektrumtillstånd. Autismspektrumtillstånd är en kognitiv funktionsnedsättning där problem som kommunikation, sociala samspel och föreställningsförmåga kan uppstå. Djur i vården påverkar positivt på människans hälsa. Djurunderstödda interventioner är aktiviteter eller terapiformer som sjuksköterskan kan använda vid omvårdnad av barn med autismspektrumtillstånd. Syfte: Att beskriva hur sällskapsdjur påverkar samt upplevs påverka barn med autismspektrumtillstånd. Dessutom var syftet att beskriva hur barnets familj upplever påverkan av sällskapsdjur. Vidare var syftet att beskriva de inkluderade artiklarnas datainsamlingsmetod. Metod: Beskrivande litteraturstudie. Tio vetenskapliga artiklar varav två med kvalitativ ansats och åtta med kvantitativ ansats. Huvudresultat: Sammanställning av artiklarna resulterade i fyra teman: social funktion, inlärning och kommunikation, psykisk hälsa samt fysisk hälsa. Förbättringar kunde ses vid djurunderstödda interventioner som hästterapi eller kontakt med hund. Hundar upplevdes kunna fungera som en distraktion samt inge lugn till barnen, liksom upplevdes öka trygghet för familjen. Autistiska symtom minskade signifikant, liksom antalet vredesutbrott, ilska och ångest upplevdes minska. Uppmärksamhet, social funktion, motorik, samt social och fysisk motivation förbättrades. Ridterapi ökade även den sociala interaktionen mellan förälder och barn. Enkäter och beteendeskalor var de mest framträdande datainsamlingsmetoderna i artiklarna. Slutsats: Djurunderstödda interventioner har visat ge positiv påverkan hos barn med autismspektrumtillstånd, liksom hjälpt familjen till en mer hållbar vardag. Antalet vetenskapliga studier är begränsat, varav ytterligare forskning krävs för en god evidens inom området. / Background: In Sweden there are around 95,000 people who have some form of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The Autism Spectrum Disorder itself, is a cognitive disability where problems can occur in such areas as communication, social interactions and detached imaginations. Animal assisted therapy has shown positive effects in human health care. Animal assisted treatments, in the form of an activity or therapy is a way for nurses to treat children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Aim: First to describe both the perceived and measured affects of animal assisted therapy on children with Austism Spectrum Disorder. Secondly, to describe how the childrens' families perceive the affects of animal assisted therapy. The aim was also to describe the method used to gather data for the article. Methods: A literature study was conducted using ten scientific articles, of which two were qualitative and eight were quantitative. Results: A summary of the articles resulted in four themes; social functions, learning and communication, physical health and psychological health. Improvements could be seen when in contact with horses or dogs. The family perceived the dog as both a distraction and a calming effect on the child, as well as giving the family a sense of security. Autistic symptoms were significantly reduced, as well as a perceived reduction of anger, frequency of tantrums and anxiety. Awareness, social functioning, motor skills, and physical motivation were improved. The social connection between child and parents improved with equine assisted therapy. Questionnaires and behavior measures were the most prominent methods used to gather data. Conclusions: Animal assisted therapy has proven beneficial amongst children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, and also contributed to parents having a more sustainable living situation. The amount of scientific studies are limited within this field. More research is necessary in order to show convincing evidence.

Esta tese trata de investigar as configurações das práticas equestres no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no século XX. A proposição da pesquisa parte da noção de que as práticas tiveram um papel relevante para a história do Rio Grande do Sul, em particular nos campos da sociabilidade, lazer e preservação das culturas. No cenário sul-rio-grandense, a pesquisa dedica atenção ao desenvolvimento das carreiras de cancha reta, do turfe, do hipismo, do tiro de laço, do freio de ouro e da equoterapia. Tais práticas equestres foram conjecturadas por uma perspectiva socio-histórica, cuja análise foi guiada pela categoria ―configuração‖. Esta foi operacionalizada a partir da obra de Norbert Elias, conduzindo o estudo no sentido de compreender o processo de emergência, distinção e as relações de interdependência estabelecidas entre as práticas equestres no estado. A investigação assentou-se na análise de documentos escritos e impressos, os quais foram concebidos enquanto materiais e textos históricos, portadores de mensagens, sentidos e intuitos reservados à sua conjuntura. As fontes revelaram que o processo de desenvolvimento de configurações no cenário equestre sul-rio-grandense sublinhou uma reconstrução da variada e heterogênea rede de interdependências entre os domínios socializadores representados pelas corridas de cavalos, pelo hipismo, pela equoterapia e pelo tiro de laço. De igual forma, as transformações ocorridas no contexto destes domínios socializadores, ao longo do tempo, derivam das relações de interdependência entre os mesmos, nas esferas do trabalho, da cultura, do lazer, do esporte e da reabilitação. Por conseguinte, a noção de configuração entre práticas equestres pode auxiliar a compreender um campo mais amplo de interações e intercâmbios entre os esportes em geral enquanto domínios socializadores. / This thesis is to investigate the configurations of equestrian practices in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in the twentieth century. The proposition of the research builds on the notion that the practices had a significant role in the history of Rio Grande do Sul, in particular in the fields of sociability, leisure and preservation of cultures. In the scenario of Rio Grande do Sul, the research devoted attention to the development of straight line horse races, horse racing, equestrianism, shot of lasso with horse and equine-assisted therapy. Such equestrian practices were conjectured by a sociohistorical perspective, whose analysis was guided by the category "configuration". This was operationalized from Norbert Elias work, leading the study in order to understand the process of emergence, distinction and interdependence of relations between the equestrian sports practices in the state. The research was based on the analysis of written and printed documents, which are designed as historical materials and texts, carrying messages, meanings and intentions reserved to their conjuncture. The sources revealed that a configuration development process in Rio Grande do Sul‘s equestrian scene emphasized a reconstruction of the varied and heterogeneous network of independencies between socializing areas represented by the horse racing, equestrian sports, equine-assisted therapy and shot of lasso with horse. Similarly, the changes occurred in the context of these socializing areas, over time, derived from the interrelationship between them, in the spheres of work, culture, leisure, sport and rehabilitation. Therefore, the notion of a configuration between equestrian practices can help understanding a new broader field of interactions and exchanges between the sports in general as socializing areas.

Esta tese trata de investigar as configurações das práticas equestres no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no século XX. A proposição da pesquisa parte da noção de que as práticas tiveram um papel relevante para a história do Rio Grande do Sul, em particular nos campos da sociabilidade, lazer e preservação das culturas. No cenário sul-rio-grandense, a pesquisa dedica atenção ao desenvolvimento das carreiras de cancha reta, do turfe, do hipismo, do tiro de laço, do freio de ouro e da equoterapia. Tais práticas equestres foram conjecturadas por uma perspectiva socio-histórica, cuja análise foi guiada pela categoria ―configuração‖. Esta foi operacionalizada a partir da obra de Norbert Elias, conduzindo o estudo no sentido de compreender o processo de emergência, distinção e as relações de interdependência estabelecidas entre as práticas equestres no estado. A investigação assentou-se na análise de documentos escritos e impressos, os quais foram concebidos enquanto materiais e textos históricos, portadores de mensagens, sentidos e intuitos reservados à sua conjuntura. As fontes revelaram que o processo de desenvolvimento de configurações no cenário equestre sul-rio-grandense sublinhou uma reconstrução da variada e heterogênea rede de interdependências entre os domínios socializadores representados pelas corridas de cavalos, pelo hipismo, pela equoterapia e pelo tiro de laço. De igual forma, as transformações ocorridas no contexto destes domínios socializadores, ao longo do tempo, derivam das relações de interdependência entre os mesmos, nas esferas do trabalho, da cultura, do lazer, do esporte e da reabilitação. Por conseguinte, a noção de configuração entre práticas equestres pode auxiliar a compreender um campo mais amplo de interações e intercâmbios entre os esportes em geral enquanto domínios socializadores. / This thesis is to investigate the configurations of equestrian practices in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in the twentieth century. The proposition of the research builds on the notion that the practices had a significant role in the history of Rio Grande do Sul, in particular in the fields of sociability, leisure and preservation of cultures. In the scenario of Rio Grande do Sul, the research devoted attention to the development of straight line horse races, horse racing, equestrianism, shot of lasso with horse and equine-assisted therapy. Such equestrian practices were conjectured by a sociohistorical perspective, whose analysis was guided by the category "configuration". This was operationalized from Norbert Elias work, leading the study in order to understand the process of emergence, distinction and interdependence of relations between the equestrian sports practices in the state. The research was based on the analysis of written and printed documents, which are designed as historical materials and texts, carrying messages, meanings and intentions reserved to their conjuncture. The sources revealed that a configuration development process in Rio Grande do Sul‘s equestrian scene emphasized a reconstruction of the varied and heterogeneous network of independencies between socializing areas represented by the horse racing, equestrian sports, equine-assisted therapy and shot of lasso with horse. Similarly, the changes occurred in the context of these socializing areas, over time, derived from the interrelationship between them, in the spheres of work, culture, leisure, sport and rehabilitation. Therefore, the notion of a configuration between equestrian practices can help understanding a new broader field of interactions and exchanges between the sports in general as socializing areas.

The thesis deals with a issue of significance of canistherapy for clients with hearing aid and cochlear implants. Canistherapy, as one of the forms of the zoo-therapy, represents a supporting rehabilitation method based on the contact of the man with the dog and their positive interaction. The theoretical part of the thesis contains the topical terminology of the zoo-rehabilitation and canistherapy, where the author makes the analysis of this topic and deals with influence of the canistherapy on the client with specific defects. Within the theoretical part also the issue of a hearing handicap is defined. The target of the thesis is describing canistherapy as supporting therapeutic method for children with hearing defects. The research is focused on applying the Animal Assisted Therapy method. Based on the qualitative research, four casuistic reports were created describing the importance of the canistherapy for children the hearing defects and their family. For the research, the method of participating observation was applied, method of the analysis of documents (method of the secondary data analysis) and a half-standardized talk. As supplementing method I selected questioning (technology of an questionnaire) with open questions and photo-documentation. The research was made on children of pre-school age after the cochlear implantation coming into the Special Pedagogical Centre for Hearing Handicapped in České Budějovice. The results of the research confirmed that canistherapy influences very positively the total development of the child personality, it contributes to the development of speech as well as communication abilities and psycho-social child development. The thesis may serve as information and study material for beginning and professional canistherapeutical teams, pedagogical, special pedagogical and further professional employees and also the lay public. The information may be disseminated in the form of lectures, by creating publications, leaflets etc..

Bakgrund: Användandet av djur inom vård- och omsorgsverksamheter har visat sig ha en positiv inverkan på bland annat patienters blodtryck, hjärtfrekvens och depression, och hundar har visat sig vara mer effektiva vid omvårdnadsbehandling jämfört med andra djur eftersom hundarna har det mest utvecklade kommunikationssystemet av våra sällskapsdjur. Följaktligen finns ett kunskapsbehov om patienters erfarenheter och upplevelser av hundbaserad omvårdnad. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva patienters upplevelser och erfarenheter av hundbaserad omvårdnad inom vård- och omsorgsverksamheter. Metod: En litteraturöversikt som baserades på sex vetenskapliga kvalitativa artiklar genomfördes. Artikelgranskning skedde utifrån Högskolan Kristianstads granskningsmall och analysarbetet följde Fribergs rekommendationer. Resultat: Det framkom tre huvudkategorier, Hundens betydelse i omvårdnaden, Hundens betydelse för välmåendet och Hundens betydelse för ett meningsfullt dagligt liv. Patienterna kände bland annat glädje, trygghet, meningsfullhet, ökad livskvalité och bekräftelse. Den hundbaserade omvårdnaden ökade också den sociala samvaron och bidrog dessutom till ökad självsäkerhet hos patienterna. Slutsats: Samtliga patienter oavsett ålder, kön, verksamhetsområde och diagnos erfor hundbaserad omvårdnad som positiv. Liknande resultat framkom även vid alternativa behandlingsmetoder, således behövs mer forskning om hundbaserad omvårdnad då det med säkerhet inte går att fastställa vad det är som bidrar till patienternas upplevelser och erfarenheter.

Bakgrund: Personer med demens är en snabbt växande patientgrupp både i Sverige och runt om i världen där siffran förväntas stiga till 152 miljoner personer världen över till år 2050. Sjukdomen är irreversibel och upp till 90% av alla med demens upplever någon gång under sjukdomsförloppet beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom (BPSD) i olika former som till exempel aggression eller depression. Terapeutisk djurkontakt har visat sig minska stress hos studenter och även minskat ensamheten hos äldre med hjälp av icke-verbala kommunikation. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka vilken evidens som finns för att terapeutisk djurkontakt påverkar beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom hos personer med demenssjukdom. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie med inriktning på terapeutisk djurkontakt inom behandling av demens. Databassökningen genomfördes med blocksökningar i CINAHL, PubMed samt PsycINFO. Litteraturstudien baseras på elva empiriska studier med kvantitativ ansats som fokuserar på terapeutisk djurkontakt och demens. Artiklarna har kvalitetsgranskats av författarna. Resultat: Det fanns bristande evidens för att terapeutisk djurkontakt påverkar BPSD på grund av stora skillnader i artiklarnas resultat. Fyra teman påträffades i studierna som fokuserade på Depression, Aggression och agiterat beteende, Sociala interaktioner och apati samt Påverkan på generellt beteende. Konklusion: Trots att terapeutisk djurkontakt har använts tidigare baserat på beprövad erfarenhet, kan denna litteraturstudie inte hitta ett samstämmigt svar på om terapeutisk djurkontakt verkligen påverkar BPSD. / Background: People with dementia is a fast growing group of patients in Sweden as well as the rest of the world, the number is expected to increase to 152 million people worldwide in 2050. The disease is irreversible and up to 90% of all people with dementia will experience behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSD) in different forms like aggression or depression during the course of the disease. Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) has shown effect in relieving stress among students, it has also shown a decrease in loneliness among elderly trough animals unique non-verbal communication. Aim: The aim with this literature review was to explore if there is existing evidence that animal-assisted therapy has an impact on behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review with a quantitative approach with focus on animal-assisted therapy as a treatment for BPSD. The literature review was based on eleven empirical studies who share relevant content from the search that were made in CINAHL, PubMed and PsycINFO. The articles were quality reviewed by the authors. Results: There were lacking evidence that AAT had an effect on BPSD based on the differences in the articles findings. Four themes were developed from the studies and had focus on Depression, Aggression and agitated behaviors, Social interactions and apathy and General impact on behaviors which were not defined as aggression and depression. Conclusion: Despite the previous use of animal-assisted therapy based on previous experiences, this literature review did not find a unanimous answer to whether AAT affects BPSD among people with dementia.