數世紀以來，《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice, 1596-1598)的批評總聚焦在「猶太人問題」(the Jewish question) 與「女人問題」(the woman question) 上：劇中放高利貸的夏洛 (Shylock) 體現了猶太人的原型，而富有、機智的波黠 (Portia) 則是強勢女性的代表。然而，這種閱讀方式將兩個問題分開處理，忽略了兩者在劇中密切的關聯，僅只以審判一景聯繫兩個角色所代表的問題。 　　本論文嘗試以「禮物交換」(gift exchange) 重新閱讀《威尼斯商人》。牟斯 (Marcel Mauss) 的著作《禮物》(The Gift, 1925) 初步定義原始社會中的交換行為與其涵意，奠定了禮物研究的基礎。禮物交換所建構的社會關係複雜多變，因此，除牟斯外，本論文亦援引佳寶 (Jacques T. Godbout) 與楊 (Iris Marion Young) 的理論，以期透視《威尼斯商人》中的角色在禮物交換之下的互動與劇情發展。 　　根據喜福特 (Alan D. Schrift) 所言，禮物描繪了「主體間的互動」(intersubjective interaction)。立基於此概念，並以上述等人的理論為架構，本論文由三個面向逐步探討《威尼斯商人》中基督男性的「自我」(self) 與猶太／女性「他者」(other) 間的禮物交換：（一）禮物交換的基礎；（二）禮物交換的聯繫與風險；（三）非對稱交換關係與重建關係。劇中安東尼 (Antonio) 與巴薩紐 (Bassanio) 的友情為禮物交換的基礎，進一步展現禮物特色，牽連／牽絆夏洛與波黠，發揮禮物效應，帶出多重「非對稱」(asymmetry) 的要素，終致重建四人的關係。 / For centuries, the Jewish question and the woman question have always been the salient concerns for criticisms of The Merchant of Venice (1596-1598): whereas Shylock the usurer embodies a Jewish archetype, Portia the clever heiress presents a powerful female figure. Nevertheless, treating the Jewish question and the woman question separately, this kind of reading ignores the close relationship between the two in the play, and connects them loosely only with the trial scene. This thesis reads The Merchant of Venice in the perspective of gift exchange. Founding the studies of the gift, Marcel Mauss’s The Gift (1925) firstly defines the reciprocity and the significance of gift exchange in archaic societies. Since social relationship established by gift exchange is subject to change, this thesis also draws on Jacques T. Godbout’s and Iris Marion Young’s theories to probe into the interaction of characters and the movement of The Merchant of Venice. According to Alan D. Schrift, the gift depicts “intersubjective interaction” (18). Based on this concept and structured with the above theories, the thesis examines gift exchange between the Christian male “self” and its Jewish/female other in The Merchant of Venice step by step in three dimensions: (1) the basis of gift exchange; (2) bond and risk in gift exchange; (3) asymmetrical reciprocity and reestablished relation. In the play, gift exchange brings its effect of bond and feature of asymmetry into full play. Grounded on the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, gift exchange links/restrains Shylock and Portia, and reestablishes the characters’ relationships as a result.

The main purpose of the present study is to explore how the ethical relationship between teacher and student in the classroom can be described and understood from the approach of the French philosopher Emmanuel Lévinas. I also examine the theoretical concepts that can be derived from Lévinas’ ideas in order to be able to interpret the manner in which this ethical relationship manifests itself in the classroom. The empirical data was generated through observation of the kind often found in ethnographical studies like microanalyses using a variety of digital techniques. I also made use of direct observation and stimulated recall interviews in close connection with the classroom events. The study was carried out at two Swedish schools and the focus was placed on classroom practice and ethical communication in the classroom. Facial expressions, eye contact, gestures and other non-verbal communication was of great interest. Through microanalysis of classroom interaction I have attempted to uncover what exists under the surface of the classroom communication in more detail. According to Lévinas, ethics is understood as a relation of the infinitive responsibility to the Other person. In a pedagogical context, we may speak of the ”first meeting” face-to-face before any categorization of the other individual is formulated. The key concepts are Saying (in relation to the Said), the Other, the Face, asymmetrical relationships and alterity. In their encounter with the empirical data collected, the concepts have been freighted with edagogical significance. These original ethical thoughts of Lévinas, much of which challenge what has previously been taken for granted, can provide new insight into educational work. This investigation has provided other insights into the ethical dimension of education, especially as the teacher-student relationship is concerned. The close connection between vulnerability and interdependence in the teacher-student relationship, and communication as self-exposure, are important findings that can help teachers and pedagogues to understand the ethical dimension of the educational encounter with the student. Throughout the study, a relational ethical perspective has been developed as an alternative interpretative tool for analyzing and reflecting upon the teacher-student relationship.

A virus-like particle (VLP) is a biological nanoparticle. It consists of the protective protein shell of a virus that is devoid of the nucleic acid required for viral replication. VLPs have two key uses: they can act as vaccines by inducing an immune response similar to their native virions, or they can facilitate gene therapy and drug delivery by encapsulating non-viral molecules and efficiently transporting them into cells. Manufacture of VLPs involves cell-based expression of virus-shell protein, with particle assembly and purification following one of two paradigms: (i) in vivo VLP assembly, followed by purification of full particles from cell lysate; (ii) partially assembled protein is recovered from cell lysate and assembled into VLPs in vitro. The flexibility and efficiency of both of these VLP manufacturing paradigms can be improved by first gaining a fundamental understanding of what is happening at key process steps. These improvements will lower the cost of VLP manufacture and enhance the viability of VLP products in the biopharmaceutical marketplace. The research reported here yielded positive outcomes for two key steps of the VLP manufacturing process, using murine polyomavirus VLPs for all experimentation. Firstly, enhanced understanding concerning the capture of virus shell protein in pentamer form (capsomeres) from cell lysate using glutathione-S-transferase (GST) affinity chromatography was obtained. It was discovered that prokaryotic expression of GST-tagged capsomeres yielded soluble aggregates having variable size distribution. Methods were developed to physically and chemically characterise these soluble aggregates, and the mechanism by which they adsorb to the chromatography resin was described using an established mathematical model. Secondly, particle characterisation of whole VLPs isolated from cell lysate was undertaken. Methods utilizing three orthogonal and quantitative techniques were developed to suggest that encapsulation of non-viral molecules (nucleic acids or proteins) during in vivo assembly causes distinct changes to the size distribution of isolated VLPs: transmission electron microscopy (TEM), asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation with multiple-angle light scattering (AFFFF-MALS) and electrospray differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA). The understanding gained from the research presented in this work enables the enhanced capture of partially assembled virus shell protein from cell lysate, as well as a method to efficiently and cost-effectively analyse VLP solutions for the presence of desirable or undesirable encapsulated material.

A virus-like particle (VLP) is a biological nanoparticle. It consists of the protective protein shell of a virus that is devoid of the nucleic acid required for viral replication. VLPs have two key uses: they can act as vaccines by inducing an immune response similar to their native virions, or they can facilitate gene therapy and drug delivery by encapsulating non-viral molecules and efficiently transporting them into cells. Manufacture of VLPs involves cell-based expression of virus-shell protein, with particle assembly and purification following one of two paradigms: (i) in vivo VLP assembly, followed by purification of full particles from cell lysate; (ii) partially assembled protein is recovered from cell lysate and assembled into VLPs in vitro. The flexibility and efficiency of both of these VLP manufacturing paradigms can be improved by first gaining a fundamental understanding of what is happening at key process steps. These improvements will lower the cost of VLP manufacture and enhance the viability of VLP products in the biopharmaceutical marketplace. The research reported here yielded positive outcomes for two key steps of the VLP manufacturing process, using murine polyomavirus VLPs for all experimentation. Firstly, enhanced understanding concerning the capture of virus shell protein in pentamer form (capsomeres) from cell lysate using glutathione-S-transferase (GST) affinity chromatography was obtained. It was discovered that prokaryotic expression of GST-tagged capsomeres yielded soluble aggregates having variable size distribution. Methods were developed to physically and chemically characterise these soluble aggregates, and the mechanism by which they adsorb to the chromatography resin was described using an established mathematical model. Secondly, particle characterisation of whole VLPs isolated from cell lysate was undertaken. Methods utilizing three orthogonal and quantitative techniques were developed to suggest that encapsulation of non-viral molecules (nucleic acids or proteins) during in vivo assembly causes distinct changes to the size distribution of isolated VLPs: transmission electron microscopy (TEM), asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation with multiple-angle light scattering (AFFFF-MALS) and electrospray differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA). The understanding gained from the research presented in this work enables the enhanced capture of partially assembled virus shell protein from cell lysate, as well as a method to efficiently and cost-effectively analyse VLP solutions for the presence of desirable or undesirable encapsulated material.

Στο Κεφάλαιο 1 γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στις Αρχές του Ηλεκτρομαγνητισμού, οι οποίες είναι και η βάση στην οποία στηρίζεται η λειτουργία του μετασχηματιστή. Αναλύεται ο τρόπος δημιουργίας του μαγνητικού πεδίου ενώ παρουσιάζονται συνοπτικά όλα εκείνα τα μαγνητικά μεγέθη τα οποία θα μας χρησιμεύσουν στην συνέχεια της διπλωματικής. Το κεφάλαιο κλείνει με μια αναφορά στην Ηλεκτρομαγνητική Επαγωγή στην οποία στηρίζεται η λειτουργία του μετασχηματιστή. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2 γίνεται μια διεξοδική ανάλυση των στοιχείων των μετασχηματιστών, ενώ παράλληλα αναπτύσσονται και οι εξισώσεις που περιγράφουν την λειτουργία του μονοφασικού μετασχηματιστή. Γίνεται αναφορά στα είδη και την δομή των μετασχηματιστών, ενώ αναλύονται λεπτομερώς όλα τα είδη των απωλειών που παρουσιάζονται σε έναν μετασχηματιστή. Το κεφάλαιο κλείνει παραθέτοντας το ισοδύναμο κύκλωμα του μονοφασικού μετασχηματιστή. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3 γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στα μαγνητικά κυκλώματα τα οποία μπορούν να περιγράψουν την μαγνητική συμπεριφορά ενός σιδηρομαγνητικού πυρήνα. Η ανάλυση περιλαμβάνει το ισοδύναμο μαγνητικό κύκλωμα του πυρήνα ενός μονοφασικού μετασχηματιστή, το οποίο μπορεί να επεκταθεί και για έναν τρισκελή ή πεντασκελή πυρήνα ενός τριφασικού μετασχηματιστή. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4 πραγματοποιείται η ανάλυση του τριφασικού μετασχηματιστή. Παρατίθενται όλες οι δυνατές συνδεσμολογίες μεταξύ των τυλιγμάτων του, ενώ στην συνέχεια αναλύεται το μαγνητικό ισοδύναμο κύκλωμα του τρισκελή σιδηρομαγνητικού πυρήνα βάση του οποίου προσδιορίζεται ο Πίνακας Ld. Από την ανάλυση του ηλεκτρικού κυκλώματος προκύπτουν οι καταστατικές εξισώσεις που περιγράφουν την λειτουργία του τριφασικού μετασχηματιστή και ομαδοποιούνται με την δημιουργία Πινάκων. Το κεφάλαιο κλείνει κάνοντας μια αναφορά στον τρόπο με τον οποίο εισάγεται η μη γραμμική χαρακτηριστική καμπύλη του υλικού του πυρήνα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 5 πραγματοποιείται η εξομοίωση του τριφασικού μετασχηματιστή, η οποία στηρίζεται στην ανάλυση του Κεφαλαίου 4. Περιγράφονται αριθμητικά και σχηματικά ο μετασχηματιστής καθώς και το δίκτυο μετασχηματιστή-φορτίου που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν. Στην συνέχεια, καταγράφονται οι κυματομορφές των μεγεθών του μετασχηματιστή, όταν στο δευτερεύον τύλιγμά του συνδεθεί είτε συμμετρικό ή ασύμμετρο φορτίο. Το κεφάλαιο κλείνει με την εξαγωγή των συμπερασμάτων που προέκυψαν από την ανάλυση και εξομοίωση του τριφασικού μετασχηματιστή. / This paper is entitled “Simulation of three-phase transformer when the primary windings are connected in delta and the secondary windings in wye” in case of symmetrical and asymmetrical load. First of all, there is an introduction in the basic principles of electromagnetism. Then, the analysis of the single-phase and three-phase transformer which can help us to derive the state equations. From the analysis of the magnetic core circuit, we can calculate the incremental matrix Ld. The matrix Ld depends on the topology of the magnetic core. Finally, simulation results and conclusions are presented for the three-phase transformer

Detta examensarbete har utförts hos Vattenfall Eldistribution på avdelningen Kontroll och Skydd med målsättningen att utforma och utvärdera en nätmodell avsedd för jordslutningssimuleringar i PSCAD. Ombyggnationen från luftledningar till markkablar har medfört att kapacitansen i distributionsnätet ökat, vilket ställer högre krav på jordfelsutrustning och på nätanalyser för att kunna försäkra att en säkerställd frånkoppling kan ske enligt de myndighetskrav som föreligger. Syftet med arbetet har varit att undersöka hur en nätmodell bör utformas för analys av stationära in-svängningsförlopp och utvärdera hur stor noggrannhet som kan förväntas gentemot verkliga jordfelsprov vid felresistanser på främst 3 kΩ och 5 kΩ. Nätmodellen har ut-formats efter ett verkligt impedansjordat mellanspänningsnät med π-länkar i PSCAD och utifrån de nätuppgifter som förekommer i Vattenfalls näthanteringsprogram Netbas. Simuleringsresultaten har jämförts mot resultat från det verkliga nätets jord-felsprover vid olika inställningar på den centrala kompenseringsutrustningen som är placerad mellan den matande transformatorns nollpunkt och jord. Jordslutningssimuleringarna visar, trots antaganden och en viss osäkerhet omkring de verkliga nollföljdskomponenterna, godtyckliga simuleringsresultat vid avstämt och snedavstämt nät motsvarande ± 30 A gentemot ledningarnas kapacitiva strömmar vid en felresistans på 3 kΩ. Jordslutningssimuleringarnas händelseförlopp överensstäm-mer överlag väl mot det verkliga nätet samtidigt som jordslutningar vid 5 kΩ medför en större procentuell avvikelse. Särskilt framträdande avvikelser kunde urskiljas vid analys av fasvinkeln mellan nollföljdsspänning och nollföljdsström. En analys av nätmodellens resultat och troliga orsaker till uppkomna simulerings-avvikelser gentemot det verkliga nätet indikerar på att nätmodellens tillförlitlighet bör kunna optimeras ytterligare om noggrannare hänsyn tas gällande nollföljdsimpedanser, dc-komponenter och de toleranser som förekommer i det verkliga nätets avstäm-ningsutrustning och mätkretsar. / This thesis has been carried out at Vattenfall Eldistribution at the department Control and Protection with the objective to design and evaluate a network model for ground fault simulations in PSCAD. The reconversion from overhead lines to underground cables has led to increased capacitances in the distribution network and this places greater demands on the feeder protection unit and network analyzes in order to assure that faulted feeders are disconnected according to regulatory requirements. The aim of this work has been to determine how a network model could be designed for analysis of stationary signal characteristics and evaluate how great accuracy the power system model have compared to real earth fault test results. Earth fault simulations are performed with fault resistances of 3 kΩ and 5 kΩ. The power system model have been created to emulate a real impedance grounded network according to the π-model in PSCAD based on system information from Vattenfalls network management program Netbas. Results from the simulations have been compared against results obtained from real earth faults from the physical network with different settings on the central compensation equipment placed between the transformers neutral and ground. Simulations show, despite assumptions and some uncertainty about the actual zero sequence components similar results when fault resistance was 3 kΩ, both when compensation coil are fully tuned and out of tune ± 30 A corresponding to the feeder capacitance. The overall signal sequence conform quite well to the real network but at the same time simulations with 5 kΩ obtains greater deviations when results are represented in percentage. Particularly prominent abnormalities could be identified in the phase angle between zero sequence voltage and zero sequence current. An analysis of deviations from the simulations in the digital network model against the real system indicates that the model probably could be further optimized if zero sequence impedances, dc components, and tolerances that occur in the real systems reactive compensation equipment and measuring circuits are taken into account.

Le motif spiroacétal est une structure présente dans le squelette de nombreuses molécules naturelles possédant des activités biologiques variées et pour laquelle il existe de nombreuses voies de synthèse. En revanche, son analogue azoté, le motif spiroaminal a été beaucoup moins étudié. Le premier de nos objectifs a consisté à développer une voie de synthèse énantiosélective, la plus générale possible, de ce motif. La stratégie retenue repose sur une étape clé de spirocyclisation acido-catalysée d’aminohydroxycétones issues de l’alkylation séquentielle de l’acétone N,N-diméthylhydrazone par divers synthons iodés. Si les spiroaminals attendus n’ont pas pu être obtenus, ces cétones polyfonctionnalisées ont permis d’accéder efficacement à des spiroacétals originaux : les 1,6-dioxaspiro [4.6] undécanes et les 1,7-dioxaspiro [5.6] dodécanes. Dans une deuxième partie de notre travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à la synthèse totale de la broussonétine H, spiroacétal naturel possédant une très forte activité inhibitrice vis-à-vis de β-glycosidases. Son élaboration a été envisagée par couplage entre deux fragments clé : le 2-éthynyl-1,7-dioxaspiro [5.5] undécane et un iminocyclitol porteur d’un époxyde. La synthèse de ces deux composés a été réalisée en peu d’étapes et avec d’excellents rendements. Leur couplage a permis l’obtention d’un précurseur directe de la broussonétine H. L’étape finale de déprotection reste à optimiser afin de permettre l’isolement du produit naturel. / Spiroketal pattern appears in the skeleton of many natural products exhibiting various biological activities, and several synthetic routes to it have been reporting. Contrarily, spiroaminal moiety, its nitrogen analogue, has been less studied. The first of our objectives consisted to develop the most general enantioselective synthetic pathway to this framework. The adopted strategy is based on a key step acid-catalysed spirocyclisation of aminohydroxyketones, resulting from the sequential alkylation of acetone N,N-dimethylhydrazone by various iodide derivatives. If targeted spiroaminals could not be obtained, these polyfunctionalized ketones permit an efficient access to original spiroketals skeletons like 1,6-dioxaspiro [4.6] undecanes and 1,7-dioxaspiro [5.6] dodecanes. In a second part, we focused on the total synthesis of broussonetine H, a natural spiroketal possessing powerful inhibitory activities against β-glycosidases. Its elaboration was envisaged through the coupling between two key fragments : the 2-ethynyl-1,7-dioxaspiro [5.5] undecane and an iminocyclitol substitued by an epoxide. The synthesis of these two compounds was realized in few steps with good overall yelds.Their coupling led to a protected form of broussonetine H. The final deprotection step remains to be optimized to allow the final isolation of the natural product.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This doctoral thesis presents the development of sensorless methods aiming the rotor speed control of asymmetrical two-phase induction motors. Initially, the machine mathematical model is presented. From the machine model, two methods for identification of electrical parameters of the induction machine are presented. The first method is based on the classical tests for electrical parameter estimation on three-phase induction motors, while the second method uses a RLS algorithm for the electrical parameters identification. Moreover, a vector control scheme applied to asymmetrical induction machines is presented. The influence that the machine asymmetry impacts on the field indirect vector control rotating at synchronous speed is analyzed. Simulation results show the coupling and the oscillations on the stator currents. The rotor speed estimation is carried out firstly by a MRAS estimator applied to single-phase induction motor drive. Furthermore, three rotor speed estimation methods based on continuous and discrete time sliding mode observers are proposed. The proofs of stability and convergence of these algorithms are developed and presented. The limits for the switching gains of the sliding mode observer are presented for continuous and discrete time. These limits are distinct and are highlighted in this study. Besides, a geometric modulation technique for three-leg voltage source inverters driving two-phase machines is presented. The rotor speed control is carried out from two schemes. The first method uses a discrete-time PI controller, while the second scheme uses a RMRAC controller. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed techniques. / Esta tese faz o desenvolvimento de técnicas sensorless para o controle de velocidade rotórica de motores de indução bifásicos assimétricos. Inicialmente, o modelo matemático deste motor é apresentado. A partir da obtenção deste modelo, dois métodos para realização de ensaios com o intuito de determinar os parâmetros elétricos da máquina são desenvolvidos. O primeiro método é baseado nos ensaios clássicos para estimação de parâmetros de máquinas de indução trifásicas, enquanto o segundo método faz o uso de um algoritmo RLS identificação dos parâmetros elétricos. Além disso, neste trabalho um método de controle vetorial aplicado a máquinas de indução assimétricas é desenvolvido. É demonstrada a influência que a assimetria da máquina resulta no uso do controle vetorial orientado indiretamente no campo em eixos síncronos. Resultados de simulações mostram o acoplamento e consequentes oscilações nas correntes estatóricas. A estimação da velocidade rotórica é realizada inicialmente a partir do desenvolvimento de um estimador MRAS aplicado a um motor de indução monofásico. São propostos três métodos de estimação da velocidade rotórica a partir de algoritmos por modos deslizantes em tempo contínuo, e três métodos desenvolvidos em tempo discreto. As provas de estabilidade e convergência destes algoritmos são desenvolvidas e apresentadas. Ficam evidentes as diferenças entre os métodos em tempo contínuo e tempo discreto, bem como os limites para os ganhos dos observadores. Ainda, uma técnica de modulação para conversores de três braços acionando carga bifásicas é apresentada. O controle da malha de velocidade rotórica é realizado a partir de dois esquemas, o primeiro usa um controlador PI, enquanto o segundo método faz o uso de um controlador RMRAC. Resultados de simulação e experimentais são apresentados para validação das técnicas propostas.

The aim of this study was to assess the dependency between asymmetrical weight bearing on posture. A further aim is to objectify asymmetrical weight bearing of lower limbs and asymmetrical step length while walking with the use of "Balance Master" and also to assess possibilities of usage of "Balance Master" for testing motor functions of preschool aged children. The study discusses notions such as optimal body posture, deficient body posture, and body asymmetry. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This thesis concerns the development of trilateral strategic partnership between Australia, Japan and the United States and its implications for the security architecture of the Asia-Pacific region. For over half a century, the predominant means for organizing security cooperation in this region has been through the creation and maintenance of bilateral defence arrangements. In response to changing international conditions, including the rise of China and nontraditional security threats, US strategic thinking has begun to look beyond the traditional model of US-led bilateral alliances in the Asia-Pacific. The emerging Australia- Japan-US security cooperation in the form of Trilateral Security Dialogue, established in 2002 and elevated to a ministerial-level Strategic Dialogue in 2005, indicates that the three allies have strengthened their ties and expanded their cooperation to build a more integrated and cohesive trilateral response to joint regional concerns.