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Abstract available in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The status of long term athlete development and monitoring programs (ADMP) in the United States is unsatisfactory. In part, this is due to a lack of coaching staff who possess a basic scientific background and a dearth of properly trained sport scientists. Additionally, it is rare to find sports medicine, sport science and strength and conditioning departments who sufficiently coordinate their efforts to develop athletes via scientifically grounded principles, monitor athletes with objective measures of performance, manage fatigue, reduce injuries and ultimately improve sport performance. As a result, there are few ADMPs in the U.S. at any level of competition. The goal of this symposium is twofold. First, describe the components of an ADMP which has been successfully implemented at the collegiate level. Second, advance the cause of sport science and provide a framework from which other institutions can develop similar programs. This symposium will be presented in four sections; 1) Organization - provide some historical perspective and detail roles for each department, 2) Lab testing - provide information regarding the frequency and type of testing (body composition, force plate measurements, biochemical analysis, etc.), 3) Field testing - detail on field testing procedures, describe how to quantify on field and weight room workloads (session RPE, heart rate workloads and volume loads) and discuss how this should influence the future direction of injury prevention research, 4) Data return and research - this will describe the process utilized to return data to coaching staff and how results are used to publish research.

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Aim: The aim of the study was to analyse the injuries and illnesses in Swedish Para athletes during four Paralympic Games (PG), 2012-2018. The research questions (RQ) were: 1) what was the injury incident rate (IR), and which anatomical areas were affected by injuries? 2) what was the illness IR and which physiological systems were affected by illnesses? 3) did the injury and illness IR differ between the Swedish delegation and the reference group (RG), where most athletes participating in the four PGs were included? 4) were there any associations between injury and illness IR and subgroups of athletes? Method: A retrospective analysis of data from a large ongoing prospective study of injuries and illnesses initiated by the International Paralympic Committee in 2012. Data from 157 Swedish Paralympic athletes were analysed and compared to previous results from the RG.  For RQ1, 2 and 3, injuries and illnesses were reported as IR, calculated per 1000 athlete days, in the Swedish delegations (RQ1-3) and compared to the RG (RQ3). For RQ4, a univariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to find possible associations between risk of injury and illness, and subgroups. Results: The injury IR in Swedish athletes varied between the four PGs, from 2.5 to 59.5 per 1000 athlete days. Most injuries occurred in the upper limb. There was a particularly high occurrence of injuries in Para ice hockey players. The illness IR varied from 3.6 per 1000 athlete days in London (2012), to 39.5 in Sochi (2014). The respiratory tract was most affected by illness, in both Swedish athletes and the RG. Most injuries and illnesses in the Swedish delegation were acute onset, but only a minority led to days lost from training and competition. The Swedish delegation had a lower injury IR per 1000 athlete days compared to the RG in all PGs, except for Pyeongchang (2018), where they had an almost three times higher IR. The illness IR for the Swedish delegation was, compared to the RG, lower in London (2012), the same in Rio (2016) and higher in both Sochi (2014) and Pyeongchang (2018). Participation in the Winter Games was associated with a higher risk for both injury and illness compared to the Summer Games. There was also an increased risk of injury for athletes in a contact sport compared to a non-contact sport. Conclusions: This thesis indicates that there is a need to continue monitoring Para athletes, both during and between competitions, to get more knowledge about injury and illness incidence patterns, as well as preventable risk factors. The latter would be especially important for Para ice hockey. It is yet to see if the awareness of the importance of hygiene measures and physical distancing to reduce spreading of infections, brought on by the Covid-19 pandemic, will affect the occurrence of respiratory tract infections during large sporting events.

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Tidigare studier på elitorienterare har framför allt fokuserat på skadeförekomst och skadeområde. Studier på riskfaktorer och psykologiska faktorer i samband med skadeförekomst är bristfälligt studerat. Därför var syftet med denna studie att undersöka om det finns samband mellan demografiska, psykologiska eller fysiska faktorer och allvarlighetsgraden av skador hos elitorienterare. Denna studie använde redan insamlade data från en tidigare genomförd RCT-studie. I studien deltog 62 personer varav 32 män och 30 kvinnor. Datan som analyserades var bestod av demografiskdata, frågeformulär om upplevd stress och fysiska tester. Frågeformulären som användes var Hassles and Uplifts Scale och Perceived Stress Scale. De fysiska testerna var tåhävningstest och hopptest i kvadrat. För att bedöma allvarlighetsgraden av skador fick deltagarna fylla i Oslo Sport Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire under varannan vecka i 14 veckor. I analysen användes linjära regressionsanalyser, men residualerna bedömdes inte var normalfördelade och därför genomfördes även icke-parametriska tester som sedan jämfördes med de linjära regressionsanalyserna. I den multipla linjära regressionsanalysen noterades ett samband mellan allvarlighetsgraden av skador och för två variabler, men som inte kunde bekräftades av de icke-parametriska testerna vid jämförelsen. Denna studie kunde därför inte konstatera någon riskfaktor för skador hos elitorienterare. Detta överensstämmer inte med tidigare studier på liknande idrotter, som har konstaterat att en tidigare skada och stress är riskfaktorer för skador. Studier med större antal deltagare och längre uppföljningsperiod behövs för att kunna identifiera riskfaktorer för skador hos elitorienterare innan några slutsatser kan dras. / Previous studies on elite orienteers have been focusing on injury occurrence and location of injuries. Studies on risk factors and psychological relationship to injuries are limited. The purpose of this study where to evaluate if there are correlation between demographic, psychological or physical factors and severity score of injuries in elite orienteers. The study used already collected data from an RCT-study. The study involved 62 participants, of whom 32 were men and 30 women. Base measurements were collected from demographic data, stress questionaries and physical tests. The questionnaires that were used were Hassles and Uplifts Scale and Perceived Stress Scale. The physical tests consisted of heel- rise test and square jump test. To evaluate injuries the Oslo Sport Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire were performed every second week for 14 weeks. The analysis was performed with linear regression, but the residuals were not normally distributed and therefore non-parametric statistics were also performed and was compared with the linear regressions. In the multiple linear regression, a relationship was identified between the severity score of injuries and two variables, but which could not be confirmed by the non-parametric statistics. Therefore, no risk factor for injuries in elite orienteers could be established. This result is not corresponding with previous studies on similar sports, who have established that previous injury and stress are risk factors. Before conclusions can be drawn more studies with larger numbers of participants and longer follow-up period are needed before risk factors for injuries in elite orienteers can be identified.