INTRODUCTION: Overhead throwing athletes develop muscular and capsular tightness of the posterior shoulder and an altered arc of motion in their dominant shoulder due to repetitive overhead throwing. Stretching has been suggested as a way to improve soft tissue flexibility and reduce the risk of shoulder pathology associated with posterior shoulder tightness (PST). Baseball players commonly perform upper extremity acute static stretching exercises during warm-up to increase glenohumeral (GH) range of motion (ROM), prevent injury, and enhance performance. However, previous literature has demonstrated that acute static stretching may be detrimental to performance. The purpose of this study was (1) to compare upper extremity static stretching and dynamic warm-up protocols and (2) determine the most appropriate protocol to increase GH ROM, decrease PST, and maintain GH strength and power. <br><br> METHODS: Upper extremity static and dynamic protocols were compared in 15 healthy and physically active males using a within-subject, repeated measures, and counterbalanced design. GH internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) ROM, PST, and GH isokinetic concentric strength and power were measured before and after each protocol. Post-test assessments occurred over four time intervals (post-0, post-5, post-15, and post-30 minutes). <br><br> RESULTS: The results of this study demonstrated no significant test x time interactions between the static and dynamic protocols at any time interval for any of the dependent variables. However, a significant main effect occurred where GH IR ROM group mean significantly increased at the post-0 (p=<0.001), post-5 (p=0.004), post-15 (p=0.017), and post-30 (p=0.050) time intervals compared to the pre-test measurement. GH ER ROM group mean also significantly increased at the post-5 (p=0.003), post-15 (p=0.003), and post-30 (p=0.017) time intervals compared to the pre-test measurement. <br><br> CONCLUSIONS: This study did not identify a stretching or warm-up protocol that increased or decreased muscular force output. However, both protocols acutely increased GH IR and ER ROM for up to 30 minutes, suggesting that static stretching and dynamic warm-up may be similarly effective at increasing ROM. Clinicians and researchers must continue to work together to guide future research and determine the most effective stretching or warm-up protocol to maximize upper extremity performance.

Theses (Ed. D.)--Marshall University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Includes abstract. Document formatted into pages: contains x, 148 pages. Includes vitae. Bibliography: p. 116-124.

There is currently no evidence describing what characteristics make an Athletic Training Program Director (PD) an effective leader. An influx of accredited programs resulted in a rapid increase in the demand for PDs, yet training and preparation for these positions has failed to evolve. Although Certified Athletic Trainers (ATs) are trained in specific content areas, they may not always be prepared for the administrative and leadership responsibilities associated with the role of PD (Leone, 2008). This dissertation examined the relationships between selected characteristics and leadership outcomes of Athletic Training Program Directors. Each PD participants (n=27) completed a demographic questionnaire to obtain the leader’s academic preparation, accreditation experience and leadership training history. Each participant also completed the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) to obtain leadership styles, behaviors, and outcomes. Overall, the PDs reported utilizing transformational leadership most often and passive avoidant leadership least often. There was no significant difference between PDs with master’s and doctorate degrees on overall leadership outcome. However, participants with a doctorate degree scored significantly different on the effectiveness component of the leadership outcome compared with participants with a master’s degree. Those participants who have completed academic coursework on leadership scored significantly different on the leadership outcome compared to those who have not completed academic coursework on leadership. Findings from this study indicate that changes to the current requirements for the role of PD may be warranted. Consideration should be given to increasing the minimum degree requirement and requiring academic coursework on leadership. Future research may be useful in determining specific degree guidelines and types and amounts of leadership training that would be beneficial to Athletic Training PDs.

Emergency responders are expected to perform high-quality CPR on an array of body physiques, regardless of the presence of protective equipment. The purpose of this study was to examine rescuers? administration of CPR on traditional and endomorphic manikins with and without football shoulder pads (FBSP). Fifty emergency responders completed two compression-only scenarios following 2015 AHA CPR Guidelines: 1) removal of FBSP before initiating chest compressions, and 2) performing chest compressions over FBSP. There was a statistically significant effect with a decrease in compression rate and depth with the presence of FBSP. For chest recoil, there was a statistically significant effect due to manikin type and presence of FBSP. Based on these findings, emergency responders are not equipped to perform high-quality CPR in all scenarios. Additionally, utilization of a diverse range of manikin physiques should be a consideration in the advancement of CPR education for emergency responders.

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Athletic training is an allied healthcare profession which at the present time offers two routes for certification. Students can sit for the National Athletic Trainers Association Board of Certification (NATABOC) through successfully completing either an accredited curriculum program or an internship program and pass the NATABOC examination in order to practice as a certified athletic trainer. In January 2004, the internship option towards certification will be eliminated. If institutions want to continue to qualify students to take the NATABOC examination, they must develop curriculum programs that meet the Standards and Guidelines set by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) before this date. To develop an athletic training education program, Program Directors must implement the new standards into their programs in accordance with CAAHEP and institutional policies. The purpose of this study was to survey current Athletic Training Education Program Directors and identify how they developed their programs, with their available resources, to meet CAAHEP accreditation standards. The population selected to identify and describe the current trends of program development included Program Directors from all currently accredited undergraduate athletic training programs (N = 114). Of the 114 participants surveyed, 53 (46%) responded. Using Internet technology, a cross-sectional survey instrument was constructed to electronically survey current Program Directors of accredited undergraduate athletic training programs. The data gathered were primarily informational, and the analysis of this data was descriptive in nature. Data analysis identified, trends regarding the demographics of current Program Directors, curricular patterns, and institutional support roles. The new CAAHEP standards appear to necessitate greater institutional support in terms of faculty and resources, scientific and technological upgrades in curriculum, and clearly defined academic placement for Program Directors. / Ph. D.

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