Context: Collegiate male athletes have a higher risk of testicular cancer due to their age group, an increased risk of testicular contusions, and a lack of secondary prevention education. As the athletic training profession increases emphasis on evidence-based practice, it is important for athletic trainers to understand testicular cancer and testicular-self examination as it is outlined within their scope of practice. A general understanding of testicular cancer and the prevention techniques will be important for athletic trainers to promote awareness and health behavior practices. Objective: To examine the athletic trainers' actual knowledge, concern, perceived responsibility, training, feeling of embarrassment, and professional/personal practices. Design: Cross sectional survey. Participants: 249 randomly selected athletic trainers employed in collegiate settings. 65.6% of the respondents reported being between the ages of 21 and 35 years old. Intervention: Actual knowledge, concerned, perceived responsibility, trained, embarrassed, and personal and professional practice behavior scores served as dependent variables. Main Outcome Measures: A Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated between participants' actual knowledge, perceived responsibility, and concerned scores. Two one-way MANOVAs were conducted to determine if there was a difference in actual knowledge, perceived responsibility, and concerned scores that was dependent upon participants' age and gender. Results: Athletic trainers in collegiate settings had a fairly high actual knowledge of testicular cancer (X=7.62[plus or minus]1.42 out of 10). Athletic trainers reported that they should be concerned about testicular cancer in male athletes (X=7.26[plus or minus].167 out of 10). Athletic trainers had a low feeling of responsibility suggested by their reported score (X=3.93[plus or minus]0.18 out of 10). A weak correlation (r(169)=.199, P[less than].009) was found between the actual knowledge and perceived responsibility scores, and between the actual knowledge and concerned scores (r(169)=.285, P[less than]<.001). A medium to strong correlation (r(169)=.486, P[less than].001) was found between the concerned and perceived responsibility scores. Athletic trainers reported a decreased feeling of training about testicular cancer and testicular selfexamination (X=2.28[plus or minus]2.10 out of 10). Also, athletic trainers reported (X=2.71[plus or minus]2.42 out of 10) that they were not embarrassed to discuss testicular cancer. Athletic trainers reported performing either a testicular self-exam or breast-self examination on themselves (X=76%). Conclusions: College athletic trainers have a low feeling of embarrassment, adequate knowledge, and a high feeling of concern regarding testicular cancer, but report a low feeling of perceived responsibility and training.

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This study investigates how perceptions vary in athletic trainers regarding issues pertaining to women in the profession. Subjects included 1500 male and 1500 female certified athletic trainers who responded to 44 demographic and perceptions survey items used to determine whether perceptions were different based on the respondent's gender. Results were compared to a previously disseminated survey in 1996 to also determine if perceptions had changed from 10 years earlier. Results regarding the presentation of awards and the attainment of leadership positions in the organization were also compared to actual data collected. The data suggested that males perceptions had not changed, but females' perceptions had changed, in that females perceived that opportunities had improved. Data regarding the number of females who had ascended to leadership positions or had received awards did not support these perceptions, however, and female athletic trainers continue to struggle to obtain equality in both of these areas. Additionally, homosocial reproduction continues to influence the decreased number of women who are hired into various jobs, or advance into leadership positions, maintaining patriarchy in the athletics arena and in the athletic training organizations. Results suggested that because athletic training has been dominated by men since its inception, patriarchy continues to influence the lack of ascension of women into leadership positions and awards recognition. Many women are choosing to leave the profession due to the gender role pressure that they can not sustain a career in athletic training and raise a family. Men's professional sports continue to reject the concept of hiring women to serve as athletic trainers with their athletes, which also continues to preserve a patriarchal environment.

Tyrimo objektas: Nacionalinės futbolo akademijos U-13 metų jaunųjų futbolininkų skirtingų programų poveikis greitumui lavinti. Aktualumas: Šių dienų sporte dideli sportiniai rezultatai yra pasiekiami gana jauname amžiuje, todėl treneriai priversti gerinti atranką, ieškoti gabių vaikų judamąja veiklai. Vienas iš svarbiausių uždavinių yra moksliškai ištirti ir pagrįsti jaunųjų sportininkų rengimo priemonių ir metodų panaudojimo efektyvumą, pritaikyti juos praktinėje veikloje. Didelių sportinių rezultatų galima pasiekti ne tik kryptingai vykdant atranką, ugdant fizines ypatybes bei mokant technikos veiksmų atlikimo, bet ir žinant kiekvieno iš šių sportininkų rengimo komponentų svarbą ir priklausomybę vieno nuo kito įvairiais jaunojo sportininko rengimo laikotarpiais (Skurvydas, 1998; Girdauskas, 2000). Darbo tikslas: Atskleisti Nacionalinės Futbolo Akademijos U-13 futbolininkų sportinio rengimo programų ypatumus bei parengtumo dinamiką. Uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti prieš sportinio rengimo programą Nacionalinės Futbolo Akademijos U-13 futbolininkų greitumo, bei šuolių aukštį be rankų mosto ir mojant rankomis rezultatus. 2. Nustatyti Nacionalinės Futbolo Akademijos didžiausią poveikį turėjusios programos U-13 futbolininkų greitumo, bei šuolių be rankų mosto ir mojant rankomis rezultatų dinamikai. 3. Palyginti ir įvertinti gautus tyrimo rezultatus su kitų šalių analogiškais tyrimo rezultatais. Tyrimo metodai: • Literatūros šaltinių analizė. • Pedagoginis eksperimentas. • Testavimas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object of research: National football academy of U-13 years young players nominal effect of different programs to quickness development. Relevance: Nowadays remarkable results in sports are achieved at a very early age that is why coaches require higher qualifications for new and talented children to take part in motive activities. One of the most important tasks is to explore and justify efficiency of means and methods used in training junior sportsmen and to apply these methods in practice. Impressive results can be achieved not only through thorough selection of sportsmen, not only by developing physical qualities, or by teaching technique of good performance but also by knowing the importance of training components in each sportsman and correlation between these components in different training periods (Skurvydas, 1998; Girdauskas, 2000). The aim of research: Uncover the National Football Academy U-13 soccer sports training program characteristics and dynamics of fitness. Tasks: 1. To estimate effect before sports training program to the National Football Academy U-13 soccer speed, static jump and jump with arm motion results. 2. To estimate which of sports training program had greatest impact to the National Football Academy U-13 soccer players to their speed, static jump and jump with arm motion results. 3. To compare and evaluate these results with those of other countries with equivalent research. Methods of analysis: 1. Analysis of literary sources. 2... [to full text]

Background: The risk of future injury appears to be influenced by agonist fascicle length (FL), joint range of motion (ROM) and eccentric strength. Biomechanical observations of the torque-angle-relationship further reveal a strong dependence on these factors. In practice, a longer FL improves sprinting performance and lowers injury risk. Classical stretching is a popular and evidenced-based training for enhancing ROM but does not have any effects on FL and injury risk. However, recent studies show that eccentric-only training (ECC) improves both flexibility and strength, and effectively lowers risk of injury. Objectives: To review the evidence on benefits of ECC for flexibility and strength. Methods: COCHRANE, PUBMED, SCOPUS, SPOLIT, and SPONET were searched for laboratory trials that compare ECC to at least one comparison group. Studies were eligible if they examined both strength and flexibility metrics in a healthy sample (<65 years) and met criteria for controlled or randomized clinical trials (CCT, RCT). 18 studies have been included and successfully rated using the PEDro scale. Results: 16 of 18 studies show strong evidence of strength and flexibility enhancements for the lower limb. While improvements between ECC and concentric training (CONC) were similar for eccentric (+19 ± 10% vs. +19 ± 11%) and isometric strength (+16 ± 10% vs. +13 ± 6%), CONC showed larger improvements for concentric strength (+9 ± 6% vs. +16 ± 7%). While for ROM ECC showed improvements (+9 ± 7%), no results could be found for CONC. The overall effectiveness of ECC seems to be higher than of CONC. Conclusion: There is clear evidence that ECC is an effective method for changes in muscle architecture, leading to both flexibility and strength improvements for the lower limb. Due to limited data no shoulder study could be included. Further research is needed for the upper body joints with a focus on functional and structural adaptions.

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