This review aims to highlight and comprehensively summarize recent developments in the field of mixed-coordinate phosphorus chemistry. Particular attention is focused on the synthetic approaches to compounds containing at least two directly bonded phosphorus atoms in different coordination environments and their unexpected properties that are derived from spectroscopic and crystallographic data. Novel substance classes are discussed in order to supplement previous reviews about mixed-coordinate phosphorus compounds.

The work presented in this dissertation concerns dynamics of Rydberg atom lattices in the presence of noise and dissipation. Rydberg atoms possess a number of exaggerated properties, such as a strong van der Waals interaction. The interplay of that interaction, coherent driving and decoherence leads to intriguing non-equilibrium phenomena. Here, we study the non-equilibrium physics of driven atom lattices in the presence of decoherence caused by either laser phase noise or strong decay. In the first case, we compare between global and local noise and explore their effect on the number of excitations and the full counting statistics. We find that both types of noise give rise to a characteristic distribution of the Rydberg excitation number. The main method employed is the Langevin equation but for the sake of efficiency in certain regimes, we use a Markovian master equation and Monte Carlo rate equations, respectively. In the second case, we consider dissipative systems with more general power-law interactions. We determine the phase diagram in the steady state and analyse its generation dynamics using Monte Carlo rate equations. In contrast to nearest-neighbour models, there is no transition to long-range-ordered phases for realistic interactions and resonant driving. Yet, for finite laser detunings, we show that Rydberg atom lattices can undergo a dissipative phase transition to a long-range-ordered antiferromagnetic phase. We identify the advantages of Monte Carlo rate equations over mean field predictions. Having studied the dynamics of Rydberg atom lattices, we study an application of the strong interactions in such systems for quantum information processing. We investigate the coherent exchange of a single photon between a superconducting microwave cavity and a lattice of strongly interacting Rydberg atoms in the presence of local electric field fluctuations plaguing the cavity surface. We show that despite the increased sensitivity of Rydberg states to electric fields, as compared to ground state atoms, the Rydberg dipole-dipole interaction can be used to protect the system against the dephasing induced by the local noise. Using $1/f$ and laser phase noise models, we show that compared to the case with non-interacting atoms, our system exhibits longer coherence lifetimes and larger retrieval efficiency of the photon after storing into the atoms.

Detailed knowledge of the hydrogen population structure is necessary for the interpretation of hydrogen recombination line (HRL) observations. Calculations of hydrogen departure coefficients using a capture-collision-cascade type model with the angular momentum quantum levels resolved that includes the effects of external radiation fields are presented. The stimulating processes are important at radio frequencies and can influence level populations. Updated atomic rates and new numerical techniques with a solid mathematical basis have been incorporated into the model to ensure convergence of the solution. My results differ from previous results by up to 20 per cent. The effects on departure coefficients of continuum radiation from dust, the cosmic microwave background, the stellar ionising radiation, and free-free radiation are quantified. Atomic hydrogen masers occur in recombination plasmas in sufficiently dense HII regions. These HRL masers have been observed in a handful of objects to date and the analysis of the atomic physics involved has been rudimentary. A new model of HRL masers is presented which uses an nl-model to describe the atomic populations interacting with free-free radiation from the plasma, and an escape probability framework to deal with radiative transfer effects. The importance of including the collisions between angular momentum quantum states and the free-free emission in models of HRL masers is demonstrated. The model is used to describe the general behaviour of radiative transfer of HRLs and to investigate the conditions under which HRL masers form. The model results show good agreement with observations collected over a broad range of frequencies. Theoretical predictions are made regarding the ratio of recombination lines from the same upper quantum level for these objects. / Physics / Ph. D. (Astronomy)

La thèse se positionne dans le domaine des molécules ultra-froides, c’est-à-dire des molécules qui ont des vitesses correspondant à des températures de l’ordre du µK. L’obtention de gaz dilués moléculaires à ces températures peut ouvrir la porte à des applications importantes en simulation ou en informatique quantique. La thèse s’intéresse plus particulièrement à la formation de molécules dipolaires électriques et magnétiques. Celles-ci sont présagées pour être un système idéal dans l’optique d’un simulateur quantique du système réseau-spin, permettant de décrire le magnétisme dans les solides. Nous avons choisi l’exemple de la molécule RbSr qui fait l’objet actuellement d’une expérience à Amsterdam. Nous avons donc exploré plusieurs alternatives basées sur l’emploi de laser pour la formation de molécules RbSr ultra-froides Nous avons d’abord considéré la photoassociation dont le principe est de coupler l’état de collision initial avec un état rovibrationnel d’un état électronique excité. L’étape d’émission spontanée qui suit forme des molécules dans l’état électronique fondamental. Nous avons également considéré le problème des pertes supplémentaires d’atomes lorsque le laser de photoassociation est intense et focalisé, mises en évidence dans une expérience à Bangalore. Dans la suite de la thèse, nous avons exploré des méthodes cohérentes. Nous avons montré que des molécules faiblement liées de RbSr peuvent être formées à l’aide d’un STIRAP en partant de paires d’atomes isolées et confinées dans un isolant de Mott. Nous avons ensuite étudié leur stabilisation vers le niveau le plus profond de l’état fondamental de la molécule à l’aide d’un second STIRAP. Enfin, nous avons étudié des méthodes se déroulant uniquement dans l’état électronique fondamental. La formation est induite par l’utilisation d’une impulsion à dérive de fréquence induisant un passage adiabatique ou à l’aide d’une impulsion-pi. En plus, nous avons découvert que cette méthode formation peut être reliée à une résonance de Feshbach dans la représentation habillée par les photons, que nous avons appelée Résonance de Feshbach auto-induité assistée par Laser (LASIFR en anglais). Nous montrons qu’elles sont un outil prometteur et puissant pour le contrôle des propriétés de mélange de gaz d’atomes ultra-froids, comme par exemple la longueur de diffusion. / The thesis is positioned in the ultracold domain, i.e molecules which have velocities corresponding to microkelvin temperatures. The formation of molecular diluted gas at these temperatures is promising for important applications in quantum simulation, quantum information or in precision measurements.More particularly, the thesis is focused on the formation of molecules which are polar and paramagnetic. Some recent works are predicted that these molecules could be the ideal system for creating a quantum simulator of the lattice-spin system, which can describe the magnetism in solids. We have chosen the example of RbSr molecules for whose an experience runs in Amsterdam. We explored some alternatives based on the use of lasers for the formation of ultracold RbSr molecules.First, we considered the photoassociation whose the principle is coupling the initial scattering state with a rovibrational level of an excited electronic state. The following spontaneous emission step creates molecules in the electronic ground state. We also considered the problem of atom losses observed by experiments in Bangalore, when a focused photoassociation laser is applied. In the rest of the thesis, we explored coherent methods. Firstly, we showed a STIRAP sequence could create weakly bound molecules from isolated atomic pairs confined in a Mott insulator. Lastly, we explored some of these methods where the dynamic occurs only in the electronic ground state. The formation is induced by the use of a chirped pulse or a pi-pulse. We studied the factors of the transfer. Moreover, we discovered this method is related to a new kind of Feshbach resonances in the photon dressed picture, called Laser Assisted Self-Induced Feshbach Resonance (LASIFR). We showed LASIFR present the advantages of Magnetic and Optical Feshbach Resonances. They are a promising and powerful tool for the control of properties of quantum gas mixtures, like the interspecies scattering length.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

I present the construction of a low-velocity intense source (LVIS) of laser-cooled neutral strontium using permanent ring magnets. The LVIS consists of a magneto-optical trap from which cold strontium is extracted in a well-collimated beam. I also present the development and implementation of a full suite of low-noise, high-bandwidth laser control electronics including a microcontroller unit. This microcontroller remotely controls and monitors the current driver, temperature controller, and PID lock circuit for each diode laser simultaneously. The current driver output is accurate to within 2 micro-amps and repeatable to with a few nano-amps. The noise spectral density of the current driver hits a floor of 10^(-10) amps per root Hz at ~50 Hz and has a modulation bandwidth of ~50 MHz. The PID lock-circuit includes a scan-balancing option that we have used to scan an AR coated laser diode ~30 GHz mode-hop free. I describe the construction of an 80 mW frequency doubled 461 nm laser system using PPKTP for cooling and trapping neutral strontium in the LVIS. The LVIS, the electronics systems, and the 461 nm laser system represent major milestones on the way to producing a matter-wave interferometer using Sr-87 ions. The interferometer is based on an optical Raman transition between the hyperfine ground states of the Sr-87 ion. The ions will be produced by exciting the strontium LVIS beam to an auto-ionizing state in the continuum. In the interferometer two half-pi pulses of light and one pi pulse will be delivered to the ions to split and recombine their wave functions. I present calculations of the predicted sensitivity and a discussion of the possible applications. I present a method for locking a 407.8 nm laser to the 5s doublet S J=1/2 to 5p doublet P J=3/2 strontium ion transition in a neutral vapor. I present calculations for the necessary vacuum levels for the experiment and describe the preparation and assembly of the vacuum apparatus. The major vacuum system consists of two connected elastomer sealed chambers: one at 10^(-7) Torr and the other at 10^(-10) Torr separated by a region of low conductance. I present a Sr vapor cell constructed from standard CF fittings that allows the strontium to be heated to ~730 C, which can also be run as a thermal beam. I present a method for protecting the viewports on small-form alkali-earth vapor cells using lead or indium foil during the evaporation of oxide layers. Finally, I report on the current status of the experiment as well as detail future work on the apparatus.

In systems of ultracold atoms,  the  quantum  Efimov  effect  can  appear where identical bosons form an infinite tower of bound trimer states in the resonant limit, at the bound dimer dissociation threshold. The most characteristic feature of this effect is that their energy spectrum obey a geometric scaling law, which is universal in the sense that it emerges irrespective of the nature of the two body forces. Using  a  model  potential,  constructed  to  resemble the two body interaction between alkali atoms,  which was  fine tuned to control the  scattering  length,  energy  eigenvalues  for  the  two-  and  threebody problem were calculated numerically. The results where  fitted  to  the analytic theory and the appearance of the first Efimov state was positioned at a scattering length of -9.23rvdW , which is in good  agreement  with  the universal value -9.2rvdW . / I system av ultrakalla atomer kan en kvanteffekt, kallad Efimoveffekt, uppkomma  där  identiska  bosoner  bildar  ett  oändligt  torn  av  bundna  trekroppstillstånd då spridningslängden går mot oändligheten, vid dissociationströskeln för en svagt bunden dimer.  Det mest utmärkande för denna effekt är att Efimovtillståndens energispektrum följer en geometrisk skalningslag, som är universell i den meningen att den framträder oberoende av hur atomernas parvisa växelverkan ser ut.  Med hjälp av en modellpotential som konstruerats för att efterlikna den parvisa växelverkan mellan två alkaliatomer finjusterades spridningslängden.  Energiegenvärdena för två- och tre-kropps problemen  beräknades  numeriskt  vid  olika  spridningslängder.   Resultaten jämfördes  med  den  analytiska  teorin  och  den  första  tre-kroppsresonansen uppkom  vid  spridningslängden  -9.23rvdW ,  vilket  överenstämmer  med  det experimentellt funna universella värdet -9.2rvdW .

No description available.