Utilization of potential synergistic interactions among different bioactive agents is a promising approach to inhibit complex diseases such as cancer. Nobiletin (NBT) and tangeretin (TAN) are major polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) found in citrus fruits. Herein, we studied NBT and TAN in combination with atorvastatin (ATST, Lipitor, a cholesterol-lowering drug) in MDAMB231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Both NBT/ATST and TAN/ATST combinations at low doses produced much stronger inhibitory effect on cancer cell viability in comparison to those produced by NBT, TAN, or ATST alone at much higher doses. Isobologram analysis confirmed that both NBT/ATST and TAN/ATST combinations produced strong synergy in inhibiting the growth of two breast cancer cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis showed that both NBT/ATST and TAN/ATST combinations caused significant cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in MDAMB231 cells (ER+). Consistent with these results, PMFs and ATST combinations decreased expression levels of phospho Rb, cyclin D1, and CDK4. Further experiments showed that the combination treatment induced autophagy and late apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. Meanwhile, co-treatment of PMFs and ATST induce G2/M phase in MCF-7 (ER+) cells.. The combination of PMFs and ATST also caused autophagy in MCF-7 cells, which was evidenced by activation of LC3B and P62. In conclusion, our result demonstrated strong synergy between two major citrus PMFs (NBT and TAN) and ATST in inhibiting human breast cancer cell growth.

L’administration systémique d’atorvastatine s’est montrée neuroprotective suivant un traumatisme médullaire, en diminuant la réponse inflammatoire au site de la lésion ainsi qu’en réduisant l’apoptose des oligodendrocytes. Ce dernier épargne la matière blanche au site de l’insulte et améliore la locomotion. Le but de cette étude était de confirmer l’efficacité neuroprotective de l’atorvastatine ainsi que son action précoce, lorsqu’administré post-trauma, sur la limitation de l’apoptose. Des rats Sprague-Dawley femelles ont reçu une injection intrapéritonéale de : (1) statine/saline (5 mg/kg) 2 h après une lésion contusive; (2) saline physiologique 2 h post-contusion; ou (3) saline physiologique sans lésion. Les rats traités à la statine ont montré une amélioration significative (p<0.05) de leur locomotion après 4 semaines post-trauma, comparée au groupe « véhicule » lésé. Expliquant cette observation, l’activité de la caspase-3 fut diminuée de 50% (p<0.05) et la méthode de TUNEL révéla une diminution d’approximativement 20% du nombre de cellules apoptotiques au site lésionnel (p<0.01) 4 h après l’insulte contusive chez le groupe traité en comparaison aux groupes « véhicules ». Ces résultats démontrent que l’atorvastatine est efficace dans la prévention de l’apoptose précoce au site lésionnel dans un modèle expérimental de traumatisme médullaire après seulement 2 h post-traumatisme. / The systemic administration of atorvastatin has been shown to be neuroprotective after spinal cord injury (SCI), by decreasing the inflammatory response at the lesion site and by reducing neuronal and oligodendrocyte apoptosis. The latter effect spares white matter at the injury site and improves locomotion. The aim of this study was to confirm the neuroprotective efficacy of atorvastatin as well as its early action in limiting apoptosis with its administration post-SCI. Female Sprague-Dawley rats received an intra peritoneal injection of: (1) statin/saline (5 mg/kg) at 2 h after the contusion injury; (2) physiological saline at 2 h post-SCI; or (3) physiological saline without injury. Statin-treated rats showed significant (p<0.05) improvement in locomotion at week 4 post-SCI compared to vehicle-treated animals. Explaining this outcome, caspase-3 activity decreased by 50% (p<0.05), and the histological TUNEL method revealed a decrease of approximately 20% in apoptotic cells at the injury site (p<0.01) at 4 h post-SCI in atorvastatin-treated rats in comparison to vehicle-treated controls. These data demonstrate that atorvastatin is effective after experimental spinal cord contusion injury in preventing early apoptosis at the injury site within 2 h post-administration.

Os transportadores de membrana do tipo ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) e solute carriers (SLC) regulam a homeostase intracelular de fármacos, modificando a biodisponibilidade e possivelmente a eficácia terapêutica. A variabilidade na resposta a hipolipemiantes, como as vastatinas, tem sido associada a vários fatores genéticos e ambientais. Com a finalidade de avaliarmos os mecanismos de regulação da expressão dos transportadores pela atorvastatina, a expressão de RNAm de transportadores ABC (ABCB1, ABCG2 e ABCC2) e SLC (SLCO1B1, SLCO2B1 e SLC22A1) foi avaliada por RT-PCRq em células mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) de 18 indivíduos normolipidêmicos (NL) e 22 pacientes hipercolesterolêmicos (HC) tratados com atorvastatina (10mg/dia/4 semanas). A possível associação entre o polimorfismo ABCB1 C3435T e a expressão de RNAm também foi avaliada. Os estudos in vitro foram realizados com as células das linhagens HepG2 e Caco-2. Foram avaliados os efeitos da atorvastatina na ativação de fatores de transcrição (NF-kappaB, NF-Y, c-jun, SP-1 e PXR) por ensaio de mobilidade eletroforética retardada em gel de poliacrilamida (EMSA) e na meia-vida do RNAm do gene ABCB1 por RT-PCRq, e a expressão e atividade funcional da proteína ABCB1 por Western blot, imunohistoquimica e citometria de fluxo. A proteina ABCB1 foi localizada por imunohistoquimica na membrana apical do canalículo biliar das celulas HepG2 e na membrana apical das Caco-2. O tratamento das células HepG2 com atorvastatina causou redução da expressão de RNAm do gene ABCB1 e aumento na expressão dos genes ABCG2 e ABCC2. Esses efeitos foram dose e tempo dependentes. O tratamento com atorvastatina das células Caco-2 não modificou a expressão dos transportadores de efluxo após 30 a 120 min. Nas células HepG2, as concentrações de 10 e 20 M de atorvastatina causaram diminuição da expressão de ABCB1 (0 &#181;M: 1,00 ± 0,06; 10 &#181;M: 0,69 ± 0,25, p< 0,05; 20 &#181;M: 0,69 ± 0,06, p< 0,05). A atividade da ABCB1, avaliada pelo efluxo de Rh123, mostrou-se estar reduzida em 41% nas células HepG2, após tratamento com atorvastatina 20 &#181;M. Embora a diminuição da expressão do ABCB1 não tenha sido decorrente de uma menor ativação transcricional, avaliada indiretamente por EMSA, estudos de mecanismos de regulação pós-transcricionais, revelaram que a atorvastatina diminui a estabilidade de RNAm do gene ABCB1. Esse resultado parece estar de acordo com o ocorrido nas CMSP, já que o tratamento com atorvastatina diminuiu a expressão de RNAm do gene ABCB1 nos indivíduos HC. Essa modulação, no entanto não está associada à presença do polimorfismo ABCB1 C3435T. Em relação aos transportadores de captação, a expressão do SLC22A1 nas células Caco-2 diminui após tratamento com atorvastatina por 30 min e não foi modificada nas células HepG2. Já o gene SLCO2B1 encontrou-se muito aumentado após 24 h de tratamento nas células HepG2. Estudos in vivo nas CMSP, mostrou que a expressão de mRNA basal dos transportadores nos HC foi 10 vezes maior que nos NL e diminuiu após tratamento com atorvastatina nos HC. Com os resultados obtidos podemos sugerir que diferenças no efeito da atorvastatina nos tipos celulares podem ser em decorrência da expressão tecido-específica de fatores de transcrição. No modelo de hepatócito, HepG2, a atorvastatina é um inibidor do transporte mediado pela ABCB1 e é capaz de diminuir a síntese e a função da ABCB1, via aumento da degradação de RNAm do gene ABCB1. Em conseqüência ocorre uma redução do efluxo pelo sistema biliar, causando aumento da concentração intracelular. Ainda, podemos concluir que em CMSP o colesterol pode ser o responsável pela modulação dos genes dos transportadores de membrana e que isso pode implicar em diferenças na eficácia da atorvastatina. / Specific membrane transporters have a significant impact on drug absorption and disposition. Most of them belong to two super-families, ABC (ATP-binding cassette) and SLC (solute-linked carrier). Statins are important therapeutic agents in the management of hypercholesterolemia, and considerable inter-individual variation exists in response to its therapy. The effects of atorvastatin expression of efflux (ABCG2 and ABCC2) and uptake (SLCO1B1, SLCO2B1 and SLC22A1) drug transporters were investigated by qPCR in Caco-2 and HepG2 cell lines and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of eighteen normolipidemic (NL) and twenty two hypercholesterolemic (HC) individuals treated with atorvastatin (10mg/day/4 weeks). The possible involvement of ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism in ABCB1 mRNA expression was also evaluated. In vitro studies with the cell lines HepG2 and Caco-2 were also performed. The effect of atorvastatin on the activation of the promoter of ABCB1 by transcription factors (NF-kappaB, NF-Y, c-jun, SP-1, and PXR) was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and ABCB1 mRNA half-life were measured by PCRq. The expression and functional activity of ABCB1 were investigated by Western blot, imunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Immunohystochemical analysis revealed that ABCB1 is located at the apical membrane of the bile canaliculi in HepG2, and in apical membrane of Caco-2 cells. Atorvastatin treatment of HepG2 cells caused a decreased in ABCB1 and an increase in ABCC2 and ABCG2 transcript levels. These effects were time and dose-dependent. Treatment of Caco-2 cells did not present any differences in efflux transporters mRNA levels. Treatment of HepG2 cells with 10 and 20 M atorvastatin caused a reduction on ABCB1 expression (0 &#181;M: 1,00 ± 0,06; 10 &#181;M: 0,69 ± 0,25, p< 0,05; 20 &#181;M: 0,69 ± 0,06, p< 0,05), and a 41% decrease in ABCB1-mediated efflux of Rhodamine123 (p < 0.01). Although reduced ABCB1 mRNA expression was not due to any repressor protein suppressing ABCB1 promoter activation, mRNA stability studies revealed that mRNA stability of ABCB1 was markedly decreased by atorvastatin treatment (2h versus 7h for control). In agrrement with these results, in PBMCs of HC individuals, atorvastatin treatment also reduced ABCB1 mRNA expression. However, the down-regulation was not associated with the presence of 3435T allele. For the uptake transporters, atorvastatin decreased SLC22A1 transcript levels after 30min-treatment and it was not regulated in HepG2. On the other hand, SLCO2B1 was up-regulated after 24h-treatment of HepG2 cells. In vivo studies with PBMCs revealed that during hypercholesterolemia all the drug transporters analyzed were increased almost 10-fold (p< 0.05), and after atorvastatin therapy the efflux and uptake transporters transcript levels were all down-regulated. These findings suggest that atorvastatin exhibits differential effects on mRNA expression of drug transporters depending on the cell type, which may be related to tissue-specific expression of transcription factors. Atorvastatin leads to decreased ABCB1 function and synthesis in HepG2 cells by increasing degradation of ABCB1 mRNA. Therefore, inhibition of ABCB1 may reduce atorvastatin elimination via bile, increasing its cellular concentrations. We also may suggest that in PBMCs cholesterol modulates mRNA expression of drug transporters, and this may contribute to the variability of response to atorvastatin.

As estatinas são os fármacos mais usados para tratamento das hiperlipidemias em prevenção primária e secundária, com o propósito de diminuir os níveis de lipoproteínas plasmáticas ricas em colesterol e reduzir os riscos de doença arterialcoronária (DAC) (WITZTUM, 2005). Estes efeitos são resultantes da atividade inibidora das estatinas sobre a enzima HMG-CoA redutase (hidroximetilglutaril-CoA redutase), com a propriedade de bloquear a conversão do substrato HMG-CoA em ácido mevalônico, inibindo os primeiros passos da biossíntese de colesterol. Estas substâncias, (fluvastatina FS, atorvastatina ATC e rosuvastatina RC) são capazes de mimetizar o substrato natural. Podem ser divididas em naturais e sintéticas e diferem fundamentalmente, em termos de potência, perfil farmacocinético, interação farmacológica e efeito indesejado relacionado à miotoxicidade. Na presente pesquisa foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos analíticos de separação (cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência e eletroforese capilar) para cada fármaco. Estes métodos foram aplicados a medicamentos comercializados no Brasil. O método por CLAE foi realizado em coluna LiChrospher® RP-18 (125x4 mm, 5&#181;m) Merck® e uma fase móvel composta por metanol:água (70:30 v/v) para FS e ATC, (60:40 v/v) para RC, com 5 mM trietilamina e pH ajustado para 3.0 com ácido ortofosfórico. O método mostrou boa linearidade (r 0,9915), (LD 2,02 e LQ 6,12) FS; (r 0,9959), (LD 0,44 e LQ 1,34) ATC e (r 0,9945), (LD 1,55 e LQ 4,70) RC. A exatidão foi expressa em porcentagem de recuperação (R% 99,59) FS, (R% 100,24) ATC e (R% 99,2). Pelo método MEKC foi realizado utilizando capilar de sílica fundida de 40,2 cm x 75 m d. i. (30 cm até detector); eletrólito: tampão borato 20 mM: SDS 30 mM: metanol10% v/v pH 9,24; voltagem aplicada: +22 kV; injeção: hidrodinâmica 0,5 psi/3s, apresentaram linearidade (r 0,9997), (LD 0,94 e LQ 2,85) FS; (r 0,9999), (LD 2,36 e LQ 7,17) ATC. A porcentagem de recuperação (R% 104,61) FS, (R% 103,96) ATC. Pelo método CZE foi realizado utilizando sílica fundida de 40,2 cm de cumprimento sendo 30 cm até o detector, 75 &#181;m de d.i. e 375 &#181;m de d.d., eletrólito: tampão tetraborato de sódio 20 mM, pH 9,20; voltagem aplicada: +25kV; injeção: hidrodinâmica 0,5 psi/5s, apresentou linearidade (r 0,9989), (LD 4,92 e LQ 14,91) RC; A porcentagem de recuperação (R% 100,66) RC. / Statins are the drugs most commonly used for treatment of hyperlipidemia in primary and secondary prevention, with the aim of reducing levels of lipoproteins rich in cholesterol and reduce the risk of coronary-artery disease (CAD) (Witztum, 2005). These effects are due to the inhibitory activity of statins on the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase), with the property to block the conversion of the substrate HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, inhibiting the first steps of cholesterol biosynthesis. These substances (fluvastatin FS, atorvastatin ATC and rosuvastatin RC) may mimic the natural substrate, can be divided into natural and synthetic, and differ fundamentally in terms of potency, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and unwanted effects related to muscle-toxicity. In the present study were developed and fully validated analytical methods of separation (high efficiency liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis) for each drug. These methods were applied to drugs marketed in Brazil. The method was performed by HPLC column LiChrospher® RP-18 (125x4 mm, 5mm) Merck® and a mobile phase consisting of methanol: water (70:30 v / v) for FS and ATC (60:40 v / v) to RC, with 5 mM triethylamine and pH adjusted to 3.0 with orthophosphoric acid. The method showed good linearity (r 0.9915), (2.02 LD and LQ 6.12) FS; (r 0.9959), (0.44 LD and LQ 1.34) ATC; (r 0.9945), (1.55 LD and LQ 4.70) for RC. The accuracy was expressed as a percentage of recovery (R% 99.59%) FS, (R% 100.24) ATC and (R 99.2%) RC. The MEKC method was performed using a fused silica capillary of 40.2 cm x 75 m d. i. (30 cm to detector); electrolyte: 20 mM borate buffer: 30 mM SDS: metanol10% v / v pH 9.24, applied voltage: +22 kV, injection: hydrodynamic psi/3s 0.5 showed linearity (r 0, 9997), (LQ 0.94 and LD 2.85) FS, (r 0.9999), (LQ 2.36 and LD 7.17) ATC. The percentage recovery (% R 104.61) FS, (R 103.96%) ATC. The CZE method was performed using fused silica of 40.2 cm long and 30 cm to the detector, 75 mm in di and 375 mm in dd, electrolyte: sodium tetraborate buffer 20 mM, pH 9.20, applied voltage: +25 kV, injection: hydrodynamic psi/5s 0.5, showed linearity (r 0.9989), (4.92 LD and LQ 14.91) RC; The percentage recovery (% R 100.66) RC.

As estatinas são os fármacos mais usados para tratamento das hiperlipidemias em prevenção primária e secundária, com o propósito de diminuir os níveis de lipoproteínas plasmáticas ricas em colesterol e reduzir os riscos de doença arterialcoronária (DAC) (WITZTUM, 2005). Estes efeitos são resultantes da atividade inibidora das estatinas sobre a enzima HMG-CoA redutase (hidroximetilglutaril-CoA redutase), com a propriedade de bloquear a conversão do substrato HMG-CoA em ácido mevalônico, inibindo os primeiros passos da biossíntese de colesterol. Estas substâncias, (fluvastatina FS, atorvastatina ATC e rosuvastatina RC) são capazes de mimetizar o substrato natural. Podem ser divididas em naturais e sintéticas e diferem fundamentalmente, em termos de potência, perfil farmacocinético, interação farmacológica e efeito indesejado relacionado à miotoxicidade. Na presente pesquisa foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos analíticos de separação (cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência e eletroforese capilar) para cada fármaco. Estes métodos foram aplicados a medicamentos comercializados no Brasil. O método por CLAE foi realizado em coluna LiChrospher® RP-18 (125x4 mm, 5&#181;m) Merck® e uma fase móvel composta por metanol:água (70:30 v/v) para FS e ATC, (60:40 v/v) para RC, com 5 mM trietilamina e pH ajustado para 3.0 com ácido ortofosfórico. O método mostrou boa linearidade (r 0,9915), (LD 2,02 e LQ 6,12) FS; (r 0,9959), (LD 0,44 e LQ 1,34) ATC e (r 0,9945), (LD 1,55 e LQ 4,70) RC. A exatidão foi expressa em porcentagem de recuperação (R% 99,59) FS, (R% 100,24) ATC e (R% 99,2). Pelo método MEKC foi realizado utilizando capilar de sílica fundida de 40,2 cm x 75 m d. i. (30 cm até detector); eletrólito: tampão borato 20 mM: SDS 30 mM: metanol10% v/v pH 9,24; voltagem aplicada: +22 kV; injeção: hidrodinâmica 0,5 psi/3s, apresentaram linearidade (r 0,9997), (LD 0,94 e LQ 2,85) FS; (r 0,9999), (LD 2,36 e LQ 7,17) ATC. A porcentagem de recuperação (R% 104,61) FS, (R% 103,96) ATC. Pelo método CZE foi realizado utilizando sílica fundida de 40,2 cm de cumprimento sendo 30 cm até o detector, 75 &#181;m de d.i. e 375 &#181;m de d.d., eletrólito: tampão tetraborato de sódio 20 mM, pH 9,20; voltagem aplicada: +25kV; injeção: hidrodinâmica 0,5 psi/5s, apresentou linearidade (r 0,9989), (LD 4,92 e LQ 14,91) RC; A porcentagem de recuperação (R% 100,66) RC. / Statins are the drugs most commonly used for treatment of hyperlipidemia in primary and secondary prevention, with the aim of reducing levels of lipoproteins rich in cholesterol and reduce the risk of coronary-artery disease (CAD) (Witztum, 2005). These effects are due to the inhibitory activity of statins on the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase), with the property to block the conversion of the substrate HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, inhibiting the first steps of cholesterol biosynthesis. These substances (fluvastatin FS, atorvastatin ATC and rosuvastatin RC) may mimic the natural substrate, can be divided into natural and synthetic, and differ fundamentally in terms of potency, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and unwanted effects related to muscle-toxicity. In the present study were developed and fully validated analytical methods of separation (high efficiency liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis) for each drug. These methods were applied to drugs marketed in Brazil. The method was performed by HPLC column LiChrospher® RP-18 (125x4 mm, 5mm) Merck® and a mobile phase consisting of methanol: water (70:30 v / v) for FS and ATC (60:40 v / v) to RC, with 5 mM triethylamine and pH adjusted to 3.0 with orthophosphoric acid. The method showed good linearity (r 0.9915), (2.02 LD and LQ 6.12) FS; (r 0.9959), (0.44 LD and LQ 1.34) ATC; (r 0.9945), (1.55 LD and LQ 4.70) for RC. The accuracy was expressed as a percentage of recovery (R% 99.59%) FS, (R% 100.24) ATC and (R 99.2%) RC. The MEKC method was performed using a fused silica capillary of 40.2 cm x 75 m d. i. (30 cm to detector); electrolyte: 20 mM borate buffer: 30 mM SDS: metanol10% v / v pH 9.24, applied voltage: +22 kV, injection: hydrodynamic psi/3s 0.5 showed linearity (r 0, 9997), (LQ 0.94 and LD 2.85) FS, (r 0.9999), (LQ 2.36 and LD 7.17) ATC. The percentage recovery (% R 104.61) FS, (R 103.96%) ATC. The CZE method was performed using fused silica of 40.2 cm long and 30 cm to the detector, 75 mm in di and 375 mm in dd, electrolyte: sodium tetraborate buffer 20 mM, pH 9.20, applied voltage: +25 kV, injection: hydrodynamic psi/5s 0.5, showed linearity (r 0.9989), (4.92 LD and LQ 14.91) RC; The percentage recovery (% R 100.66) RC.

Este trabajo valora el efecto de la dieta y el tratamiento con atorvastatina sobre la EGHNA inducida en pollos mediante una dieta hiperlipémica, empleando técnicas de análisis bioquímico, histológico, microscopía electrónica, técnicas inmunocitoquímicas y cuantificaciones histológicas. Utilizamos 100 pollos de la raza White Leghorn, se dividieron al azar en dos grupos control e hiperlipémico en una primera fase de inducción de hígado graso (3 meses) y en una segunda fase de otros 3 meses los animales hiperlipémicos fueron divididos en los grupos de progresión con dieta hiperlipémica, regresión, regresión farmacológica y progresión farmacológica. La retirada de la dieta y/o el tratamiento con atorvastatina reduce la esteatosis hepática, la inflamación y la lesión hepatocelular. Se constata una mayor actividad de la enfermedad en los grupos de progresión respecto a los de regresión y una menor actividad en los animales tratados respecto a los no tratados. / The aim of the present study was to determinate the effect of diet and atorvastatin on NAFLD induced by hyperlipidemic diet in experimental animals. We carried out serum biochemical analysis, histology, electron microscopy and immunohistochemical techniques and histological quantifications. We used one-hundred white Leghorn chickens. The chickens were randomly assigned to 2 Kinds of diet: a standard diet and a hyperlipidemic diet. After a three-month induction period the chickens were randomly divided in four groups and were breeding for another three-month period with different diets. Thus, the groups of our study were as follows: healthy control, hyperlipidemic progression, spontaneous regression, pharmacological regression and pharmacological progression.The removal diet and/or atorvastatin treatment decreased the steatosis, inflammation and hepatocelular lesion grade in the liver. We have observed a greater NASH Activity Score in progression groups than regression groups and lower activity in the treatment groups with regard to non-treated groups.

Στην παρούσα διατριβή, μελετήθηκε η επίδραση της ατορβαστατίνης στην εξέλιξη της οστεοπόρωσης. Ως πειραματικό μοντέλο επιλέχθηκε ο επίμυς, που, κατόπιν, απώλειας των οιστρογόνων λόγω ωοθηκεκτομής, αναπτύσσει οστεοπόρωση. Η επαγωγή της οστεοπόρωσης επιβεβαιώθηκε με πληθώρα μεθόδων. Αρχικά, (ημέρα 0) στο πειραματικό δείγμα (n=25) πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις, στο αίμα, των βιοχημικών δεικτών του μεταβολισμού του οστού, (Αμινοτελικό πεπτίδιο του κολλαγόνου Τύπου Ι – NTx και οστεοκαλσίνη) με τη μέθοδο ELISA, μέτρηση της οστικής πυκνότητας με τη μέθοδο pQCT και αξιολόγηση της δομικής ακεραιότητας – ποιότητας του οστού με τη μέθοδο MDF. Ακολούθησε η αφαίρεση των ωοθηκών άμφω και, μετά από 60 ημέρες, επαναλήφθηκαν οι παραπάνω μετρήσεις. Όλες οι παραπάνω μέθοδοι, επιβεβαίωσαν την επαγωγή της οστεοπόρωσης μετά την ωοθηκεκτομή, και, άρα, την επιτυχία του πειραματικού μοντέλου. Αφού εξασφαλίσθηκε το οστεοπορωτικό μοντέλο, ο πειραματικός πληθυσμός χωρίστηκε τυχαία σε τρεις υπο-πληθυσμούς. Στον ένα υπο-πληθυσμό (n=10) χορηγήθηκε ατορβαστατίνη (4mg/kg/ημέρα), στον δεύτερο υπο-πληθυσμό (n=10) χορηγήθηκε αλενδρονάτη (4mg/kg/ημέρα), ενώ ο τρίτος υπο-πληθυσμός (n=5) χρησιμοποιήθηκε ως αρνητικός μάρτυρας και δεν έλαβε καμία θεραπεία (no-therapy control). Η χορήγηση των φαρμακευτικών αγωγών ήταν δια στόματος μέσω στοματογαστρικού καθετήρα και διήρκεσε από την ημέρα 60 έως την ημέρα 145. Μετά το πέρας χορήγησης των φαρμακευτικών αγωγών, επαναλήφθηκαν οι προαναφερθείσες μετρήσεις, τα πειραματόζωα θυσιάστηκαν και απομονώθηκαν οστά κνήμης για ιστολογική μελέτη, καθώς και μελέτη πρωτεϊνικών μορίων που εμπλέκονται στην κυτταρική βιολογία των κυττάρων του οστίτη ιστού. Συγκεκριμένα, η ιστολογική μελέτη συμπεριελάμβανε εκτίμηση των οστών με χρώση αιματοξυλίνης – ηωσίνης σε τομές παραφίνης, ιστομορφομετρία, ανοσοϊστοχημική χρώση των μορίων Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) και Fas (παράγοντας οστεοκλαστικής απόπτωσης) σε τομές σε πλαστικό, καθώς και ανοσοαποτύπωση κατά Western των αυτών πρωτεϊνών. Γενικά, όλες οι μέθοδοι που εφαρμόστηκαν, έδειξαν να ακολουθούν όλες τις μεταβολές στην δομική – ποιοτική κατάσταση των οστών, καθ’όλη την πειραματική πορεία. Ιδιάιτερη ευαισθησία στην ανίχνευση των μεταβολών αυτών, φάνηκε να παρουσιάζουν οι βιοχημικοί δείκτες του οστικού μεταβολισμού, αλλά και η νέα μέθοδος μέτρησης του Συντελεστή Εσωτερικής Απόσβεσης (MDF). Όσον αφορά στις φαρμακευτικές αγωγές, και η ατορβαστατίνη και η αλενδρονάτη παρουσίασαν θετική επίδραση στην εξέλιξη της οστεοπόρωσης, επιβραδύνοντάς την. Ειδικότερα, η ομάδα που έλαβε ατορβαστατίνη επέδειξε μια ισχυρότερη απόκριση στη χορήγηση της ουσίας, συγκριτικά με την ομάδα που έλαβε αλενδρονάτη. Προς την ίδια κατεύθυνση, φάνηκε να τείνουν και τα ευρήματα σχετικά με την έκφραση της BMP-2 και του Fas, αφού η ατορβαστατίνη ήταν η ουσία εκείνη που αύξησε την έκφραση και των δυο αυτών μορίων και, συνεπώς, την παραγωγή οστού από τους οστεοβλάστες και την απόπτωση των οστεοκλαστών. Στο σημείο αυτό θα ήταν σκόπιμο να σημειωθεί πως τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης αυτής είναι ενδεικτικά και θα μπορούσαν να ισχυροποιηθούν με εφαρμογή των πειραματικών μεθόδων σε μεγαλύτερο πειραματικό δείγμα, μεγαλύτερη διάρκεια χορήγησης των φαρμάκων και δοκιμές διαφορετικών δόσεων αυτών. / The effects of the administration of atorvastatin on the development of ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis were evaluated in this study. The ovariectomized rat was employed as the experimental model. The development of osteoporosis, following ovariectomy was confirmed by a plethora of experimental methods and techniques. Initially (day 0), the experimental population (n=25) was submitted to blood measurements of the bone biochemical markers, NTx and osteocalcin (ELISA protocol), bone density measurements by pQCT and assessment of bone structural integrity with MDF methodology. MDF (Modal Damping Factor) is a new analytical and arithmetic method, based on the measurement of the dynamic characteristics of bone (quality factor and modal damping factor) by applying vibration excitation in the range of acoustic frequencies. Ovariectomy was performed to all test animals, and 60 days later, the same biochemical and radiological measurements were repeated. All the above methodologies confirmed the development of osteoporosis renderring, thus, the experimental animal model successful. Since osteoporosis had been confirmed, the experimental population was randomly divided (two cases to one control) into 3 sub-populations. The first sub-population (n=10) was administered atorvastatin (4mg/kg/day), the second sub-population (n=10) was administered alendronate (4mg/kg/day), whereas the third sub-population (n=5) was not administered any drug (no-therapy control). Drug administration was oral by gavage, from day 60 up to day 145. At the end of therapy, the test animals were again tested for levels of bone biochemical markers NTx and osteocalcin, and submitted to pQCT and MDF evaluation. They were, then, euthanized and tibiae were isolated for further histological studies. Specificly, histology studies included the evaluation of bone quality by eosin – hematoxylin staining of paraffin – embedded tibia sections, Histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry of methyl-methacrylate – embedded sections and Western Blotting for Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) and apoptotic factor Fas. In general, all methods applied followed the changes in bone integrity and quality, throughout the whole experimental course. Higher sensitivity in detecting these changes was exhibited by the bone biochemical markers and the new MDF method. With regard to the therapeutical agents administered, both atorvastatin and alendronate seemed to have a positive impact on the progression of osteoporosis, decelerating it. Especially, the atorvastatin – treated group presented a greated response to the administration of the drug, compared to the alendronate – treated one. The findings concerning the expression of BMP-2 and Fas, seemed to point to the same direction, since atorvastatin administration increased the levels of BMP-2 and Fas expression, increasing, thus, the bone production and osteoclast apoptosis, respectively. At this point, it would be wise to notice that our results are indicative, not conclusive and could be fortified by application of the methods used on a larger experimental sample size, longer administration of the drugs and tests of different drug dosages.

L’administration systémique d’atorvastatine s’est montrée neuroprotective suivant un traumatisme médullaire, en diminuant la réponse inflammatoire au site de la lésion ainsi qu’en réduisant l’apoptose des oligodendrocytes. Ce dernier épargne la matière blanche au site de l’insulte et améliore la locomotion. Le but de cette étude était de confirmer l’efficacité neuroprotective de l’atorvastatine ainsi que son action précoce, lorsqu’administré post-trauma, sur la limitation de l’apoptose. Des rats Sprague-Dawley femelles ont reçu une injection intrapéritonéale de : (1) statine/saline (5 mg/kg) 2 h après une lésion contusive; (2) saline physiologique 2 h post-contusion; ou (3) saline physiologique sans lésion. Les rats traités à la statine ont montré une amélioration significative (p<0.05) de leur locomotion après 4 semaines post-trauma, comparée au groupe « véhicule » lésé. Expliquant cette observation, l’activité de la caspase-3 fut diminuée de 50% (p<0.05) et la méthode de TUNEL révéla une diminution d’approximativement 20% du nombre de cellules apoptotiques au site lésionnel (p<0.01) 4 h après l’insulte contusive chez le groupe traité en comparaison aux groupes « véhicules ». Ces résultats démontrent que l’atorvastatine est efficace dans la prévention de l’apoptose précoce au site lésionnel dans un modèle expérimental de traumatisme médullaire après seulement 2 h post-traumatisme. / The systemic administration of atorvastatin has been shown to be neuroprotective after spinal cord injury (SCI), by decreasing the inflammatory response at the lesion site and by reducing neuronal and oligodendrocyte apoptosis. The latter effect spares white matter at the injury site and improves locomotion. The aim of this study was to confirm the neuroprotective efficacy of atorvastatin as well as its early action in limiting apoptosis with its administration post-SCI. Female Sprague-Dawley rats received an intra peritoneal injection of: (1) statin/saline (5 mg/kg) at 2 h after the contusion injury; (2) physiological saline at 2 h post-SCI; or (3) physiological saline without injury. Statin-treated rats showed significant (p<0.05) improvement in locomotion at week 4 post-SCI compared to vehicle-treated animals. Explaining this outcome, caspase-3 activity decreased by 50% (p<0.05), and the histological TUNEL method revealed a decrease of approximately 20% in apoptotic cells at the injury site (p<0.01) at 4 h post-SCI in atorvastatin-treated rats in comparison to vehicle-treated controls. These data demonstrate that atorvastatin is effective after experimental spinal cord contusion injury in preventing early apoptosis at the injury site within 2 h post-administration.

Os transportadores de membrana do tipo ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) e solute carriers (SLC) regulam a homeostase intracelular de fármacos, modificando a biodisponibilidade e possivelmente a eficácia terapêutica. A variabilidade na resposta a hipolipemiantes, como as vastatinas, tem sido associada a vários fatores genéticos e ambientais. Com a finalidade de avaliarmos os mecanismos de regulação da expressão dos transportadores pela atorvastatina, a expressão de RNAm de transportadores ABC (ABCB1, ABCG2 e ABCC2) e SLC (SLCO1B1, SLCO2B1 e SLC22A1) foi avaliada por RT-PCRq em células mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) de 18 indivíduos normolipidêmicos (NL) e 22 pacientes hipercolesterolêmicos (HC) tratados com atorvastatina (10mg/dia/4 semanas). A possível associação entre o polimorfismo ABCB1 C3435T e a expressão de RNAm também foi avaliada. Os estudos in vitro foram realizados com as células das linhagens HepG2 e Caco-2. Foram avaliados os efeitos da atorvastatina na ativação de fatores de transcrição (NF-kappaB, NF-Y, c-jun, SP-1 e PXR) por ensaio de mobilidade eletroforética retardada em gel de poliacrilamida (EMSA) e na meia-vida do RNAm do gene ABCB1 por RT-PCRq, e a expressão e atividade funcional da proteína ABCB1 por Western blot, imunohistoquimica e citometria de fluxo. A proteina ABCB1 foi localizada por imunohistoquimica na membrana apical do canalículo biliar das celulas HepG2 e na membrana apical das Caco-2. O tratamento das células HepG2 com atorvastatina causou redução da expressão de RNAm do gene ABCB1 e aumento na expressão dos genes ABCG2 e ABCC2. Esses efeitos foram dose e tempo dependentes. O tratamento com atorvastatina das células Caco-2 não modificou a expressão dos transportadores de efluxo após 30 a 120 min. Nas células HepG2, as concentrações de 10 e 20 M de atorvastatina causaram diminuição da expressão de ABCB1 (0 &#181;M: 1,00 ± 0,06; 10 &#181;M: 0,69 ± 0,25, p< 0,05; 20 &#181;M: 0,69 ± 0,06, p< 0,05). A atividade da ABCB1, avaliada pelo efluxo de Rh123, mostrou-se estar reduzida em 41% nas células HepG2, após tratamento com atorvastatina 20 &#181;M. Embora a diminuição da expressão do ABCB1 não tenha sido decorrente de uma menor ativação transcricional, avaliada indiretamente por EMSA, estudos de mecanismos de regulação pós-transcricionais, revelaram que a atorvastatina diminui a estabilidade de RNAm do gene ABCB1. Esse resultado parece estar de acordo com o ocorrido nas CMSP, já que o tratamento com atorvastatina diminuiu a expressão de RNAm do gene ABCB1 nos indivíduos HC. Essa modulação, no entanto não está associada à presença do polimorfismo ABCB1 C3435T. Em relação aos transportadores de captação, a expressão do SLC22A1 nas células Caco-2 diminui após tratamento com atorvastatina por 30 min e não foi modificada nas células HepG2. Já o gene SLCO2B1 encontrou-se muito aumentado após 24 h de tratamento nas células HepG2. Estudos in vivo nas CMSP, mostrou que a expressão de mRNA basal dos transportadores nos HC foi 10 vezes maior que nos NL e diminuiu após tratamento com atorvastatina nos HC. Com os resultados obtidos podemos sugerir que diferenças no efeito da atorvastatina nos tipos celulares podem ser em decorrência da expressão tecido-específica de fatores de transcrição. No modelo de hepatócito, HepG2, a atorvastatina é um inibidor do transporte mediado pela ABCB1 e é capaz de diminuir a síntese e a função da ABCB1, via aumento da degradação de RNAm do gene ABCB1. Em conseqüência ocorre uma redução do efluxo pelo sistema biliar, causando aumento da concentração intracelular. Ainda, podemos concluir que em CMSP o colesterol pode ser o responsável pela modulação dos genes dos transportadores de membrana e que isso pode implicar em diferenças na eficácia da atorvastatina. / Specific membrane transporters have a significant impact on drug absorption and disposition. Most of them belong to two super-families, ABC (ATP-binding cassette) and SLC (solute-linked carrier). Statins are important therapeutic agents in the management of hypercholesterolemia, and considerable inter-individual variation exists in response to its therapy. The effects of atorvastatin expression of efflux (ABCG2 and ABCC2) and uptake (SLCO1B1, SLCO2B1 and SLC22A1) drug transporters were investigated by qPCR in Caco-2 and HepG2 cell lines and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of eighteen normolipidemic (NL) and twenty two hypercholesterolemic (HC) individuals treated with atorvastatin (10mg/day/4 weeks). The possible involvement of ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism in ABCB1 mRNA expression was also evaluated. In vitro studies with the cell lines HepG2 and Caco-2 were also performed. The effect of atorvastatin on the activation of the promoter of ABCB1 by transcription factors (NF-kappaB, NF-Y, c-jun, SP-1, and PXR) was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and ABCB1 mRNA half-life were measured by PCRq. The expression and functional activity of ABCB1 were investigated by Western blot, imunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Immunohystochemical analysis revealed that ABCB1 is located at the apical membrane of the bile canaliculi in HepG2, and in apical membrane of Caco-2 cells. Atorvastatin treatment of HepG2 cells caused a decreased in ABCB1 and an increase in ABCC2 and ABCG2 transcript levels. These effects were time and dose-dependent. Treatment of Caco-2 cells did not present any differences in efflux transporters mRNA levels. Treatment of HepG2 cells with 10 and 20 M atorvastatin caused a reduction on ABCB1 expression (0 &#181;M: 1,00 ± 0,06; 10 &#181;M: 0,69 ± 0,25, p< 0,05; 20 &#181;M: 0,69 ± 0,06, p< 0,05), and a 41% decrease in ABCB1-mediated efflux of Rhodamine123 (p < 0.01). Although reduced ABCB1 mRNA expression was not due to any repressor protein suppressing ABCB1 promoter activation, mRNA stability studies revealed that mRNA stability of ABCB1 was markedly decreased by atorvastatin treatment (2h versus 7h for control). In agrrement with these results, in PBMCs of HC individuals, atorvastatin treatment also reduced ABCB1 mRNA expression. However, the down-regulation was not associated with the presence of 3435T allele. For the uptake transporters, atorvastatin decreased SLC22A1 transcript levels after 30min-treatment and it was not regulated in HepG2. On the other hand, SLCO2B1 was up-regulated after 24h-treatment of HepG2 cells. In vivo studies with PBMCs revealed that during hypercholesterolemia all the drug transporters analyzed were increased almost 10-fold (p< 0.05), and after atorvastatin therapy the efflux and uptake transporters transcript levels were all down-regulated. These findings suggest that atorvastatin exhibits differential effects on mRNA expression of drug transporters depending on the cell type, which may be related to tissue-specific expression of transcription factors. Atorvastatin leads to decreased ABCB1 function and synthesis in HepG2 cells by increasing degradation of ABCB1 mRNA. Therefore, inhibition of ABCB1 may reduce atorvastatin elimination via bile, increasing its cellular concentrations. We also may suggest that in PBMCs cholesterol modulates mRNA expression of drug transporters, and this may contribute to the variability of response to atorvastatin.