Conjugated organic polymers have attracted immense interest for use in the active layer of photovoltaic cells, electroluminescent displays and diagnostic sensors. Precise control of the chemical structure of these conjugated materials is essential to achieve better device performance and certain structural aspects which have received minimal investigation include; the nature of the end groups, the precise control of the molecular weight and the formation of novel polymer topologies. Absolute control of these factors, in particular the end groups, has the potential to further tune the electro-optical properties, eliminate charge trapping and reactive sites, and facilitate block copolymer formation. The ring opening metathesis polymerisation of highly strained cyclophanediene monomers has proven to be an advantageous route to obtain soluble poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s (PPVs). In an extension of this previous work PPVs with both a pristine polymer backbone microstructure and a range of well-defined functional end groups have been prepared. These polymers exhibited excellent degrees of functionality, relatively narrow unimodal distributions and degrees of polymerisation much higher than those attainable by alternate routes. In particular the incorporation of an α-bromoester end group directly resulted in PPVs which were effective macroinitiators in the atom transfer radical polymerisation of methyl methacrylate. The diblock copolymers prepared by this route were isolated with narrow polydispersities, unimodal distributions and were free from homopolymer impurities. This method of preparing rod-b-coil diblock copolymers, where the properties of the two segments can readily be modified, provides access to materials which are of interest for both their self-assembly ability and for the development of a much required phase diagram in this area. Cyclic PPVs are of synthetic interest both for the absence of any end groups and for an infinitely long π-conjugated backbone, both of which are expected to contribute to unique electro-optical properties. The preparation of these target polymers was investigated by the ring expansion metathesis polymerisation of the cyclophanediene monomers. The formation of purely cyclic, low molecular weight PPVs was found to be highly dependent on both the reaction conditions used and the nature of the solubilising substituents. For example the preparation of purely cyclic PPVs with alkoxy side chains was unsuccessful, however the incorporation of alkyl side chains allowed for the successful isolation of the desired cyclic polymers.

Taking advantage of ATRP and using functionalized initiators, different functionalities were introduced in both α and ω chain-ends of synthetic polymers. These functionalized polymers could then go through modular synthetic pathways such as click cycloaddition (copper-catalyzed or copper-free) or amidation to couple synthetic polymers to other synthetic polymers, biomolecules or silica monoliths. Using this general strategy and designing these co/polymers so that they are thermoresponsive, yet bioinert and biocompatible with adjustable cloud point values (as it is the case in the present thesis), the whole generated system becomes "smart" and potentially applicable in different branches. The applications which were considered in the present thesis were in polymer post-functionalization (in situ functionalization of micellar aggregates with low and high molecular weight molecules), hydrophilic/hydrophobic tuning, chromatography and bioconjugation (enzyme thermoprecipitation and recovery, improvement of enzyme activity). Different α-functionalized co/polymers containing cholesterol moiety, aldehyde, t-Boc protected amine, TMS-protected alkyne and NHS-activated ester were designed and synthesized in this work. / In dieser Arbeit wurden mittels der ATRP Methode sowie durch Benutzung funktioneller Initiatoren verschiedene Funktionalitäten an der α- und ω-Position der synthetischen Polymere (Kettenenden) eingeführt. Diese funktionalisierten Polymere können durch modulare synthetische Methoden wie z.B. die “Klick-Zykloaddition” (kupferkatalysiert oder auch kupferfreie Methoden möglich), Amidierung mit anderen synthetischen Polymeren oder Biomolekülen, oder auch mit Silikatmonolithen gekuppelt werden. Den beschriebenen Strategien folgend und unter Benutzung von thermoresponsiven, bioinerten und biokompartiblen (Co-) Polymeren mit einstellbaren Trübungspunkten können mittels Temperaturänderungen leicht steuerbare, „smarte“ Polymersysteme für verschiedene Anwendungen hergestellt werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden speziell Anwendungen wie die Postfunktionalisierung (in situ Funktionalisierung mizellarer Aggregate mit Molekülen, die sowohl niedrige als auch höhere Molekulargewichte aufweisen), hydrophiles/hydrophobes Tuning von Polymeren, Chromatographie an Polymeren sowie Biokonjugation von Polymeren (Enzymthermoprezipitation und -Gewinnung, Enzymaktivitätsmodifizierung) genauer untersucht. Es wurden verschiedene α-funktionalisierte (Co-)Polymere, die Cholesterol, Aldehyde, t-Boc geschützte Amine, TMS-geschützte Alkine und NHS-aktivierte Ester entwickelt und hergestellt und mittels passender ATRP Initiatoren eingeführt.

This thesis begins with a brief overview of current strategies used in the synthesis of side-chain functionalizad polymers and materials. The discussion then focuses more explicitly on transition metal-based motifs and methodologies that are employed in polymer functionalization and continues with a more detailed overview of this field. The primary hypothesis that is addressed herein is that combining the versatility and strength of metal-ligand interactions with the efficiency and functional group tolerance of ROMP comprises a useful method of generating a variety of functionalized polymers and materials via side-chain metal coordination. Thus, the goal is to test this hypothesis by synthesizing functionalized polymers with a range of useful properties to demonstrate the relevance and importance of this methodology, by employing several different strategies to show the synthetic ease by which the materials can be realized. The strategies and methods discussed in the synthesis of side-chain functionalized polymers are divided into three subgroups: (1) pre-polymerization functionalization, in which all of the modifications take place on the monomer with polymerization as the last step, (2) post-polymerization functionalization, in which the polymer itself is subsequently modified, and (3) combinations of the first two strategies. It is shown that useful functional polymers and materials can be synthesized by any of the above strategies, and representative examples of each are given in both the introduction and in the body of work presented. Modes of functionalization are all based on transition metal coordination, and polymerizations are primarily carried out via ROMP. Metal coordination is shown to be a useful technique for functionalizing polymers, to creating supported emissive complexes, to modulating solution viscosity. Finally, conclusions are drawn regarding the various strategies presented herein, and potential future directions are discussed.

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Η δυνατότητα να συνδυαστούν οι ιδιότητες οργανικών και ανόργανων συστατικών σε ένα μοναδικό νανοδομημένο υβριδικό υλικό αποτελεί μία σημαντική επιστημονική πρόκληση στο σχεδιασμό υλικών, τα οποία μπορούν να εμφανίζουν νέες βελτιωμένες ιδιότητες και να τύχουν προηγμένων εφαρμογών. Τα υβριδικά υλικά, γενικά, μπορούν να ταξινομηθούν σε δύο μεγάλες κατηγορίες: στην κατηγορία I (class I), όπου οι δύο φάσεις συνδυάζονται μέσω ασθενών αλληλεπιδράσεων, και στην κατηγορία II (class II), όπου οι δύο φάσεις είναι σταθερά συνδεδεμένες. Στην παρούσα εργασία διερευνήθηκε η δυνατότητα εφαρμογής νανοδομημένων υβριδικών υλικών ως ετερογενείς καταλύτες στη διεργασία παραγωγής βιοντίζελ από διαφόρων ειδών έλαια. Κατά τη διεργασία αυτή, η οποία καλείται μετεστεροποίηση ή μεθανόλυση, τριγλυκερίδια αντιδρούν με μια αλκοόλη παρουσία ισχυρού οξέος ή βάσης προς παραγωγή εστέρων και γλυκερίνης. Σε πρώτη φάση, εστιάσαμε στη σύνθεση και το χαρακτηρισμό class I και class II υβριδικών οργανικών/ανόργανων υλικών αποτελούμενων από έναν ανόργανο πυρήνα διοξειδίου του πυριτίου (silica), ο οποίος θα περιβάλλεται από πολυμερικές αλυσίδες. Έτσι, στην προσπάθεια σύνθεσης υβριδικών υλικών class I αξιοποιήθηκαν οι πιθανές αλληλεπιδράσεις καθαρών και αμινοτροποποιημένων νανοσωματιδίων διοξειδίου του πυριτίου με υδατοδιαλυτά συμπολυμερή P(SSΗ-co-MA) του στυρενοσουλφονικού οξέος (SSH), με το μηλεϊνικό οξύ (ΜΑ), τα οποία φέρουν τόσο καρβοξυλικές όσο και σουλφονικές ομάδες. Ως αποτέλεσμα του όξινου χαρακτήρα των πολυμερών, τα υβριδικά νανοσωματίδια θα μπορούσαν δυνητικά να χρησιμοποιηθούν ως όξινοι καταλύτες κατά την παραγωγή του βιοντίζελ. Στην προσπάθεια σύνθεσης class II υβριδικών υλικών αξιοποιήθηκε κυρίως ο πολυμερισμός ελευθέρων ριζών μέσω μεταφοράς ατόμου (ATRP), μονομερών όπως στυρενοσουλφονικό νάτριο (SSNa), Ν-ισοπροπυλακρυλαμίδιο (NIPAM) και 2-(διμεθυλαμινο)μεθακρυλικός αιθυλεστέρας (DMAEMA). Για την εκκίνηση του πολυμερισμού χρησιμοποιήθηκαν νανοσωματίδια silica χημικά τροποποιημένα με 3-αμινοπροπυλοτριαιθοξυσιλάνιο και ακολούθως με 2-χλωροπροπιονυλοχλωρίδιο. Εναλλακτικά, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν νανοσωματίδια silica χημικά τροποποιημένα με 3-χλωροπροπυλoτριαιθοξυσιλάνιο (ATRP πολυμερισμός), ή βινυλοτριμεθοξυσιλανιο (πολυμερισμός ελευθέρων ριζών, FRP). Ο χαρακτηρισμός των δειγμάτων κατά περίπτωση έγινε με φασματοσκοπία πυρηνικού μαγνητικού συντονισμού υδρογόνου (1H NMR), φασματοσκοπία υπερύθρου με μετασχηματισμό Fourier (FTIR), θερμοσταθμική ανάλυση (TGA) και τιτλοδότηση οξέος-βάσεως. Στο τελευταίο μέρος της εργασίας ελέγχθηκε η καταλυτική δράση κάποιων εκ των συντεθέντων υλικών στην αντίδραση μεθανόλυσης της τριοξικής γλυκερόλης, χρησιμοποιώντας την τεχνική 1H NMR. Διαπιστώθηκε πως τα αμινοτροποποιημένα νανοσωματιδία silica εμφανίζουν σημαντική καταλυτική δράση. Αντίθετα η ικανότητα των υβριδικών οργανικών/ανόργανων υλικών silica-NH2(B)/P(SSH50-co-MA50), silica-NH2(D)/P(SSH75-co-MA25), και silica-VTMS-PDMAEMA να δρουν ως όξινοι ή βασικοί καταλύτες της ίδιας αντίδρασης είναι πολύ περιορισμένη. / The possibility to combine the properties of organic and inorganic components in a unique nanostructured hybrid material is a major scientific challenge in designing novel materials exhibiting improved properties and finding advanced applications. Hybrid materials generally can be classified into two categories: class I, where the two phases are combined through weak interactions, and class II, where the two phases are covalently connected. The aim of the present study was to develop novel hybrid organic/inorganic nanomaterials, potentially applied as heterogeneous catalysts in the biodiesel production process. In this process, called transesterification or methanolysis, triglycerides from various oils react with an alcohol in the presence of a strong acid or base to produce the respective esters and glycerin. In the first part of this work, we focused on the synthesis and characterization of class I and class II hybrid organic/inorganic nanomaterials consisting of an inorganic silicon dioxide (silica) core and a polymer shell. Thus, for the class I hybrid materials we took advantage of the weak interactions between net or amino-functionalized silica nanoparticles and water-soluble P(SSH-co-MA) copolymers of styrene sulfonic acid (SSH), with maleic acid (MA), carrying both carboxyl and sulfonic groups. These hybrid nanoparticles could potentially be used as acidic catalysts in the production of biodiesel, as a consequence of the acidic nature of the polymer used. For the class II hybrid materials, we mostly applied atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of monomers such as sodium styrene sulfonate (SSNa), N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). To initiate the polymerization, silica nanoparticles chemically modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and subsequently with 2-chloropropionylchloride were used. Alternatively, we also used silica nanoparticles chemically modified with 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane (ATRP polymerization), or vinyltrimethoxysilane (free radical polymerization, FRP). In all cases, the products were characterized through a combination of techniques, such as proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and acid-base titration. In the latter part of this work, the catalytic activity of some materials in the methanolysis process of glycerol triacetate was investigated, using the 1H NMR technique. It was found that the aminofunctionalized silica nanoparticles exhibit significant catalytic activity, whereas the ability of the hybrid materials silica-NH2(B)/P(SSH50-co-MA50), silica-NH2(D)/P(SSH75-co-MA25) and silica-VTMS-PDMAEMA to act as acidic or basic catalysts is very limited.

Ces travaux de recherche s'inscrivent dans le développement de nouveaux catalyseurs pour les piles à combustible de type PEMFC. L'objectif est d'améliorer le transfert de charges et de matières au sein des électrodes afin d'améliorer la durabilité des matériaux. Nous avons développé des catalyseurs qui permettent la transposition de la phénoménologie du point triple à l'échelle moléculaire. Le greffage de polymères conducteurs protoniques à la surface de nanoparticules de platine a été réalisé afin d'obtenir des complexes catalytiques nano-composites, comportant le catalyseur au platine, un conducteur protonique et un conducteur électronique. L'ensemble des matériaux issus de cette première étape ont été caractérisé en demi-cellule électrochimique afin de déterminer les catalyseurs les plus actifs et les plus sélectifs. Les matériaux les plus prometteurs ont enfin été testés en mono-cellule PEMFC de 5 cm² et 25 cm² afin de déterminer d'une part les performances in situ et d'autre part la durabilité des matériaux. Les électrodes nano-composites, formulées sans Nafion®, ont des caractéristiques équivalentes aux systèmes commerciaux. En effet, elles fournissent une densité de puissance maximale de 1 W.cm-2 et une durabilité de 20 µV.h-1 sur 300 h. Ces électrodes formulées sans composé fluoré permettent le recyclage du platine par pyrolyse. / This research work is within the scope of new catalysts for PEM fuel cells. The objective is to decrease the platinum amount in the electrode and to promote mass and electronic transfers, in order to improve the durability of the systems. We developed catalysts that enable the implementation of the phenomenology of the triple phase boundary at the molecular scale. The fieldwork concerns the grafting of proton conducting polymers (PSS) on the platinum nanoparticles surface in order to obtain nanocomposite catalysts. All synthetized materials are characterized in electrochemical half-cell, in order to determine the most active and the most selective catalyst. Then, the best catalytic complexes are tested in PEMFC 5 cm² and 25 cm² single-cell to determine in situ performance and materials durability. The properties of the nanocomposites electrodes formulated without Nafion®, are equivalent to commercial systems. Indeed, they provide a maximum power density of 1 W.cm-2 and a durability of 20 µV.h-1 during 300 h. These electrodes formulated without fluorinated compound allow platinum recycling by pyrolysis.

The poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-modified magnetite nanoparticles, Fe3O4-PGMA NPs, were investigated and applied in nondestructive flaw detection of polymeric materials in this research. The Fe3O4 endowed magnetic property to the materials for flaw detection while the PGMA promoted colloidal stability and prevented particle aggregation. The magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) were successfully synthesized by coprecipitation and then surface-modified with PGMA to form PGMA-modified Fe3O4 NPs by both grafting-from and grafting-to approaches. For the grafting-from approach, the Fe3O4 NPs were surface-functionalized with α-bromo isobutyryl bromide (BIBB) to form BIB-modified Fe3O4 NPs (Fe3O4-BIB NPs) with covalent linkage. The resultant Fe3O4-BIB NPs were used as surface-initiators to grow PGMA by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). For the grafting-to approach, the Fe3O4 NP were surface-functionalized with (3-mercaptopropyl)triethoxysilane (MCTES) to form MCTES-modified Fe3O4 NPs (Fe3O4-MCTES NPs). The PGMA with Br-end group was pre-synthesized by ATRP and then was grafted to the surface of the Fe3O4-MCTES NPs by coupling reaction. Both bare and modified Fe3O4 NPs exhibited superparamagnetism and the existence of iron oxide in the form of Fe3O4 was confirmed. The particle size of individual Fe3O4 NPs was about 8 – 24 nm but they aggregated to form clusters. The PGMA-modified NPs formed stable dispersion in chloroform and had larger cluster sizes than the unmodified ones because of the PGMA polymer layer. However, the uniformity of the NP clusters could be improved with PGMA surface grafting. The PGMA surface layer of the grafting-from (Fe3O4-gf-PGMA) NPs was thin and dense while that of the grafting-to (Fe3O4-gt-PGMA) NPs was thick and loose. The hydrodynamic diameters (Zave) of Fe3O4-gf-PGMA NP clusters could be controlled between 176 to 643 nm, dependent on the PGMA contents and reaction conditions. During SI-ATRP, side reactions happened and caused NP aggregation as well as increase of size of NP clusters. However, the aggregation has been minimized through optimization of reaction conditions. Oppositely, Zave values of Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs had little variation of about 120 – 190 nm. And the PGMA content of the Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs was limited to 12.5% because of the spatial hindrance during grafting process. The saturation magnetization (Ms) of the unmodified Fe3O4 NPs was about 77 emu/g, while those of the grafting-from and grafting-to Fe3O4-PGMA NPs were 50 – 66 emu/g and 63 – 70 emu/g, respectively. For Fe3O4-PGMA NPs with similar Fe3O4 contents, the grafting-to NPs had slightly higher Ms than the grafting-from counterparts. In addition, the Ms of both kinds of the Fe3O4-PGMA NPs with higher Fe3O4 content (> 87%) were also higher than that of the fluidMAG-Amine, the commercially available amine-modified MNPs. Besides, both kinds of Fe3O4-PGMA NPs also had much higher Fe3O4 contents and Ms values than most of the reported PGMA-modified MNPs. The magnetic epoxy nanocomposites (MENCs) were prepared by blending the modified Fe3O4 NPs into bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)-based epoxy system and the distributions of both kinds of the PGMA-modified NPs were much better than that of the oleic acid-modified Fe3O4 NPs. Similar to the NPs, the MENCs also exhibited superparamagnetism. By cross-section TEM observation, the grafting-to Fe3O4-PGMA NPs formed more homogeneous distributions with smaller cluster size than the grafting-from counterparts and gave higher Ms of the MENCs. Nondestructive flaw detection of surface and sub-surface defects could be successfully achieved by brightness contrast of images given through eddy current testing (ET) method, which is firstly reported. The mechanical properties of the materials were influenced very slightly when 2.5% or lower Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs were present while the presence of the Fe3O4-gf-PGMA NPs (1 – 2.5 %) gave mild improvement of the storage modulus and increase of the glass-rubber transition temperature(Tg) of the MENCs. Furthermore, the Fe3O4-PGMA NPs could be evenly coated onto the functionalized ultra-high molecular weight poly(ethylene) (UHMWPE) textiles. The Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs were coated on the textile in order to prepare NP-coated textile-reinforced composite. Preliminary result of ET measurement showed that the Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs coated on the textiles could visualize the structure of the textile hidden inside and their relative depth. Accordingly, the incorporation of MNPs to polymers opens a new pathway of damage-free structural health monitoring of polymeric materials.

The poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-modified magnetite nanoparticles, Fe3O4-PGMA NPs, were investigated and applied in nondestructive flaw detection of polymeric materials in this research. The Fe3O4 endowed magnetic property to the materials for flaw detection while the PGMA promoted colloidal stability and prevented particle aggregation. The magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) were successfully synthesized by coprecipitation and then surface-modified with PGMA to form PGMA-modified Fe3O4 NPs by both grafting-from and grafting-to approaches. For the grafting-from approach, the Fe3O4 NPs were surface-functionalized with α-bromo isobutyryl bromide (BIBB) to form BIB-modified Fe3O4 NPs (Fe3O4-BIB NPs) with covalent linkage. The resultant Fe3O4-BIB NPs were used as surface-initiators to grow PGMA by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). For the grafting-to approach, the Fe3O4 NP were surface-functionalized with (3-mercaptopropyl)triethoxysilane (MCTES) to form MCTES-modified Fe3O4 NPs (Fe3O4-MCTES NPs). The PGMA with Br-end group was pre-synthesized by ATRP and then was grafted to the surface of the Fe3O4-MCTES NPs by coupling reaction. Both bare and modified Fe3O4 NPs exhibited superparamagnetism and the existence of iron oxide in the form of Fe3O4 was confirmed. The particle size of individual Fe3O4 NPs was about 8 – 24 nm but they aggregated to form clusters. The PGMA-modified NPs formed stable dispersion in chloroform and had larger cluster sizes than the unmodified ones because of the PGMA polymer layer. However, the uniformity of the NP clusters could be improved with PGMA surface grafting. The PGMA surface layer of the grafting-from (Fe3O4-gf-PGMA) NPs was thin and dense while that of the grafting-to (Fe3O4-gt-PGMA) NPs was thick and loose. The hydrodynamic diameters (Zave) of Fe3O4-gf-PGMA NP clusters could be controlled between 176 to 643 nm, dependent on the PGMA contents and reaction conditions. During SI-ATRP, side reactions happened and caused NP aggregation as well as increase of size of NP clusters. However, the aggregation has been minimized through optimization of reaction conditions. Oppositely, Zave values of Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs had little variation of about 120 – 190 nm. And the PGMA content of the Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs was limited to 12.5% because of the spatial hindrance during grafting process. The saturation magnetization (Ms) of the unmodified Fe3O4 NPs was about 77 emu/g, while those of the grafting-from and grafting-to Fe3O4-PGMA NPs were 50 – 66 emu/g and 63 – 70 emu/g, respectively. For Fe3O4-PGMA NPs with similar Fe3O4 contents, the grafting-to NPs had slightly higher Ms than the grafting-from counterparts. In addition, the Ms of both kinds of the Fe3O4-PGMA NPs with higher Fe3O4 content (> 87%) were also higher than that of the fluidMAG-Amine, the commercially available amine-modified MNPs. Besides, both kinds of Fe3O4-PGMA NPs also had much higher Fe3O4 contents and Ms values than most of the reported PGMA-modified MNPs. The magnetic epoxy nanocomposites (MENCs) were prepared by blending the modified Fe3O4 NPs into bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)-based epoxy system and the distributions of both kinds of the PGMA-modified NPs were much better than that of the oleic acid-modified Fe3O4 NPs. Similar to the NPs, the MENCs also exhibited superparamagnetism. By cross-section TEM observation, the grafting-to Fe3O4-PGMA NPs formed more homogeneous distributions with smaller cluster size than the grafting-from counterparts and gave higher Ms of the MENCs. Nondestructive flaw detection of surface and sub-surface defects could be successfully achieved by brightness contrast of images given through eddy current testing (ET) method, which is firstly reported. The mechanical properties of the materials were influenced very slightly when 2.5% or lower Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs were present while the presence of the Fe3O4-gf-PGMA NPs (1 – 2.5 %) gave mild improvement of the storage modulus and increase of the glass-rubber transition temperature(Tg) of the MENCs. Furthermore, the Fe3O4-PGMA NPs could be evenly coated onto the functionalized ultra-high molecular weight poly(ethylene) (UHMWPE) textiles. The Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs were coated on the textile in order to prepare NP-coated textile-reinforced composite. Preliminary result of ET measurement showed that the Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs coated on the textiles could visualize the structure of the textile hidden inside and their relative depth. Accordingly, the incorporation of MNPs to polymers opens a new pathway of damage-free structural health monitoring of polymeric materials.:1. Introduction 2. Theoretical section 2.1. Magnetite Nanoparticles (MNPs) 2.2. Applications of MNPs 2.3. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) 2.4. Magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) 2.5. Damage-free structural health monitoring (SHM) using MNPs 3. Objective of the work 4. Materials, methods and characterization 4.1. Materials 4.2. Methods 4.3. Formation of polymeric magnetic nanocomposites 4.4. Characterization 5. Results and discussions 5.1. Unmodified magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) 5.2. Oleic acid-modified (Fe3O4–OA) NPs 5.3. PGMA-modified NPs by grafting-from approach (Fe3O4-gf-PGMA NPs) 5.4. PGMA-modified NP by grafting-to approach (Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs) 5.5. Comparison between grafting-from and grafting-to Fe3O4-PGMA NPs 5.6. Magnetic epoxy nanocomposites (MENCs) 5.7. Fiber-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites 6. Conclusions and outlook 7. Appendix 8. List of figures, schemes and tables 9. References Versicherung Erklaerung List of publications