Background: Attachment theory represents a developmental framework which proposes that early relationships with primary caregivers have an enduring effect on interpersonal relationships, affect regulation and psychological functioning throughout the lifespan. It has been suggested that this occurs via the influence of internal representations regarding the self, others and relationships, which form the basis of an attachment style in adulthood. Attachment has been conceptualised as a constructive theoretical basis from which to consider psychological mechanisms underlying the emotional distress, interpersonal problems and difficulties in affect regulation commonly associated with psychosis. Aims: A systematic literature review was conducted investigating the current research findings regarding adult attachment style in psychosis and clinical correlates of this. An empirical study used a cross sectional design to investigate the role of adult attachment style in emotional recovery in psychosis. It was hypothesised that attachment insecurity would be associated with higher levels of depression and symptom related distress. Interpersonal problems and emotion regulation were also investigated and it was predicted that these variables would mediate the relationship between attachment insecurity and increased emotional distress. Method: Individuals with psychosis (n=70) completed self report measures of adult attachment style, interpersonal problems and emotion regulation. Clinician rated measures of depression and symptom related distress were also completed. Results: The literature review revealed that adult attachment style is of relevance in psychosis as consistent findings of greater attachment insecurity in psychosis compared with non clinical populations have been reported. Adult attachment insecurity has been associated with a number of clinical outcomes in exploratory research. The empirical study found support for hypothesised associations between attachment insecurity and greater emotional distress. Predicted relationships were also supported between attachment insecurity and higher rates of interpersonal problems and more use of expressive suppression as an emotion regulation strategy. Interpersonal problems significantly mediated the relationship between attachment insecurity and emotional distress. The hypothesised mediating role of emotion regulation was not supported. Conclusions: Findings of the empirical study suggest that insecurity in adult attachment style is an important variable in understanding emotional distress in individuals with psychosis and that difficulties in interpersonal functioning, as a mediating factor in this relationship, may represent a useful focus in clinical work.

This study is targeted on the high grade elementary school students in Kaohsiung City¡Aand aims to look into the relation of parenting styles¡Aattachment relationship¡Aand life adjustment . Based on the discussion on relevant literatures,the theory,framework,and research tools adoptted in the research are thus developted.In this research, 1160 elementary school students are targeted to fill in this questionnaires and 1058 effetcive questionnaires are acquired.The research tools consist of ¡§Parenting Styles Scale¡¨, ¡§Attachment Relationship Scale¡¨, and ¡§Life Adjustment Scale¡¨.The effective samplings are analyzed by t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson Product¡Ðmoment Correlation and ,Multiple Regression. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The whole performance of the elementary school students¡¦ parenting styles is good.Among the sectional scores,the dimension of demands is the highest. 2. The whole performance of the elementary school students¡¦ attachment relationship is good.Among the sectional scores, the dimension of alienation is the highest. 3. The whole performance of the elementary school students¡¦ life adjustment is good.Among the sectional scores, the dimension of family¡¦s adjustment is the highest. 4. The students of the fifth grade¡Atwo parents family¡Amiddle SES have a higher sense of the awareness of the parenting styles . 5. The girls,the fifth grade¡Amiddle SES have a higher sense of the awareness of the attachment relationship . 6. The girls,the fifth grade¡Ahigh and middle SES have a higher sense of the awareness of the life adjustment . 7. The clearer the students¡¦ parenting styles will be,the better attachment relationship will be. 8. The clearer the students¡¦ parenting styles will be,the better life adjustment will be. 9. The clearer the students¡¦ attachment relationship will be,the better life adjustment will be. 10. Students¡¦ backgrounds, parenting styles and attachment relationship have predicative efficacy for students¡¦ life adjustment. ¡§Mother¡¦s trust ¡¨can predict students¡¦ life adjustment best.

Questa tesi approfondisce, da un punto di vista teorico e applicativo, l’analisi della capacità di “mettersi nei panni degli altri”definita come un costrutto life-span, si sviluppa dalla prima infanzia ma non smette di evolversi fino all’età adulta. La sua traiettoria evolutiva è legata al contesto, alle interazioni, alle esperienze e allo sviluppo cognitivo ed emotivo degli individui. Dalla letteratura emerge come tale capacità sia spesso oggetto di sovrapposizioni concettuali con altri costrutti della psicologia dello sviluppo come la “Teoria della Mente" (Premack & Woodruff, 1978; Wimmer & Perner, 1985), detta anche "mindreading" (Baron-Cohen, Jolliffe, Mortimore & Robertson, 1997); il "perspective-taking" (Carpendale & Lewis, 2006; Moll & Meltzoff, 2011; Sullivan, Bennett, Carpenter & Lewis, 2008); la "funzione riflessiva" (Fonagy & Target, 1997); e la "mentalizzazione" (Fonagy, Bateman & Luyten, 2012). Grazie all’approfondimento di tali costrutti, si arriva a comprendere essi siano spesso declinati con il concetto di mentalizzazione, che viene analizzato nella sua evoluzione storica e in relazione ad altri costrutti come il legame di attaccamento (Bowlby, 1969) e la mind-mindedness (Meins, 2002). L’analisi del costrutto prosegue con la presentazione di tre lavori di ricerca che lo esplorano, da un punto di vista teorico (i primi due) e applicativo (il terzo), dalla sua massima evoluzione nell’età adulta fino al suo manifestarsi e potenziarsi in età evolutiva. La prima ricerca si concentra sulla validazione italiana di una scala che misura l'affettività mentalizzata, un costrutto che integra nel processo di regolazione delle emozioni la mentalizzazione in età adulta. La seconda verifica come la capacità di "mettersi nei panni degli altri", consolidata in preadolescenza, si manifesta all'interno dei legami di attaccamento tra bambini e insegnanti e infine, il terzo lavoro studia se tale capacità possa essere migliorata nel contesto scolastico e avere un impatto sui costrutti relazionali e sociali legati al processo decisionale in campo economico, come l'equità, l'altruismo e la donazione. / This thesis explores, from a theoretical and applicative perspective, the ability to "put oneself in the shoes of others", defined as a life-span construct, which develops from early childhood but does not stop evolving until adulthood. Its developmental trajectory is linked to the context, interactions, experiences and cognitive and emotional development of individuals. The literature shows how this capacity is often the subject of conceptual overlaps with other constructs of developmental psychology such as the "Theory of Mind" (Premack & Woodruff, 1978; Wimmer & Perner, 1985), also known as "mindreading" (Baron-Cohen, Jolliffe, Mortimore & Robertson, 1997); perspective-taking (Carpendale & Lewis, 2006; Moll & Meltzoff, 2011; Sullivan, Bennett, Carpenter & Lewis, 2008); the "reflective function" (Fonagy & Target, 1997); and "mentalisation" (Fonagy, Bateman & Luyten, 2012). Thanks to the in-depth study of these constructs, we come to understand that they are often declined with the concept of mentalisation, which is analysed in its historical evolution and in relation to other constructs such as the attachment bond (Bowlby, 1969) and mind-mindedness (Meins, 2002). The analysis of the construct continues with the presentation of three research works that explore it, from a theoretical point of view (the first two) and from an applicative point of view (the third), from its maximum evolution in adulthood to its manifestation and enhancement in developmental age. The first research focuses on the Italian validation of a scale measuring mentalized affectivity, a construct that integrates mentalization in adulthood into the process of emotion regulation. The second examines how the ability to "put oneself in the shoes of others", which is consolidated in preadolescence, manifests itself within the attachment bonds between children and teachers and finally, the third work studies whether this ability can be improved in the school context and have an impact on relational and social constructs linked to economic decision-making, such as fairness, altruism and donation.

本研究旨在探討人口變項、父母教養行為、依附關係與雙胞胎的個人化之關係。本研究以76位成年雙胞胎為研究參與者（男性31人，女性45人），所使用的工具包括「雙胞胎個人化量表」、「雙胞胎父母教養行為量表」及「雙胞胎依附關係量表」。資料分析以描述統計、單因子單變量變異數分析、單因子多變量變異數分析及多元迴歸等統計方法進行分析。 本研究的主要發現如下： 一、 在現況方面，本研究之成年雙胞胎在個人化及依附關係的的得分偏高。在父親及母親教養行為的類別以父母親使用較多「情感支持」行為的成年雙胞胎居多；依附關係的類別則以屬於「安全天堂」及「趨近尋求」等安全依附關係的成年雙胞胎人數最多。 二、 不同人口變項的成年雙胞胎，其個人化程度有差異。不同年齡、雙胞胎本身的社經地位在個人化的有顯著差異。而不同性別、父母的社經地位、胎性、雙胞胎排行、家中手足總數的成年雙胞胎在個人化則沒有顯著差異。 三、 經歷不同父親及母親教養行為的成年雙胞胎，其個人化的程度有差異，即父親及母親「情感支持」教養行為較多，整體「個人化」及「分化」的程度較高；父親「拒絕」教養行為使用較多，則「獨立」的程度較低。 四、 不同依附關係的成年雙胞胎，其個人化的程度沒有差異。 五、 父親「情感支持」教養行為、母親「情感支持」教養行為、「趨近尋求」依附關係、「安全天堂」依附關係，對個人化的表現有正向預測效果。其中以父親「情感支持」行為的預測效果最好。 六、 父親「拒絕」教養行為、父親「一致性」教養行為、母親「拒絕」教養行為、母親「一致性」教養行為、「分離抗拒」依附關係對個人化的表現有負向預測效果。其中以父親「拒絕」教養行為為主要預測變項，其次是母親「拒絕」教養行為。 最後，根據本研究之主要發現提出若干建議，以供雙胞胎父母與未來研究之參考。 關鍵詞：成年雙胞胎、個人化、父母教養行為、依附關係 / The main purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between adult twins’ parental rearing behaviors, attachment relationship, demographic variables and their individuality. The participants were 76 adult twins (31 males and 45 females). The employed instruments included Individuality Inventory for Twins, Parental Rearing Behavior Inventory for Twins, and Attachment Relationship Inventory for Twins. The applied analysis methods were Descriptive Statistics, One-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance, One-way Analysis of Variance, and Multiple Regression. The main findings of this study were as follows: 1. The adult twins in this study had an above-average level of individuality and attachment relationship. As for the categories, most twins belonged to the attachment of “safe heaven” and “proximity seeking,” and most twins belonged to the parental rearing behavior of “emotional warmth”. 2. The adult twins’ age and socioeconomic status had significant effects on their performance of individuality. However, the adults twins’ gender, zygosity, birth order of twins, number of siblings, and their parents’ socioeconomic status had no significant effects on their performance of individuality. 3. The adult twins who experienced different parental rearing behaviors had varied level of individuality. More specifically, those who experienced more parental behaviors of “emotional warmth” outperformed their counterparts in overall individuality and the index of “differentiation,” while those who experienced less “rejection” behaviors from their fathers outperformed their counterparts in the index of “independence”. 4. Adult twins with different attachment relationship did not differ in their performance of individuality. 5. Father’s and mother’s rearing behaviors of “emotional warmth” and the attachment of “proximity seeking” and “safe heaven,” especially father’s rearing behaviors of “emotional warmth,” could positively predict the adult twins’ performance of individuality. 6. Father’s and mother’s rearing behaviors of “rejection” and “consistency” and the attachment of “separation protest,” especially father’s rearing behaviors of “rejection,” could negatively predict the adult twins’ performance of individuality. Finally, after discussion, some suggestions were proposed for the parents of twins and future research. Keywords: Adult Twins, Individuality, Parental Rearing Behaviors, Attachment Relationship.

This study examine the interrelationship between the attachment in relationship and in marriage and relationship satisfaction. Based on theoretical models of attachment the study works empirically with a 2-factor concept of adult attachment. It deals with selected components of the relationship aspects of adult attachment. Another important issue is the relationship satisfaction. The work proposes a Czech translation of questionnaires Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised and the Couples Satisfaction Index and uses them in a research. Quantitative research was conducted on a sample of 258 respondents. 49 of them were clients of marriage counselling or psychotherapy practice. Statistical analysis showed significant correlation between the factors of attachment (Anxiety and Avoidance) and relationship satisfaction. The strongest correlation was found between satisfaction and anxiety. The results confirm the theory of attachment, according to which more securely attached individuals are more satisfied in a relationship than those less securely attached. The factors of attachment have proved to be better predictors of relationship satisfaction than age, gender or type of relationship (couple relationship / marriage). Key words: adult attachment, couple relationship, marriage, marital satisfaction,...

La relation d’activation père-enfant est une nouvelle théorisation du lien d’attachement au père faisant référence au pôle exploration. Cette relation se développe dès la deuxième année de l’enfant et principalement à travers les jeux physiques. La relation d’activation met prioritairement l’accent sur l’ouverture au monde et permet alors de répondre avant tout au besoin de l’enfant d’être stimulé et de se surpasser, venant compléter ses besoins de sécurité premiers. L’objectif de la présente thèse est d’étudier les liens entre la relation d’activation au père et le développement socio-affectif des enfants à l’âge préscolaire, plus précisément en matière de problèmes intériorisés (PI) et d’anxiété. Deux articles empiriques composent cette thèse. Le premier a été réalisé avec un échantillon de convenance composé de 51 dyades père-enfant. Les analyses démontrent les liens anticipés entre la sous-activation et les PI : les enfants sous-activés ont significativement plus de PI que les enfants activés. Également, l’association initialement observée entre le score d’activation et les PI reste significative même après avoir contrôlé pour certaines variables comme le sexe et le tempérament de l’enfant ainsi que les comportements parentaux. Plus les enfants étaient activés positivement dans leur relation avec leur père, moins ils présentaient de PI. Enfin, l’exploration des liens entre la relation d’activation et les sous-échelles des PI a révélé un lien unique avec l’anxiété. Le deuxième article a été réalisé avec 49 familles issues d’une population clinique (c.-à-d. service de pédopsychiatrie). Il est le premier à mettre en lien l’activation au père, l’attachement à la mère et l’anxiété chez l’enfant d’âge préscolaire. Les analyses confirment les résultats déjà existants en matière d’attachement mère-enfant et d’anxiété; ce sont les enfants insécurisés, plus précisément les enfants insécurisés-ambivalents et insécurisés-désorganisés-contrôlants du sous-type caregiving qui présentent le plus d’anxiété. Les hypothèses concernant les liens entre l’anxiété et l’activation ne sont quant à elles pas confirmées. Enfin, un effet de modération de la relation d’activation père-enfant est mis en évidence sur l’association entre l’attachement à la mère et l’anxiété chez l’enfant; la relation d’activation peut être considérée comme un facteur de protection ou de risque. Les résultats de la présente thèse sont discutés à la lumière de la théorie de l’attachement et de deux modèles étiologiques de l’anxiété (c.-à-d. modèle de psychopathologie développementale et modèle évolutionniste). Cette thèse pourrait mener au développement de programmes de prévention et d’intervention qui prendraient en considération les deux figures parentales. / The father-child activation relationship is a new theorization of a child’s attachment to the father, which emphasizes the «exploration» pole. This relation begins during the second year of life and especially develops through physical play. The activation relationship primarily focuses on the child’s openness to the world, and enables the father to respond specifically to the child’s need to be stimulated and to overcome personal limits, in turn satisfying the child’s need for emotional security. The main goal of this thesis is to study the links between the activation to the father and the socio-affective development of the child at preschool age, more specifically in terms of internalising disorders (IDs) and anxiety. This thesis is made up of two empirical articles. The first one used a convenience sample of 51 father-child dyads. Analyses demonstrated the existence of the anticipated link between underactivation and IDs: underactivated children had significantly more IDs than activated children. Furthermore, the association between activation scores and IDs was significant after controlling for variables such as the child’s gender and temperament, as well as parental behaviour. The more positively activated children were in their relationship with their father, the fewer internalising disorders they displayed. The exploration of links between the activation relationship and ID subscales revealed a unique connection to anxiety. The second article was based on a sample of 49 families from a clinical population (i.e. child psychiatry department). This study is the first to explore the relationship between activation to the father, attachment to the mother and child anxiety at preschool age. Analyses confirmed the results already established in the literature about attachment to the mother and anxiety; insecure children, more specifically insecure-ambivalent and insecure-disorganized-controlling caregiving, present with more anxiety. Hypotheses about the links between anxiety and activation were not confirmed. Finally, a moderation effect of the father-child activation relationship on the association between attachment to the mother and child anxiety is demonstrated; the activation relationship can be considered a protective or risk factor. Results of the present thesis are discussed in terms of attachment theory, using two etiological models of anxiety (i.e. developmental psychopathology and evolutionist models). This thesis can lead to the development of prevention and intervention programs, which would take into account both parental figures.

No description available.

Les troubles anxieux sont les troubles psychologiques les plus prévalents chez les enfants et les adolescents. Les symptômes apparaissent rapidement dans le développement de l’enfant et persistent souvent jusqu’à l’âge adulte. Plusieurs recherches ont été réalisées sur les prédicteurs de l’anxiété. Certaines font ressortir une association entre l’attachement insécurisant et l’anxiété, particulièrement les attachements ambivalent et désorganisé. Depuis quelques années, un nouveau concept est utilisé pour évaluer la relation parent-enfant, la relation d’activation. Cette dernière est complémentaire à la relation d’attachement, car elle considère les dimensions de la discipline et de la stimulation à la prise de risque, alors que l’attachement est basé sur la dimension du réconfort. Plusieurs recherches ont aussi trouvé des associations entre l’anxiété et l’activation. De ce fait, le premier objectif de cette recherche est de déterminer quelle association est plus forte avec l’anxiété entre la relation d’attachement ou la relation d’activation. Le deuxième objectif est de vérifier si le sexe du parent est un modérateur de l’association entre l’anxiété et les deux relations. L'échantillon est composé de 38 parents et de leurs enfants, âgés de 3 à 5 ans. Les instruments de mesure utilisés sont l’échelle d’anxiété/dépression du questionnaire CBCL pour les scores d’anxiété, la situation étrangère pour l’attachement et la situation risquée pour la relation d'activation. Les résultats montrent que la relation d’activation est associée à l’anxiété, alors que ce n’est pas le cas pour la relation d’attachement. De plus, le sexe du parent n’est pas un modérateur des associations entre l’anxiété et les relations. / Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent disorders in children and adolescents. The symptoms appear quickly in the child's development and often persist into adulthood. Many researches have been conducted on the predictors of anxiety. Several studies show that there is an association between insecure attachment and anxiety, particularly ambivalent and disorganized attachment. In recent years, a new concept has been used to evaluate the parent-child relationship, the activation relationship. This new measure is complementary to the attachment relationship because it considers the dimensions of discipline and stimulation to risk taking, while attachment is based on the dimension of comfort. Several studies have also found associations between anxiety and activation. As a result, the primary goal of this research is to determine which association is stronger with anxiety: attachment or activation. The second objective is to understand if the parent's sex is a moderator of the association between anxiety and the two relationships. The sample is composed of 38 parents and their children, aged 3 to 5 years. The measuring instruments used are the anxiety/depression scale of the CBCL questionnaire for the anxiety scores, the strange situation for attachment and for the activation relationship, the risky situation. The results show that the activation relationship is associated with anxiety, whereas this is not the case for the attachment relationship. In addition, the parent's gender is not a moderator of the associations between anxiety and attachment or activation relationships.