The aim of the study is to investigate the relation between attachment style, early maladaptive schemas and attitude towards help seeking. Participants of this study were composed from 572 university students (264 female, 308 male). Participants were selected by convenient sampling method. The data was obtained by using the scale of Attitudes toward Seeking Psychological Help - Shortened (T&uuml / rk&uuml / m, 2001), Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew &amp / Horowitz, 1991), Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (Young &amp / Brown,2006) and a demographic information form. One-way analysis of variance used to analyze the data. The findings of the study indicated students with secure attachment style was found to have more positive attitude towards psychological help seeking than preoccupied, dismissive and fearful attachment styles. As for early maladaptive schemas, the students who have Social Isolation/Alienation schema, Emotional Inhibition schema, Entitlement / Grandiosity schema and Defectiveness / Shame schema show more positive help seeking attitude than students who don&rsquo / t have. In addition, female students were found to have more positive help seeking attitude than male students.

Background Shame is a powerful emotion involved in a wide variety of phenomena including psychopathology. The propensity to react with shame to situations of transgression is formed early in life, but the processes by which elevated shame-proneness causes higher levels of psychological distress and functional impairment in some people rather than in others is as yet poorly understood. Objectives The main objective of this thesis was to further elucidate these processes by investigating the implications for shame states, guilt, general coping strategies, attachment styles, and shame-related coping in this context, as well as to evaluate an assessment method for shame-proneness. Methods The self-report questionnaires Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA), Compass of Shame Scale (CoSS-5), Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ), Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90), and an interview measure for event-related shame and guilt were used for assessment in adult normative, healthy-only, crime victim, and patient samples (n=25-361). A combination of uni- and bivariate approaches and multivariate soft and hard modeling approaches were used for statistical analysis. Results Paper I showed that the TOSCA could be used as a reliable measure for shame-proneness. Paper II showed that guilt was unrelated to post-victimization distress. Elevated shame-proneness was related to higher levels of post-victimization distress. This effect was partially mediated by event-related shame. Paper III showed that in CFS patients, higher levels of shame-proneness, escape-avoidance, and accepting responsibility coping contributed to elevated levels of psychological distress. Seeking support, positive reappraisal coping, and proneness to detachment contributed in the opposite direction. These relationships were weaker in the comparison groups. Paper IV showed that shame-proneness was associated with secure attachment style in a negative direction. Higher levels of secure attachment style contributed to lower levels of psychological distress, whereas shame-proneness, insecure attachment styles and withdrawal, attack self, and attack other shame coping strategies contributed in the opposite direction. There were mean differences between women and men regarding most of the variables, butiithe relationships between variables did not differ between men and women. Conclusions The association between shame-proneness and psycho-logical distress seem to involve a complex balancing act between motives toward preserving close relationships and protecting a relatively positive sense of self. If others are perceived as trustworthy and compassionate and are utilized for support in times of need, the effects of shame-proneness may be less debilitating, whereas if others are perceived as distancing or disapproving, and life stress and social transgressions are managed by escape strategies, social withdrawal, self-blame or by transferring blame onto others, the distress effects become more severe. The inner psychodynamics of these functional patterns seem to be rather similar in women and men.

This thesis aimed at revealing the mediator role of self esteem between body satisfaction and depression symptoms relationship in a Turkish University sample. The participants were 232 young adults from differents departments of Middle East Technical University. Hierarchical Regression Analyses were conducted to examine the mediator role of self esteem between body satisfaction and depression symptoms relationship. During these analyses gender, age, height, weight of the subjects and education level of the subjects&rsquo / parents were entered in the first step via stepwise method, and in the second step social support and attachment styles were entered by using stepwise method, in order to control for the potential variance accounted for by these variables. Results of the regression analyses revealed that after controlling for the above mentioned variables, body satisfaction and self esteem were significantly associated with depression symptoms, however after controlling for the effect of self esteem, body satisfaction and depression symptoms relationship disappeared. Moreover, body satisfaction was found to be significantly associated with self esteem, which further supported the mediation hypothesis. Hence, self esteem was found to mediate the body satisfaction and depression symptoms relationship. Results were discussed by referring to the relevant literature.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os Transtornos Alimentares são caracterizados por graves perturbações no comportamento alimentar. Entre eles, incluímos a anorexia nervosa, a bulimia nervosa e o transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica. Sua etiologia é multifatorial, estando envolvidos no seu desenvolvimento aspectos biológicos, psicológicos, familiares e sociais. Além das complicações clínicas associadas ao transtorno, encontramos também graves dificuldades interpessoais. Esses déficits contribuem para ocorrência de baixa auto-estima, ansiedade, depressão, retraimento social, e insegurança, dificultando também o desenvolvimento de relações afetivas satisfatórias. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar as relações entre habilidades sociais, estilos de apego e transtornos alimentares A amostra foi composta por 14 indivíduos com anorexia nervosa (AN), 33 indivíduos com bulimia nervosa (BN), 31 indivíduos obesos com transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica (TCAP), 31 obesos sem transtorno alimentar, comparados a um grupo controle sem transtornos alimentares, pareados por idade, sexo e anos de estudo. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Teste de atitude alimentares; Teste de investigação bulímica de Endiburgo, Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica, Inventário de Empatia (IE), o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais (IHS) e a Escala de Apego Adulto (EAA). A avaliação dos dados foi feita através de estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais (Teste T, ANOVA e correlação de Pearson). Os resultados encontrados confirmaram algumas hipóteses desse estudo e corroboraram dados da literatura que sugerem que indivíduos com TA apresentam déficits em habilidades sociais e estilos de apego inseguro, que podem afetar os relacionamentos interpessoais. Ainda foi possível observar que tais deficiências estariam relacionadas a maior gravidade do TA. / Eating Disorders (ED) are characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior. These include anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED). The etiology of ED is multifactorial, being involved in its development biological, psychological, familial and social factors. In addition to the clinical complications associated with the disorder, is also found serious interpersonal difficulties. These difficulties contribute to the occurrence of low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, social withdrawal and insecurity, also hindering the development of satisfactory emotional relationships. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between social skills, attachment styles and eating disorders The sample comprised 14 individuals with AN, 33 individuals with BN, 31 obese subjects with BED, 31 obese without eating disorder, compared to a control group without eating disorders, matched for age, sex and years of study. The instruments used were the Eating Attitudes Test, the Bulimic Investigatory Test Endiburgo, Binge Eating Scale, Inventory of Empathy (IE), the Social Skills Inventory (IHS) and the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS). Data evaluation was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics (t test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation). The results confirmed some hypotheses of this study and corroborate data in the literature suggesting that individuals with ED have deficits in social skills and insecure styles of attachment, which can affect interpersonal relationships. Although it was observed that such deficiencies could be related to increased severity of ED.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os Transtornos Alimentares são caracterizados por graves perturbações no comportamento alimentar. Entre eles, incluímos a anorexia nervosa, a bulimia nervosa e o transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica. Sua etiologia é multifatorial, estando envolvidos no seu desenvolvimento aspectos biológicos, psicológicos, familiares e sociais. Além das complicações clínicas associadas ao transtorno, encontramos também graves dificuldades interpessoais. Esses déficits contribuem para ocorrência de baixa auto-estima, ansiedade, depressão, retraimento social, e insegurança, dificultando também o desenvolvimento de relações afetivas satisfatórias. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar as relações entre habilidades sociais, estilos de apego e transtornos alimentares A amostra foi composta por 14 indivíduos com anorexia nervosa (AN), 33 indivíduos com bulimia nervosa (BN), 31 indivíduos obesos com transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica (TCAP), 31 obesos sem transtorno alimentar, comparados a um grupo controle sem transtornos alimentares, pareados por idade, sexo e anos de estudo. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Teste de atitude alimentares; Teste de investigação bulímica de Endiburgo, Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica, Inventário de Empatia (IE), o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais (IHS) e a Escala de Apego Adulto (EAA). A avaliação dos dados foi feita através de estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais (Teste T, ANOVA e correlação de Pearson). Os resultados encontrados confirmaram algumas hipóteses desse estudo e corroboraram dados da literatura que sugerem que indivíduos com TA apresentam déficits em habilidades sociais e estilos de apego inseguro, que podem afetar os relacionamentos interpessoais. Ainda foi possível observar que tais deficiências estariam relacionadas a maior gravidade do TA. / Eating Disorders (ED) are characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior. These include anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED). The etiology of ED is multifactorial, being involved in its development biological, psychological, familial and social factors. In addition to the clinical complications associated with the disorder, is also found serious interpersonal difficulties. These difficulties contribute to the occurrence of low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, social withdrawal and insecurity, also hindering the development of satisfactory emotional relationships. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between social skills, attachment styles and eating disorders The sample comprised 14 individuals with AN, 33 individuals with BN, 31 obese subjects with BED, 31 obese without eating disorder, compared to a control group without eating disorders, matched for age, sex and years of study. The instruments used were the Eating Attitudes Test, the Bulimic Investigatory Test Endiburgo, Binge Eating Scale, Inventory of Empathy (IE), the Social Skills Inventory (IHS) and the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS). Data evaluation was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics (t test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation). The results confirmed some hypotheses of this study and corroborate data in the literature suggesting that individuals with ED have deficits in social skills and insecure styles of attachment, which can affect interpersonal relationships. Although it was observed that such deficiencies could be related to increased severity of ED.

<p>Much of the demand for purebred dogs in the USA is met by commercial breeding kennels (CBKs). In CBKs, adult dogs have been reported to exhibit signs of fear towards strangers. Social fear is a particular welfare concern as it may lead to acute and chronic stress in the kennel, and later, after dogs are retired and rehomed. Studies on pet and shelter dogs have shown that the type of attachment style dogs have with their caretakers is associated with their social behavior towards strangers. Thus, the aims of this study were to characterize the attachment styles of dogs from CBKs to their caretakers, and investigate relationships between the types of attachment styles observed and social fear behaviors in this population of dogs. Forty-eight adult dogs were tested from three CBKs in Indiana, USA. Each dog was subjected to a standard battery of tests, including a Secure Base test to classify attachment styles, a Stranger Arena test to measure the duration and frequency of key social behaviors toward a stranger, and a Paired-Effect test to measure the duration and frequency of social behaviors towards a stranger in the presence of a caretaker. Twenty (41.67%) dogs were classified as secure, 16 (33.33%) as insecure ambivalent, 9 (18.75%) as insecure avoidant, and 3 (6.25%) as insecure disorganized. ANOVA tests showed that secure and ambivalent dogs approached the stranger more frequently (F2,45 = 11.865, <em>p </em>< 0.001), spent more time in close proximity (F2,45 = 15.968, <em>p </em>< 0.001), and solicited contact more frequently (F2,45 = 4.58, <em>p </em>= 0.023) from them than did avoidant dogs. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Tests showed that secure, ambivalent, and avoidant dogs all initially approached the stranger more quickly in the paired-effect test than in the stranger arena test (<em>p </em>< 0.05). Secure and ambivalent dogs also spent more time in proximity to (<em>p </em>< 0.001) and solicited more contact from (<em>p </em>< 0.01) the stranger in the paired-effect test than in the stranger arena test. These results suggest that there is an association between type of attachment style and fear behaviors towards a stranger in this sample of dogs. Understanding connections between attachment style and social fear, and their implications for stress and welfare in dogs from CBKs may help inform breeders’ selection criteria and breeding decisions. It may also inform breeders’ socialization, social interactions, and related management practices, which in turn may help to reduce dogs’ social fear and enhance their long- term welfare outcomes in the kennel. This understanding may also aid rehoming efforts. With this increased understanding, breeders could inform new owners about behaviors they can expect from their dogs which may help avoid a potential mismatch in expectations. This in turn may help keep dogs in their homes and improve their welfare in the long-term. </p>

The purpose of this research study was to investigate the directional relationship between college students' attachment styles and social media practices with their relationship development. This investigation tested the theoretical model that undergraduate students' (N = 717) attachment styles (as measured by the Experiences in Close Relationships-Short form [ECR-S; Wei et al., 2007]) and social media practices (as measured by the Facebook Intensity Scale [FBI; Ellison et al., 2007] and Motives for Going Facebook Official Scale [MGFBO; Fox & Warber, 2013]) contributed to their quality of relationship development (as measured by the Parks Relational Development Scale [PRDS; Parks & Roberts, 1998]). Specifically, this investigation tested the hypothesized directional relationship that students scoring in the insecure attachment range (i.e., avoidant or anxious) with higher levels of social media practices would have lower levels of relationship development quality. In addition, this investigation examined the relationship between college students' attachment styles, social media practices, and relationship development quality with their reported demographic information (e.g., age, current school level, and ethnicity). The results of the structural equation model (SEM) analyses identified that college students' attachment style contributed to the relationship development quality (96.04% of the variance explained) and their social media practices (2.56% of the variance explained). Furthermore, the results of the analyses identified that students' social media practices contributed to their relationship development quality (.4% of the variance explained). Implications of the findings from the study include (a) the inclusion of additional psychosocial intake questions for college counselors; (b) identification of current trends in undergraduate students' attachment styles, social media practices, and relationship development functioning for counselor educators to support the development of counselors-in-training; and (c) insight into the instrument development of the ECR-S, FBI, MGFBO, and PRDS.

The main objective of this research was to investigate how people use Facebook within the context of their romantic relationships from an attachment theory perspective. In the present study, a convenience sample (n = 179) completed an online survey with questions about Facebook use, attachment style, uncertainty-related behaviors, jealousy, relationship satisfaction and commitment. Results indicate that 1) there is a positive correlation between jealousy and Facebook use; 2) also, there is a positive correlation between jealousy and the time an individual spends viewing their partner's profile; 3) further, jealousy is positively related to uncertainty-reducing behaviors. Taken together, these results support the assertion that there is a downward spiral involving jealousy and Facebook. Results also showed that there are two types of uncertainty-related behaviors: antisocial behaviors and territorial behaviors. Anxious-ambivalent attachment styles were found to engage in antisocial behaviors the most, whereas secure individuals engaged in antisocial behaviors the least. The findings provide ample areas for future research on social networking sites and relationship variables.

No description available.

The present study aimed to reveal the effect of family functioning, attachment styles in romantic relationships, and city of origin on the emotional well-being of first year university students. 286 first-year university students from the Department of Basic English at Middle East Technical University participated in the study. They completed a demographic information sheet, the McMaster Family Assessment Device, the short-form Version of Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Hopelessness Scale. ANOVAs were run to find out if there are significant differences in the emotional well-being of participants with different cities of origin and gender. To assess if there are significant differences in the emotional well-being between participants with different attachment styles and cities of origin, ANCOVAs (Gender as the covariate factor) were conducted. Finally, regressions were run to find out the relationship between demographic variables, attachment styles, family functioning, and emotional well-being of first-year university students. The participants who moved to Ankara when they started university were found to report more depressive symptoms than the participants who had been living in Ankara. Further significant differences were observed in the depression and hopelessness levels of participants with different attachment styles. In general, those participants having fearful attachment styles tended to have more depressive symptoms and hopelessness as compared to those having secure and preoccupied attachment styles. Regression analyses revealed that absence of secure attachment style, fearful attachment style, and problems in affective responsiveness in the family were associated with symptoms of depression. Gender, fearful attachment style, and communication problems in the family were found to be associated with symptoms of anxiety / and fearful attachment style, communication problems in the family and inappropriate family roles were found to associate with hopelessness. These findings were discussed with reference to relevant literature. Future research topics were suggested and thereupatic implications of the study were stated.