Korean middle school students have shown outstanding performance in various international assessments since a decade ago. The current study focused on parental variables and their relations to their children's achievement. In this study, the researcher sought to explore how parental variables such as parental involvement, attributions, education, and income influence performance of Korean youths. Completed questionnaires from 138 Korean parents whose children are middle school students were analyzed to answer the research questions. The analyses of data in this study confirmed that parents' educational level, private tutoring expenditure, satisfaction with private tutoring, parents' home and school based involvement, parents' perception of their children's GPA, parents' attribution of luck, effort, and strategy to their children's academic success were associated with children's achievement in Korean families. The results of this study indicated that not only parental involvement in home based and school based activities, but also private tutoring based activities, were positively associated with Korean middle school students' achievement. In particular, parents' involvement in private tutoring based activities was a strong factor to enhance children's achievement in core academic subjects (math, Korean, English). The findings of this study suggested that Korean parents' involvement includes the private tutoring system as well as home and school involvement, and this unique aspect of parental involvement is used as an important strategy to promote children's academic achievement by current Korean parents.

Background: The present study considers some of the underlying mechanisms that may be acting in postnatal depression (PND). It has been suggested that rumination predicts problem solving ability and that child temperament and maternal attributions predict mother-infant bonding. This study aims to investigate the role that brooding and reflective rumination may play in predicting and mediating these relationships in postnatal women. Methods: Postnatal women were recruited to complete an online survey.190 women responded and completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Maternal Attribution Scale (MAS), Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), Parental Problem Solving Task (PPST), Rumination Response Scale (RRS), Infant Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ) and a confidence in problem solving using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results: Analyses showed that reflective rumination mediated the relationship between low infant soothability and high negative attributions, on maternal problem solving. Reflective and Brooding Rumination also predicted confidence in problem solving and mother-infant bonding. Analyses showed that infant temperament (soothability and distress) and maternal attributions (positive and negative) predicted confidence in problem solving and mother-infant bonding Limitations: This study employed a correlational design and therefore all inferences regarding possible causal pathways are tentative. Limitations include the use of self report measures to assess mother-infant bonding and infant temperament. Additionally the PPST is a new measure which needs further validation. Conclusions: Reflective rumination may act as an adaptive strategy for women in the postnatal period when faced with difficult child temperaments, and for those employing negative attributions, when faced with parent specific problem solving tasks. In addition, Brooding and Reflective Rumination may be important in predicting difficulties in mother-infant bonding. Difficult Infant temperaments and less positive or more negative maternal attributions, may affect problem solving, confidence in problem solving and mother-infant bonding in the postnatal period. Future research should look to replicate these findings and explicate possible causal relationships within a postnatal population.

Background: Lifestyle changes and drug treatment can improve the prognosis and quality of life for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), but their co-operation with suggested treatment is often limited. The aim of this thesis was to study how patients and their spouses conceive CHD and its treatment. Material and Methods: The research design used was inductive and descriptive. The studies were based on three complementary sets of data. Patients with CHD (n=23) and spouses (n=25) were interviewed one year after an episode of the disease. Consecutive patients with CHD derived from another investigation were interviewed within six weeks or one year after the coronary event (n=113). All semi-structured interviews, tape-recorded or from notes taken by hand, were subjected to analysis within the phenomenographic framework. Findings: The patients’ conceptions of CHD varied and were vague, even as judged on a lay level. They were associated with symptoms rather than with the disease. Co-operation with drug treatment was rarely linked to improved prognosis. The patients’ descriptions of benefits from lifestyle changes and treatment did not give the impression of being based on a solid understanding of the importance of such changes. Incentives for lifestyle changes were classified into four categories, all of which contained both facilitating and constraining incentives. Somatic incentives featured direct and indirect physical signals. Social/practical incentives involved shared concerns, changed conditions, and factors connected with external environment. Cognitive incentives were characterised by active decisions and appropriated knowledge, but also by passive compliance with limited insights, and by the creating of routines. Affective incentives comprised fear and reluctance related to lifestyle changes and disease and also lessened self-esteem. All incentives mostly functioned facilitatively. The cognitive and the social/practical incentives were the most prevalent. Spouses’ understanding about the causes of CHD involved both appropriate conceptions and misconceptions. Drug treatment was considered necessary for the heart, but harmful to other organs. Spouses’ support to partners was categorised, and found to be contextually bound. The participative role was co-operative and empathetic. The regulative role controlled and demanded certain behaviours. The observational role was passive, compliant, and empathetic. The incapacitated role was empathetic, unable to support, and positive to changes. The dissociative role was negative to changes and reluctant to be involved in lifestyle changes. Conclusions: These results could be useful in the planning of care and education for CHD patients. The findings also emphasise the importance of adopting a family perspective to meet the complex needs of these patients and their spouses in order to facilitate appropriate lifestyle changes. / On the day of the public defence of the doctoral thesis the status of article V was Submitted.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Le comité d’entreprise, institution représentative du personnel chargée d’assurer « une expression collective des salariés » dans l’entreprise a une mission sociale et culturelle d’une part, économique et professionnelle d’autre part. En matière économique ses attributions ont été marquées par de profonds changements depuis sa création en 1945. A l’origine, le comité était doté d’une mission de coopération avec l’employeur, abandonnée en 1982 au profit d’une mission de contrôle de la décision patronale. Le législateur et le juge ont conféré à ce contrôle des moyens toujours plus importants, ceux-ci restant cependant sans conséquence sur la décision finale. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer la nature de ce contrôle atypique coexistant avec l’autre forme de participation des salariés qu’est la représentation syndicale. Une autre évolution, plus diffuse, se perçoit dans les attributions économiques du comité d’entreprise depuis le début du XXIème siècle : celle d’un possible retour à l’idée de coopération, initié par le droit de l’Union européenne qui se réfère à cette notion pour définir la relation entre représentants des travailleurs et direction. Le deuxième objectif de cette étude est d’identifier les éléments de notre droit caractérisant cette évolution. Celle-ci semble emprunter deux voies distinctes : d’une part, un accroissement du dialogue entre l’employeur et le comité quand ce dernier devient acteur de la négociation collective ; d’autre part, une négociation sur les attributions économiques, qui aboutit à l’inclusion du comité dans un processus global de concertation tout en permettant son association plus en amont de la décision patronale. / A Works Council is a company institution designed to express the workers ’collective wishes. Its mission is social and cultural as well as professional and economic. Its economic roles have been marked by some major changes since its introduction in 1945.Originally the Council was entrusted with a mission of cooperation with the management which gave way to monitoring the management’s decisions in 1982. Though new laws and court decisions have contributed to giving the Council an increasing importance in that respect, it has no sway over final decisions.The first objective of this research is to determine the exact nature of this atypical function in relation with another form of workers ’participation: the Workers ’Union. Another more subtle evolution can be perceived in the Council’s economic roles since the beginning of the 21st century: by referring to the notion of cooperation the European Union law has made it possible to restore the Council’s mission to define the relations between the workers’ representatives and the management.The second objective of this work is to identify the elements in our present French Labour Regulations characterizing this evolution, which appears to be twofold. On the one hand the dialogue between the management and the Council is enhanced when the latter takes an active part in joint negotiations. On the other hand negotiating on the Council’s economic roles has led to its involvement in the global process of consultations with the possibility of being associated earlier with the management’s final decisions.

Mass shootings, whether on a smaller scale or a large scale, take place frequently (LaFraniere, Cohen, & Oppel, 2015). Yet the media only covers a small fraction of crime events, and those selected often gather large amounts of attention. This is problematic because by only focusing on the only most extreme and newsworthy cases, the media distorts the general public's understanding of crime in the United States, and a person's actual likelihood of victimization (Schildkraut & Elsass, 2016). The purpose of the proposed study is to investigate in a nationally represented sample how individuals’ causal attributions for a school shooting with an Asian shooter, as well as whether media influence moderate their attitudes toward the shooter. Participants will be subjected to one of two media conditions, editorial type news or straight news, regarding a shooting and then will answer casual attribution questions and perceptions of the shooter. Participants who judge in-group members as the shooter are predicted to more likely to attribute the crime to external than individuals who judge out-group members. Also, it is predicted that individuals who judge out-group members as a shooter will not be more likely to attribute the crime to internal factors than individuals who judge in-group members. Lastly, it is predicted that editorial type news will influence individuals to attribute the shooting more to both external and internal factors than straight news would. This study may add important information on how media should be portrayed, and further explore attributions that are made against shooters. Implications for future research are also discussed.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Longtemps « seul maître à bord après Dieu», le capitaine n’exerce plus aujourd’hui son autorité de la même manière, ce qui ne signifie d’ailleurs pas que cette dernière soit remise en question. Le particularisme de sa fonction en fait un personnage tout à fait spécifique à bord. Ce dernier caractère le place dans une certaine mesure, sur un même plan que le marin âgé de moins de dix-huit ans, personnage indispensable tant pour son rôle traditionnel que pour son activité à bord du navire.Sa position à bord en fait un marin différent des autres membres de l’équipage. Il a autorité sur l’ensemble de l’équipage. Même si cette autorité, comme c’est d’ailleurs le cas pour les chefs d’entreprise à terre ne s’exerce plus avec la même rigueur que dans le passé, elle n’en demeure pas moins. Marin, responsable de l’expédition maritime, mandataire commercial de l’armateur, préposé nautique, le capitaine a vu son rôle évoluer au fil du temps. D’un point de vue réglementaire, ses fonctions à bord, et sa position font qu’il conserve une situation originale, l’ensemble de la réglementation du travail maritime ne pouvant, de ce fait, lui être appliquée / Long "only master after God," the captain's authority is no longer present in the same way, which does not, moreover, that the latter is questionable. The specificity of its function is a very specific character on board. This last character is placed in a certain extent, on the same plane as the sailor who is under eighteen years of age, character essential for both its traditional role for its activity on the ship. Its position on board is a marine different from other crew members. He has authority over all of the crew. Although this authority, as is also true for business leaders on the ground no longer exercised with the same rigor as in the past, it nonetheless. Marin, head of maritime shipping, commercial agent of the owner, attendant water, the captain has seen its role evolve over time. From a regulatory point of view, his duties on board, and its position makes it retains a unique situation, the entire maritime labor regulations can not, therefore, be applied to him

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Psychology / Donald A. Saucier / Three studies were conducted to further validate the belief in pure evil (BPE) and belief in pure good (BPG) scales (Webster & Saucier, 2012). Study 1 assessed the relationships between BPE, BPG, and sociopolitical ideology, while Study 2 assessed the relationships between BPE, BPG, and various forms of religiosity. Study 1 and Study 2 also tested whether BPE and BPG predicted aggression and helping via support for relevant foreign (Study 1) or domestic (Study 2) policy issues above and beyond sociopolitical attitudes and religiosity, respectively. Study 3 tested whether BPE and BPG predicted evaluations of a prototypically (vs. non-prototypically) evil perpetrator and a prototypically (vs. non-prototypically) good apprehender. Together, these three studies showed that BPE consistently related to greater aggression and less helping, while greater BPG consistently related to less aggression and more helping, while demonstrating convergence but not redundancy with variables known to justify/suppress aggression or helping. In sum, these studies further demonstrate the reliability and validity of the BPE and BPG scales as well as provide solid groundwork for future correlational and experimental research on these constructs.