Different scandals around the globe during the past, in specific during the last decade, have intrigued the stakeholders to question the roles of both auditors and management. But most of the fingers since then have been raised on the role of auditors, because it is the auditors who are entrusted with the responsibility to detect any errors or frauds in the financial reports of the client-firm. Apart from this, the long-term auditor client relationship has been the center of attention in most of the discussions and debates as well. Numerous studies have been conducted by the academic researchers, financial and professional analysts, regulatory authorities and governing bodies, and in some cases by the auditors and the firms as well regarding the effects of long-term auditor-client relationship on audit quality, equity risk premium, financial reports quality, audit pricing etc. These studies provide us with different results, both with the positive and negative associations and effects of long-term auditor-client relationship on the basis of different factors and contexts. For long, auditing has been discussed in different studies and research areas but mostly in association with publicly listed companies. Less attention has been paid to the relationship of auditors and clients as far as clients in SMEs are concerned. In any country around the globe, SMEs are of major contribution in terms of backing the economy, giving it both the boost and the stability, as they collectively form the major chunk of the economy. If we specify our study to the SMEs in Sweden, then 99% of the enterprises in Sweden represent the SME sector; in addition they employ around 60% of the manpower. Based on these facts, and due to less attention given to auditor-client relationship in terms of SMEs, instead of; we have directed our concerns towards the study of effects of auditor-client relationship on audit quality in SMEs in this particular research study. In this study, we have opted for qualitative research with semi-structured interviews to be used as the tool for data collection. Interviews were conducted with two different groups of interviewees, one group representing the auditors and the other group representing the client-firms (SMEs). A total of seven interviews were conducted in order to strengthen and validate the results for our research question. Due to the limitations of this study, mostly in terms of cost and time, samples were selected from Umeå, Sweden. The data interview structure, data analysis and discussion, and conclusions were all made based on existing theories summarized in the theoretical review of this study. The results of this study suggests that (1) long-term audit tenure is beneficial for the audit quality if certain risk factors like risk of auditor independence and risk of developing complacency are controlled; and (2) factors such as NAS, industry specialization, knowledge and experience of the auditor, internal control in the client-firm, professional ethics, proper audit plan, providence of unbiased information by the client, and appointment of the auditor by the client-firm itself enhances the audit quality.

Text in English / This study explores the phenomenon of auditor switching. The purpose of this study is to further contribute to the auditor switching literature by examining the reasons client companies in South Africa switch auditors, where the topic has not previously been studied and following a period of rapid and significant change in the auditing profession. Using previous literature as a foundation, forty-four variables that contribute to auditor switching are presented and tested based on empirical data elicited by means of a questionnaire survey of sample companies that experienced auditor switching during the period 1 January 1998 to 30 June 1999 as obtained from Practitioners in the KwaZulu-Natal Region. The factors motivating auditor switching were based on a questionnaire response of seventy-five companies (response rate 67% ). The empirical study also tested whether or not the switch variables thus identified are statistically related to auditor switching. The findings of this study revealed that audit fees are both the most frequently cited reason for switching auditors and found to be statistically significant at the 0.05 level of significance. Dissatisfaction over the overall quality of services provided by the auditor, lack of communication including the lack of responsiveness to client needs, poor working relationship with audit partner followed as switch factors but were not found to be statistically significant at 0. 05 level. The findings of this study revealed that two other variables, namely, management change and the need for group auditor rationalisation, appear to be significantly related to auditor switching at the 0.05 1evel of significance. / Auditing / M. Comm. (Auditing)

Text in English / This study explores the phenomenon of auditor switching. The purpose of this study is to further contribute to the auditor switching literature by examining the reasons client companies in South Africa switch auditors, where the topic has not previously been studied and following a period of rapid and significant change in the auditing profession. Using previous literature as a foundation, forty-four variables that contribute to auditor switching are presented and tested based on empirical data elicited by means of a questionnaire survey of sample companies that experienced auditor switching during the period 1 January 1998 to 30 June 1999 as obtained from Practitioners in the KwaZulu-Natal Region. The factors motivating auditor switching were based on a questionnaire response of seventy-five companies (response rate 67% ). The empirical study also tested whether or not the switch variables thus identified are statistically related to auditor switching. The findings of this study revealed that audit fees are both the most frequently cited reason for switching auditors and found to be statistically significant at the 0.05 level of significance. Dissatisfaction over the overall quality of services provided by the auditor, lack of communication including the lack of responsiveness to client needs, poor working relationship with audit partner followed as switch factors but were not found to be statistically significant at 0. 05 level. The findings of this study revealed that two other variables, namely, management change and the need for group auditor rationalisation, appear to be significantly related to auditor switching at the 0.05 1evel of significance. / Auditing / M. Comm. (Auditing)

This thesis deals with external and internal audit in practice. It contains historical evolution and progression of internal and external audit, their functions and goals as well as risks and frauds in audit and its legislation. Significant section of this thesis focuses on working procedures in internal and external audit. These procedures are divided by audits phases. The main goal of this thesis is to transfer theoretical knowledge into practice. In the practical part there is performed fictitious internal and external audit in company Thomas Cook Ltd.

Syfte: Inom revisionsbranschen har rapporteringen om ett företags fortlevnad under en lång tid varit ett omtvistat ämne. Detta specifikt till följd av revisorsskandaler, då företag gått i konkurs utan att ha erhållit en fortlevnadsvarning från sin revisor. I redovisningslitteraturen finns det motstridiga argument kring huruvida revisorer anses oberoende eller inte utifrån deras benägenhet att utfärda fortlevnadsvarningar och de finansiella incitament som finns. Uppsatsens syfte är att: Undersöka om det finns något samband mellan utfärdandet av fortlevnadsvarningar och ekonomisk förlust för revisionsbyrån. Metod: Utifrån tidigare forskning har forskningsbara hypoteser deducerats fram, vilka sedan undersökts empiriskt. En kvantitativ metod har använts för att samla in data från svenska företags årsredovisningar åren 2011-2014. Dessa data har sedan testats och analyserats i ett statistikprogram och har därefter redovisats i olika tabeller. Resultat & slutsats: Denna studie har funnit bevis för den självuppfyllande profetian, vilket indikerar att revisorer drar sig för att utfärda fortlevnadsvarningar. Gällande undersökningen kring ekonomiska incitament som hot mot revisorns oberoende, ger denna studie bevis på att storleken på NAS-arvodet kan utgöra ett potentiellt hot. Studiens resultat visar även att det inte finns någon kvalitetsskillnad mellan Big 4 och icke Big 4 revisorer när det gäller utfärdandet av fortlevnadsvarningar. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Förslag till fortsatt forskning är att kombinera de finansiella faktorerna med de icke finansiella faktorerna för att studera revisorers oberoende. En tredje begränsning med uppsatsen är att vi utgått från revisorns perspektiv, vilket innebär att förslag till fortsatt forskning är att byta till företagens perspektiv eller kombinera dessa. Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna uppsats har bidragit med mer kunskap kring den självuppfyllande profetian, ekonomiska incitaments påverkan på revisorns oberoende. Uppsatsen har även bidragit med ytterligare förståelse kring hur problematiskt det kan vara att utfärda en fortlevnadsvarning. / Aim: The reporting of an organizations going concern has been center for debate during a long period of time. This is mainly due to auditing scandals where organizations have gone bankrupt without a modified going concern opinion from their auditor. In accounting literature there are conflicting claims about whether auditors are considered independent or not due to their tendency to issue a going concern modified opinion and the influence financial incentives have on auditor independence. The aim of this essay is to: Examine if there is a relation between the tendency to issue a going concern modified opinion and the financial loss for the audit firm. Method: From previous research hypotheses have been deduced. These hypotheses have then empirically been studied. A quantitative method was used to gather data from Swedish companies’ annual reports from the year 2011-2014. After gathering the data, it was tested and analyzed with a stats program and then presented in different tables. Result & Conclusions: This study has found evidence of the self-fulfilling prophecy, which indicates that the auditor withdraws from issuing a going concern modified opinion. Regarding the financial incentives as threats of audit independence, this study gives evidence that the size of Non-audit service fees poses a potential threat. The results of the study also show that there is no significant difference in quality between Big 4 and Non-Big 4 auditors regarding the issuance of going concern modified opinions. Suggestions for future research: In this study the financial factors have been taken into account, a combination of both the financial and non-financial factors is the suggestion for future research. A third limitation of this study is that is based upon the auditors’ perspective, therefore a study based solely on the companies' perspective or a combination of both is our suggestion for future research. Contribution of the thesis: This thesis contributes with more knowledge to the accounting literature. The study has provided more knowledge about the self-fulfilling prophecy, financial incentives on audit independence and the quality among Big 4 and non-Big 4 audit firms. This thesis has also contributed to further understanding of how problematic it can be for an auditor to issue a going concern modified opinion.

Revisorn har en viktig ställning dagens marknadsorienterade samhälle. För att intressenter ska känna sig säkra i att investera i ett företag är det viktigt att den information som företaget sänder ut har granskats av en opartisk aktör. Såtillvida är revisionens syfte är att skapa trygghet och stabilitet på de finansiella marknaderna. För att kunna genomföra detta uppdrag behöver revisorn kunskaper inom ett flertal områden. Inom professionen finns väletablerade titlar som medarbetarna har. Dessa titlar är revisorsassistent, senior, manager och partner. Trots dessa väletablerade titlar finns det inom forskningen få studier på hur kunskaperna utvecklas genom och hur kunskapen skiljer sig åt mellan de olika titlarna. Syftet med denna uppsats är således att utforska hur kunskaperna utvecklas genom de olika karriärstegen. För att utforska hur kunskaper utvecklas har inledningsvis ett teoretiskt ramverk skapats, som ger en bild av att revisorns kunskap utvecklas från teoretisk kunskap mot professionalism, som definieras som en färdighet. För att uppnå uppsatsens syfte har vi genomfört en kvalitativ studie baserad på tio intervjuer med revisorer som har lång arbetslivserfarenhet. Det faktum att dessa personer har en lång arbetslivserfarenhet i yrket gör att de kan se tillbaka på hur deras egen kunskap utvecklats genom karriären. De resultat som vi funnit är att den teoretiska kunskapen fortsätter att utvecklas genom hela karriären, genom fortbildning men också på grund av att yrket kontinuerligt förändras med omvärlden. Detta sammantaget med ett ständigt ökande ansvar innebär att revisorn kontinuerligt måste utvidga sin teoretiska kunskapsbas. En färdighet som måste behärskas är professionalism, denna är viktig redan i början av karriären men dess betydelse ökar för varje karriärsteg. Denna uppsats bidrar till att sprida ljus över hur kunskaper utvecklas genom en revisors karriär och kan således hjälpa studenter för att förstå professionens förväntningar men också hjälpa högskolor och universitet att utforma utbildningen så att den bättre möter revisionsbyråernas förväntningar. / Existing literature has highlighted that an auditor has an important role in the market oriented society. The objective of audit is to create stability on the financial markets, as the auditor has the function of an impartial controller of the information that companies disclose to their stakeholders. Some studies argue that, to be able to perform this mission, auditors need knowledge in several areas during their career. Within the profession there are well established titles such as assistant, senior, manager and partner. However, despite the fact that these titles are so well established, there are no studies on how knowledge is developed and evolved through the career and how knowledge differs between the various titles. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to explore how knowledge is developed through the different stages in an auditors’ career. In our attempt to explore the development of knowledge, we have first developed a theoretical framework suggesting that auditors’ knowledge evolves from a theoretical knowledge towards professionalism which is defined as a skill. Subsequently, we have conducted a qualitative study based on ten interviews with auditors who have extensive work experience. The extensive work experience allows the respondents to reflect on their own knowledge, and how the knowledge has evolved through their career. The empirical evidence shows that theoretical knowledge is an important part of an auditor’s knowledge all the way through the career but it is constantly evolving, through education, due to the changes in the environment. These findings, combined with the growing responsibility in the daily work, implies that an auditor has to constantly increase the theoretical knowledge base. Already in the beginning of the career, professionalism is an important skill, but the higher in the hierarchy an auditor gets professionalism is seen as more and more important skill. This paper sheds light on how knowledge evolves through an auditor’s career and therefore it gives a contribution to students as it gives them a picture of the professions demands. Another contribution is to the education system as this paper allows tertiary education to be formed so it better meets the demands from the audit companies.

Abstract The only observable outcome of the audit process is normally the issued audit report, which, at least in its standard form, does not contain much information about audit quality (Balsam et al. 2003). Auditor quality is multidimensional and inherently unobservable, and there is no single auditor characteristic that can be used as a proxy for it. In the absence of direct measures for quality, audit consumers must assess the quality by using quality surrogates, or the overall reputation of an auditor (e.g. Shapiro 1983, Riley 2001). The purpose of this dissertation is to enhance our understanding of the determinants and implications of quality-differentiated audits through four inter-related essays. The findings of the essays shed light on the various ways in which client firms strive to signal high audit and consequent earnings quality. From the supply-side perspective, the essays of this dissertation provide evidence how some (individual) auditors have been able to establish a reputation higher than the generic reputation. Importantly, this dissertation adds to the ongoing debate about the regulator changes and initiatives in the European Union and the U.S.A. requiring disclosure of engagement partner identity. The rationale behind such a requirement is that it could bring within investors’ reach greater transparency and accountability in the auditing process thereby helping to restore investor confidence in the capital markets. Consistent with this rationale, the results of this dissertation support the view that audit markets (and/or firm insiders) infer audit quality, at least to some extent, from the characteristics of the individual audit partner in charge.

I have focused on the final accounts audit from the accounting entity view in my graduation thesis. The first part of my thesis is theoretical, and it is formed by fundamental terms explanation in the field of audit. Next part is dealing with the problem analysis, which will be solved in the practice part, and what is the accounting entity position at the time of audit. The last part is the practice part, which is dealing with the accounting entity rights and duties during the audit. The practice part should serve as the manual for the companies, which do not know what the audit amounts to, how to get prepared for and what does it result from in the case of the verification of final accounts by the auditor for them.

The primary goal of this study is to identify the influence of auditor incentives in audit quality and how and why it influences the auditor in practice in south Asian countries like Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. This research will be relevant to authorities like audit firms, regulators, practitioners, and academics and it will be helpful to make the standard setup to establish the methods or procedures to offer the incentives which can be matched with the global context.  Theoretical concepts are based on previous research and publications regarding incentives, technological use in audit, auditor motivation, auditor behaviour, audit report and audit quality. Literature was used to derive the research gap and research questions. According to the literature, there is no universal definition to define the audit quality and presently, it is applying the standard frameworks to overcome that requirement. In this study, the authors also identified such frameworks and were mainly concerned about the Knechel et al, (2013) and IAASB (2014). According to the Knechel et al, (2013), the authors recognized the audit quality indicators under input, process, context, and outcome.  The study is conducted based on the Interpretivism paradigm as qualitative research concerning subjective viewpoints of ontology and humanist ways. For this thesis purpose the authors use semi-structured interviews with auditors from big four, private firm and large local audit firm in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh as it helps to develop the findings, because these sorts of interviews provide detailed answers to the questions, interviewer can change the questions during the interview session according to the answer of the interviewee. From each country six participants have been chosen to conduct the interview.  The findings shows that auditor incentives have influenced on audit quality. Auditors who are highly motivated with incentives can produce audit report with free of misstatement. Moreover, Bangladeshi audit firms are not using technology and automation for auditing and accounting system except big four, whereas Sri Lankan audit firm are conducting their auditing and accounting through automation. Finally, the authors found that the Incentives, it may be financial or non-financial, are motivating the auditors and then auditors are doing their best effort to deliver the quality audit report.

This thesis focuses on lead auditors’ differences in terms of client portfolios and  performances. First, lead auditors are surveyed and their responses on professional scepticism linked to their performances. Second, survey and archival data are combined to check whether self-control is related to performance. Third, lead auditors’ client portfolios are examined with regard to industry similarity, portfolio dispersion and client grouping. Finally, auditors’ independence is tested in the  private firm setting. Overall, the findings indicate that performance is not homogenous across lead auditors in the same (tier) audit firm(s), and that the characteristics of lead auditors and accounting firms are determinants that partly explain the differences. / Avhandlingen fokuserar på skillnader i klientportföljer och prestation mellan ansvariga (alternativt påskrivande) revisorer och består av fyra huvudsakliga delar (alternativt studier). I den första delen kopplas mått på professionell skepticism, som bygger på enkätsvar från ansvariga revisorer, till prestation. I den andra delen kombineras enkätdata med arkivdata för att undersöka sambandet mellan självkontroll och prestation. I den tredje delen analyseras revisorernas klientportföljer utifrån dimensionerna branschtillhörighet, klientgruppering och portföljspridning. I den sista delen genomförs tester av revisorns oberoende för uppdrag i privata företag. Sammantaget indikerar resultaten att prestation varierar mellan revisorer från samma revisionsbyrå och att egenskaper hos ansvariga revisorer och revisionsbyråer delvis kan förklara dessa skillnader.