D.Ed. (Education Management) / This research departs from the premise that within the school, the principal as a professional leader, is vested with some kind of authority which he' exercises in order to ensure effective and efficient management of his school. He is the central authoritative body and the pivot on which management powers and their delegation " hinge. He derives this apparent authoritative legal status from his position as a principal and professional leader ofa school (Bray, 1988:44). Placed in this situation, the principal is called upon to utilize a wide range of competencies in carrying out his job and delegation is one of the most important management techniques he must rely on, if he wants to be successful. However, delegation of authority does require consideration of some legal implications such as the legal limitation that certain tasks delegated by law cannot be further delegated. Schools, like other organizations, are legally established organizations set up to serve specific functions, and like all organizations, they need to be administered and properly managed. Invariably, within the school final authority over most aspects of schooling rests with the school principal. Engelking (in Hostrop,1990:200) argues that "the principal of a successful high school is an initiator, one who displays creativity and vision in decision-making, one who is able to delegate responsibility as appropriate and analyzes information relative to school problems"...

M.Ed. (Educational Management) / Continuous changes and renewal take place in the field of technology as well as in the field of education. Consequently increasing demands are made on the educational leader as manager and his managerial task becomes very comprehensive. No educational leader, however, can cope with all these demands unless he delegates authority and responsibility effectively. This study focuses on delegation of authority and responsibility as part of the managerial task of the educational leader and as a subordinate task of organising without which the efficient functioning of the school as an organisation cannot be realized. For the realization of effective delegation, it is absolutely essential that the educational leader possess knowledge of the factors which may influence the task of delegation. These factors relate to the delegator as well as to the delegate and may lead to non-effective delegation practices. Several guidelines, for example educational leader as well as for proper training for the subordinate to the whom authority and responsibility is delegated, effective communication and motivation, making use of correct feedback and time-management techniques and the utilization of the right person for the right task, can be followed in order to realize effective delegation.

This thesis will analyse the pros and cons of a module-based approach versus the currently existing certificate schemes and the proposed requirements for a module-based certificate scheme to serve as a plausible identity verification system. We will present a possible model and evaluate it in respect to the existing solutions and our set of identified requirements.

Socrate dirait que le Dieu a créé la forme de la chaise, que les artisans fabriquent d’autres chaises d’après cette forme, et que les artistes créent des chaises artistiques d’après des chaises fabriquées par les artisans. Il y a une vérité dans ces idées. La chaise est la chaise, elle a une forme propre à elle. Elle ne prend pas la forme d’un piano, ni celle d’un lit. Ces idées conduisent à la définition, la forme, la fabrication, l’utilisation, la transformation et la signification de la chaise. On attribue, dès l’ancienne Égypte, deux fonctions à la chaise : une matérielle (s’asseoir) et une immatérielle (symboliser). Quand la chaise est utilisée dans l’activité sociale, politique ou artistique (transformée, détruite, reconstruite, etc.), elle est symbolique (elle symbolise), et c’est la seule condition dans laquelle la chaise peut dénoter et signifier. Entrons en contact avec la chaise pour qu’elle puisse signifier ! Un changement apparut à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle. Les designers ont conçu et fabriqué une grande diversité de chaises novatrices à la fois utilitaires et artistiques ou classiques dans leurs œuvres d’art. Bien que les designers aient cherché de nouvelles formes, leurs chaises étaient encore pourvues de la forme de base (pieds, siège et dossier) donnant la fonction fondamentale : s’asseoir. Il apparaît que la forme de la chaise soit déjà définie. Par qui la forme de la chaise fut-elle définie ? Par quoi la chaise signifie-t-elle ? / Socrates would say that the God created the form of the chair, that the craftsmen make other chairs according to this form, and that the artists create artistic chairs according to chairs made by the craftsmen. There is a truth in these ideas. The chair is the chair, it has its own form. It does not take the form of a piano, nor that of a bed. These ideas lead to the definition, the form, the manufacture, the use, the transformation and the significance of the chair. The human beings, from ancient Egypt, attributed two functions to the chair: one is material (sit) and the other is immaterial (symbolize). If the chair is used in a social, political or artistic activity (transformed, destroyed, rebuilt, etc.), it is symbolic (or symbolizing), this is the only condition where the chair can denote and signify. Get into contact with the chair so that it can mean! A change appeared from the end of the 19th century, designers designed and built a wide variety of innovative chairs, both utilitarian and artistic when the artists used simple and ordinary chairs or classical chairs in their art works. Although designers have sought new forms, but their chairs were still provided with the basic form (legs, seat and backrest) providing the fundamental function : sit. It appears that the form of the chair has already been defined. Who defined the form of the chair ? What does the chair mean?

Implementation of the Flood and Water Management Act (2010) will place increased responsibility on local planning authorities (LPAs) in England for planning approval and future maintenance of sustainable drainage (SUDS) installations. LPAs have limited experience in assessing SUDS, and there is a need for additional guidance to support decision making. A method was developed to analyse environmental and institutional characteristics of existing published datasets using a Geographical Information System (GIS), and to create maps indicating feasible locations for SUDS devices at the strategic scale of a full LPA area. The method was applied to an example study site: Coventry, UK, covering 98.7 km2, of which 33% was impermeable, estimated from Ordnance Survey land cover. The method was reliant on the accuracy of the underlying datasets, although data uncertainties were identified, e.g. the incorrect classification of some land cover and lack of definition in private gardens. Construction of a framework allowed a structured approach to collection and presentation of information, and is a point of reference for other strategic scale investigations of SUDS feasibility. Feasibility maps were generated for SUDS in new developments, on both greenfield and previously developed land, and for retrofit of existing developments, across five main categories of SUDS: source control, infiltration, filtration, conveyance, and detention & retention. In new developments, source control, filtration and detention & retention SUDS were possible in 99% of Coventry, filtration SUDS in 95% and infiltration solutions 17%. The higher number of restrictions imposed on retrofit resulted in a smaller area where SUDS were feasible: source control 68%, infiltration 11%, filtration 64%, conveyance 57% and detention 79%. Soil impermeability and depth to water table were the principal spatial limitations on infiltration and detention SUDS in new developments. Water bodies imposed the small number of restrictions on source control, filtration and conveyance in new developments. Existing land cover was the main driver of feasible locations for retrofit. Smaller parcels of land were available for retrofit (median 35 m2) than for new development (median 100 m2). Private gardens occupied 23% of the city, forming a large part of suburban land cover. Large scale retrofit in these areas would necessitate convincing a significant number of individual landowners of the benefits of SUDS. Use of feasibility maps created using the method developed in this research might encourage more specific and earlier consideration of SUDS in the planning process. Retrofit feasibility maps, in conjunction with datasets identifying problem locations, would assist strategic reviews of SUDS options.

Businesses are continually striving to become more efficient. In an effort to achieve optimal efficiency, many companies have been forced to re-evaluate the efficiency of their business processes. Consequently, the term “business process re-engineering” (BPR) has been given to the activity of restructuring organizational policies and methods for conducting business. The refinement of business processes is the primary motivation behind the development of automated work- flow systems that ensure the secure and efficient flow of information between activities and participants that constitute the business process. A workflow is an automated business process that comprises a number of related tasks. When these tasks are executed in a systematic way, they contribute to the fulfilment of some goal. The order in which workflow tasks execute is of great significance because these tasks are typically dependent on each other. A workflow management system (WFMS) is responsible for scheduling the systematic execution of workflow tasks whilst considering the dependencies that exist between them. Businesses are realizing the necessity of information management in the functioning and general management of a company. They are recognizing the important role that information security has to play in ensuring that accurate information that is relevant is gathered, applied and maintained to enhance the company’s service to its customers. In a workflow context, information security primarily involves the implementation of access control security mechanisms. These mechanisms help ensure that task dependencies are coordinated and that tasks are performed by authorized subjects only. In doing so, they also assist in the maintenance of object integrity. TheWorkflow Authorization Model (WAM) was developed by Atluri and Huang [AH96b, HA99] with the specific intention of addressing the security requirements of workflow environments. It primarily addresses the granting and revoking of authorizations in a WFMS. TheWAM satisfies most criteria that are required of an optimal access control model. These criteria are the enforcement of separation of duties, the handling of temporal constraints, a role-based application and the synchronization of workflow with authorization flow. Some of these conditions cannot be met through pure role-based access control (RBAC) mechanisms. This dissertation addresses the delegation of task authorizations within a work- flow process by subject roles in the organizational structure. In doing this, a role may have the authority to delegate responsibility for task execution to another individual in a role set. This individual may potentially belong to a role other than the role explicitly authorized to perform the task in question. The proposed model will work within the constraints that are enforced by the WAM. Therefore, the WAM will play a part in determining whether delegation may be approved. This implies that the delegation model may not override any dynamically defined security constraints. The Delegation Authorization Model (DAM) proposed assists in distributing workloads amongst subject roles within an organization, by allowing subjects to delegate task responsibilities to other subjects according to restrictions imposed by security policies. As yet, this area of research has not received much attention. / Prof. M.S. Olivier

D.Ed. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.Comm. (Tourism and Hospitality Management) / Community-based tourism is increasingly being developed and promoted as a means of reducing poverty in developing countries whereby the needs of local communities are met through the offering of a tourism product. The Swaziland Tourism Authority (STA) with the support of the European Union Fund has made significant contributions to the development of community-based tourism in Swaziland enabling rural communities to successfully develop tourist attractions. However, whilst many community-based tourism ventures have been established in developing countries, their operations have not been monitored properly. The same scenario exists in Swaziland where, at the operational level, when the projects are completely left in the hands of the communities, these projects seem to lack the drive and stagnate. It is apparent that most of these community-based tourism ventures are faced with a number of challenges at operational level. This study, therefore, investigated these operational challenges facing community-based tourism in Swaziland. The study used the mixed methods research design whereby qualitative data was collected through in-depth interviews, focus group interviews and participant observation. Quantitative data was collected from visitors to community-based tourism ventures through questionnaires. From the findings of the study, it was clear that operational challenges ranged from poor management to lack of operational resources and impatient communities among others. The report concludes by stating recommendations to possible solutions to these operational challenges.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of History / Robert D. Linder / Evangelical Christians represented a growing and influential subset of American Protestantism in the northern colonies of British America at the time of the War for Independence. Almost a century later, when southern states chose to secede from the Union, evangelical Christianity embodied the most vital expression of American religion, having been widely spread across the nation by decades of revivals. Central to their faith was a commitment to the authority of the Bible in every area of life, including political life. The New Testament seemed to command Christians to obey civil authorities. So, why did northern evangelicals overwhelmingly support the rebellion against English rule, but later criticize southern Christians for rebelling against the Union? Or why, on the other hand, were both of these actions not equally rebellious against civil authority? This dissertation argues that northern evangelical Christians employed Romans 13:1-7 between 1763 and 1863 as a political text either to resist or to promote submission to civil authority in pursuit of an America whose greatness as a democratic republic would be defined primarily by its religious character as an evangelical Protestant Christian nation. The chronological scope of this project spans the century between the end of French and Indian or Seven Years War (1763)—a crucial turning point in Colonial America’s sense of identity in relation to Great Britain—and President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation (1863)—a crucial turning point in America’s sense of identity over the issue of slavery. Thus, the work explores the debate over American identity during the late-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries from a prominent religious perspective in light of changing understandings of the concept of submission to civil authority. The author views Romans 13:1-7 as a pivotal New Testament text informing evangelical Christian political theory in America between the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. Convictions forged by northern evangelicals in the colonial era regarding America’s status as “chosen” by God, and their attempts to construct a Christian democratic republic on this basis in the nineteenth century drove conscientious adherents of biblical authority to debate and periodically reassess the meaning of these verses in the American context. In this way, evangelicals contributed to the development of a concept that historians would later call “American exceptionalism.” Northern evangelicals, in particular, hoped to define America’s uniqueness by the degree to which those in civil authority reflected and reinforced Protestant Christian values and wedded these to American democratic republican identity. So long as the United States government fostered the attainment of their religious ideal for the nation, northern evangelicals promoted virtually absolute submission to civil authority on the basis of the command, “Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers,” found in Romans 13:1. But when they perceived the state to threaten their goal of a national Christian identity, highly qualified explanations of Romans 13:1 prevailed in northern evangelical pulpits and publications.

From Introduction: The Artist was denied any role in Plato's Republic because of his ability to impair reason by imitating reality through his works. Aristotle, however, welcomed the artist because of his ability to express ideas about society through artistic form. Ernst Fischer agrees with the latter view, "Art enables man to comprehend reality, and not only helps him to bear it but increases his determination to make it more human and more worthy of mankind. Art is itself a social reality, society needs the artist ... and it has a right to demand of him that he should be conscious of his social function" (Fischer: 1963:46). Fischer adds to Aristotle's view by stating that society has a right to demand a social function from the artist. This issue has been the subject of controversial debate throughout the history of art. In a society based on class, the classes try to recruit art to serve their particular purposes. Art is seen by some as a powerful weapon - a means by which people can be swayed towards certain ideals. At the time of the Counter Reformation Italian artists were given strict instructions by the Jesuits on how to persuade and educate the people with their paintings. Napoleon urged his men of letters, painters and architects to refer to the classical ideals of ancient Greece and Rome to shape the emergent French Republic. The French philosopher, Dennis Diderot, stressed the futility of art unless it expressed great prinCiples or lessons for the spectator. Ideals of justice, courage and patriotism were embodied in the Neo-Classical movement. The didactic paintings of Jacques Louis David portray the above ideals. History records several attempts by those in power to coerce artists into conforming to their idea of society, indicating that authoritative manipulation of the arts is not purely a twentieth century phenomenon. This thesis intends to examine aspects of Russian art since 1917. Because Soviet art was dominated by policies which enabled authorities to determine its content, its history raises ideological issues which are relevant to the study of art. The theories of Suprematism, Constructivism and Socialist Realism will be discussed and conclusions will be drawn as to whether these theories succeeded as art movements which were ostensibly designed for the improvement of mankind. Present attitudes toward the visual arts in Russia will also be examined. However, in order to examine the above it is necessary to place the development of art into historical perspective.