Bien qu’en théorie étrangère à notre modèle juridique, la notion de précédent n’est plus un tabou pour lesacteurs juridictionnels qui osent enfin « parler » d’une pratique jusqu’alors restée officieuse, voire hérétique dans notre tradition juridique. Attentifs à la réception et au respect de leurs décisions, les juges suprêmes français ont relancé la réflexion autour du précédent. S’inscrivant dans un questionnement global sur la fonction de juger, le recours au précédent exprime une certaine représentation de l’art de juger. Dès lors, il convient de s’interroger sur les raisons qui conduisent les juges suprêmes français à y faire référence en dépit des interdits historiques et théoriques. Manifestation de la mémoire du juge, la référence au précédent est inhérente à la fonction de juger ce qui explique que le juge y ait recours. Ancré dans son passé et acteur de son temps, le juge peut alors affirmer son propre pouvoir et s’arracher à la représentation traditionnelle de son office. En convoquant son précédent, le juge convoque sa loi source de son propre pouvoir, lui permettant en retour de s’imposer comme un être conscient de lui-même et de son pouvoir normatif. / Although foreign to our legal model, the rule of precedent is no longer a taboo for judicial actors who finally dare to speak of a practice hitherto remained unofficial and even heretical in our legal tradition. Attentive to the reception and respect for their decisions, the French supreme judges have revived the debate around the precedent. As part of a global questioning of the judicial function, use of precedent expresses a certain representation of the art of judging. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the reasons that lead French supreme judges to refer to their precedent in spite of the historical and theoretical prohibited. Judge’s memory manifestation, the reference to the precedent is inherent in the judicial function which explains that the judge would resort. Rooted in its past and actor of his present, the judge can assert his own power and break away from the traditional representation of his office. By calling its precedent, the judge summoned the source of his power law, enabling it in turn to establish itself as a conscious being of himself and of its normative power.

No abstract available. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Public Law / unrestricted

This work is will deal with the amount of costs and personal provisions with a view to the performance of regulations of independent regulatory authorities in the Czech Republic from 2001 until the present day. Independent regulatory authorities are characteristic for their specific placement within the hierarchy of state administration, their independence from the political will, and they are financed from the state budget. This work aims to find out what is the proportion of costs related to the output of regulations of independent regulatory authorities to the overall costs linked to the output of state administration, and analyze the development of this indicator in the aforesaid period. In the same way, the development in the personnel area will be analysed. As the source for data analysis will be primarily used annual reports of selected regulatory authorities, The Czech Statistical Authority and Ministry of Finance. The amount of regulations by the state and reinforcing or streamlining of the functions of the state administrations -- these are the topics of constant scholarly discussions both in the economic and political fields. At present, The European Commission requires that the Czech Republic establish two new independent regulatory authorities in the fields of railway transport and water management. The reason to establish an independent regulatory authority shall be to make sure of equal conditions of liberalized market of railway transportation and functioning of independent regulatory authority in the water-management field, as stated in the conditions of European Commission for subsidizing in the period between 2014 and 2020. The theoretical part will define the terms of regulations and describe the concepts of economic theories related to the regulations controlled by the state. Furthermore, the theoretical part will focus on definitions of independent regulatory authority and will describe the historical development of independent regulatory authorities. The practical part will concern itself with the institutional and legal framework, competency and activities of independent regulatory authorities. Furthermore, their budget and personnel aspects will be analysed. The goal of the Thesis is to analyse the development of costs and personnel scope of independent regulatory authorities with a view to the overall costs linked to the state administration and to the overall personnel provisions of the state administration in the mentioned period.

Résumé non transmis / Summary not transmitted

Esta tese tem como tema central o conceito de autoridade e as relações de poder ligadas à família e aos discursos sociais de diferentes períodos históricos e das últimas décadas do século XX e começo do século XXI. O objeto de pesquisa constitui-se a partir da pergunta: “De que modos têm se construído discursivamente as figuras de autoridade?”. O referencial teórico principal abarca os conceitos de: autoridade, de Hannah Arendt; relações de poder, de Michel Foucault; memória, de Henri Bergson; experiência, de Walter Benjamin; narrativa e transmissão, em um sentido mais amplo, pelo viés filosófico e psicanalítico, a partir de vários autores. Como metodologia de pesquisa, além da revisão de dados históricos, adotou-se a perspectiva de inspiração genealógica de Michel Foucault, aliada à análise de narrativas intergeracionais. O material empírico foi obtido a partir de doze entrevistas abertas em forma de narrativa, com pessoas oriundas de quatro famílias diferentes, e com a seguinte relação familiar: avó, pai ou mãe, filho ou filha (até dez anos de idade). Os dados obtidos indicam que é possível analisar a transmissibilidade inerente às relações familiares, que perpassam as gerações, no que diz respeito ao tema da educação e às relações de poder. As narrativas obtidas dão visibilidade a vários processos de instauração, afirmação, questionamento e negação de figuras de autoridade; de definição dos lugares de poder, de quem pode mandar e quem deve obedecer; de saudosismo em relação à própria infância. A autoridade foi observada e compreendida como construção de realidades discursivas, as quais podem se apresentar e ser verbalizadas por dimensões corporais ou afetivas, em narrativas intergeracionais. Conclui-se que a paulatina abdicação de castigos físicos e a intensificação do diálogo na relação entre pais e filhos provocaram mudanças consideráveis nos processos educativos. O espaço à fala concedido às crianças tem reconfigurado as relações com os adultos, os quais procuram estabelecer modos de construir-se e narrar-se como figuras de autoridade, que se pautem para além do autoritarismo e do medo infligido às gerações de outras décadas. Defende-se a tese de que a autoridade encontra-se atualmente em um lugar de desejo, em uma busca por responsabilidades parentais que almejam ser alcançadas e de um lugar que se deseja ocupar. Os pais têm se sentido incumbidos de se assumir como figuras de autoridade, de afeto, de diálogo e de relações mais democráticas; tudo em um mesmo lugar, em uma só pessoa – persistindo, ainda, impressões um tanto negativas e com teor de autoritarismo sobre o conceito de autoridade. Essas impressões dizem respeito à construção conceitual e a suas respectivas rupturas e descontinuidades, bem como à memória coletiva dos conceitos, transmitida a diferentes gerações. / This dissertation is focused on the concept of authority and power relations connected to family and social discourses of different historical periods and the last decades of the twentieth century and early twenty-first century. The object of research is constituted from the starting question: "In what ways have the authority figures constructed discursively?". The main theoretical framework embraces the concepts of authority, by Hannah Arendt; relations of power, by Michel Foucault; memory, by Henri Bergson; experience, by Walter Benjamin; narrative and transmission, in a broader sense, through the philosophical and psychoanalytic bias from various authors. As a research methodology, besides historical data review, we adopted the perspective of genealogy inspired from Michel Foucault, associated with the analysis of intergenerational narratives. The empirical material was obtained from twelve open interviews in narrative form, composed by people from four different families, and the following family relationship: grandmother, father or mother, son or daughter (up to ten years old). The acquired data indicate that it is possible to analyze the inherent transferability to family relationships that pervade the generations, regarding the issue of education and relations of power. The obtained narratives give visibility to several processes of establishment, affirmation, questioning and denial of authority figures; of definition power positions, who can order and who must obey; of nostalgia related to one's own childhood. The authority has been seen and understood as a construction of discursive realities, which can be presented and verbalized by bodily or affective dimensions, in intergenerational narratives. The conclusion is that the gradual abdication of physical punishment and the enhancement of conversation on the parentchild relations caused considerable changes in the educational processes. The opportunity of talking given to children has reconfigured their relationships with adults, who seek to establish ways to build and narrate themselves as authority figures, that are molded beyond the authoritarianism and the fear inflicted on past generations. The paper defends the idea that the authority is currently in a place of desire, in a quest for parental responsibilities that aims to be achieved and a place that is desired to be taken. Parents have been feeling entrusted to take over as figures of authority, affection, conversation and more democratic relations; everything in one position, in one person – remaining, yet, somewhat negative impressions and with the content of authoritarianism on the concept of authority. These impressions are concerned to the conceptual construction and their respective ruptures and discontinuities, as well as the collective memory of concepts, transmitted to different generations.

Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-06-19T16:00:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2012-dissertacao-VirginiaPereira.pdf: 1650942 bytes, checksum: c5f6db4982d141a18463723d62769ab3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-19T16:00:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2012-dissertacao-VirginiaPereira.pdf: 1650942 bytes, checksum: c5f6db4982d141a18463723d62769ab3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Nesta dissertação reunimos contribuições sócio-antropológicas para refletir sobre o serviço doméstico remunerado a partir de uma perspectiva histórico-cultural. O conceito de emprego doméstico e as noções de servilismo indecentee de autoridade, defendidas por Sennett, são tomadas como referências para a análise dos dados empíricos. Além da revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, abordamos o imaginário social -alimentado por longos anos de escravidão -, para pensar sobre as sutilezas ideológicas que dão sentido e “forma” à atividade hoje. O trabalho de campo foi realizado na cidade do Recife no ano de 2011, quando foram ouvidas quinze empregadas domésticas. Os achados empíricos revelaram diferenças de percepções e vivências particularmente assinaladas pelas representações geracionais. Grosso modo, o emprego doméstico adquiriu significações de fatalidade (consequências “naturais” das relações de gênero e de classe) para as mulheres mais velhas enquanto as mais jovens perceberam a ocupação como secundária e transitória. A atividade é fortemente marcada por ambivalências evidenciadas no dia-a-dia, mas as afetividades desenvolvidas não dissolvemas “distâncias sociais” entre os sujeitos da relação. Os depoimentos colhidos revelaram que a regulamentação plena da profissão no Brasil tem efeito positivo na autoestimadas trabalhadoras, por outro lado, vantagens típicas do “mundo informal”, como as trocas de “agrados”, são apontadas pelas profissionais como aspectos positivos relevantes no serviço doméstico remunerado. O sentimento de exploração demasiada e do servilismo indecentefoi manifestado em diferentes níveis por quase todas as entrevistadas, mas sofreu variações de acordo o vínculo contratual: mensalista ou diarista. / In this dissertation we put together socio anthropological contributions to think about the gainful domestic service from a historical cultural perspective. The concept of domestic job and the notions of indecentsycophancyand authority, defended by Sennett, are taken as references for the empiric data analysis. Besides the bibliography review on the theme, we will approach the social imaginary –fed by long years of slavery -, to think about the ideological subtleties which give meaning and “shape” to the activity nowadays. The fieldwork was done inthe city of Recife, in the year of 2011, when fifteen maids were heard. The empiric data revealed differences on the perception and existence, particularly pointed by the generational representations. Roughly, the domestic job has acquired meanings of fatality (“natural” consequences of gender and class relations) to the older women while the younger ones noticed the occupation as secondary and temporary. The activityis strongly marked by ambivalences which are substantiated from day to day, but the affectivities developed do not sweeten the “social distances”between the subjects in the relationship. The obtained testimonies revealed that the full regulation of the profession in Brazil has a positive effect in the self-esteem of the maids. On the other hand, typical advantages from the “informal world”, like the “gift” exchange, are pointed by the professionals as relevant and positive aspects from what is worth at the domestic service. The feeling of excessive exploitation and the indecent sycophancywas revealed in different levels by almost all the interviewed, but it suffered variations according to the employment link: monthly or daily workers.

L’étude de la puissance paternelle de la mère sur les enfants légitimes de 1804 à 1970 retrace l’évolution de l’autorité de la mère et la place qui lui est faite dans l’organisation de la famille au sein du Code civil. Toutes les situations familiales sont envisagées afin de faire ressortir l’autorité de la mère sous différentes formes, que l’exercice de cette puissance soit commun, subordonné ou direct lorsque la mère devient chef de famille. Le raisonnement de départ et son évolution ultérieure sont appréhendés dans le cadre d’un processus historique évolutif en faveur de cette puissance paternelle de la mère. Au-delà du champ strictement juridique, certaines questions corrélatives sur la condition de la femme, l’émergence du féminisme, des guerres et de l’industrialisation retracent en définitive la place de la femme au sein de la famille et de la société. Fruit de métamorphoses politiques, économiques et sociales, la loi du 4 juin 1970 viendra mettre dans les mots ce que les faits appellent depuis longtemps, à savoir une autorité parentale commune au père et à la mère. / This study of a mother's parental power over children born in lawful wedlock from 1804 to 1970, traces the evolution of matriarchal authority and a mother's place within the family structure, pursuant to the Civil Code. Every kind of family situation is contemplated in order to highlight matriarchal authority in its different forms, whether the exercise of this power is common, subordinated, or direct, when the mother becomes the head of the family. Initial reasoning and subsequent developments thereto are explored within the context of an evolutionary historical process to examine a mother's parental power. Beyond the strictly legal field, certain correlative questions relating to the status of women, the emergence of feminism, wars and industrialisation, ultimately retrace the place of women within families and society. As a product of political, economic and social transformations, the law of June 4, 1970, came to enact facts that had been called for by society for a long time, namely, joint parental authority shared by both the father and the mother.

This study seeks to investigate how authority patterns have changed over time in the Indian districts Guntur and Krishna, by focusing on authority patterns as social relationships. Previous research on authority patterns often focuses on authority patterns as regime types, describing whether a regime is democratic or autocratic. This study takes a different approach using Harry Eckstein’s definition of authority pattens as a subset of human asymmetric relationships, relationships constructing the hierarchy in society. Social hierarchies guide human behaviour and predicts well-being and even survival, why it is important to understand their nature. In order to answer the research question of this thesis, a qualitative method and a ”strategy of change” (comparison over time) is used. Three points in time are analysed: the 1960s, 1980s and 2010s. In 1961 political scientist Myron Weiner conducted a field study regarding political participation in five Indian districts, and in 1985 the professor of international affairs Atul Kohli redid his study in order to compare local politics over time. The main contribution of this thesis is to pick up where Kohli left off, and once again analyse contemporary local politics in one of the districts and compare the findings to Weiner’s and Kohli’s. This design offers a unique opportunity to compare local Indian politics, and authority patterns, over the course of nearly 60 years. It is shown that authority patterns have changed over time, mostly because of the intertwined process of changing caste dynamics. However, the findings indicate that authority patterns in itself is an ambiguous concept, why future research is needed to get a deeper understanding of the nature of authority patterns.

The aim of the diploma thesis submitted is preparation of project documentation for construction of new municipal authority building. The building will be situated in the center of municipality Dlha nad Kysucou. The building is divided into the municipality office and hall for social occasions. The building is detached, with partial basement and two floors. Small and large halls are situated on the ground floor. Municipality offices can be found on the first floor. Foundations of the building are formed by foundation strips of regular concrete. Wall construction system, Porotherm blocks are used for vertical structures of the building. Horizontal structures were built using celling panels Spiroll, made out of ferroconcrete. Flat single ply roof has standard order of layers.

Animal by-products (ABPs) can be a source for infectious diseases like BSE (mad cow disease) and to prevent spreading infectious diseases inspection of ABPs are necessary. The purpose of this study was to identify the problems that municipalities in Sweden experience with the inspection of ABPs and develop some solutions for these problems. The purpose was also to investigate whether amount and type of problems experienced by municipalities are depending on population size. The study was carried out in collaboration with Piteå municipality, with the aim to support municipalities and other central authorities in their work with inspection of ABPs. Data were collected through a survey that was sent to all municipalities in Sweden and approximately 60% of the municipalities participated in this study. Lack of knowledge, lack of time due to high workload and lack of support from central authorities were some of the most common problems that municipalities experienced. As a consequence, inspections get down prioritized or are not carried out at all. The study shows that there is a significant difference in the amount of problems that municipalities experience depending on the population. Large municipalities experience more problems than small and medium sized municipalities. The study also shows how municipalities can identify companies that manage ABPs. This study highlights that municipalities urgent need effective guidelines and support from central authorities, otherwise the control of ABPs is neglected, which - in worst case scenario - can lead to outbreaks of infectious diseases.