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This article proposes a way of understanding consciousness in both dialectical and dialogical terms. More particularly, Vygotsky (1978, 1934/1986) argues that consciousness involves a number of dialectical progressions (e.g., from primitive to cultural knowing, from basic to expert knowing). These dialectics involve a dynamic reorganization of the subcomponents of consciousness (e.g., memory, attention, perception) along a developmental continuum. Bakhtin (1975/1981, 1929/1984a), on the other hand, draws attention to the dialogical within consciousness; specifically the ideology and values that imbue consciousness as a type of knowing. This presents us with a more "vertical" continuum between "authoritative knowing" (knowledge tied to a figure of authority) and "carnivalistic knowing" (knowledge that subverts and de-crowns our taken-for-granted assumptions). I examine the dynamics between these ways of knowing in terms of both the development and the operation of consciousness. I argue that while there are substantial differences between these frameworks, they also mutually enrich each other. In particular, I argue that Bakhtin's dialogics draw attention to the presence of a sensing self within consciousness while Vygotsky's dialectical method can help make sense of a transformation of carnival and authority from an interpersonal to an intrapersonal relationship.

This article charts the development of the Palestinian Authority from its creation as an interim authority under the Oslo Accords towards becoming a failed (quasi-)state. By 2009 ¿ 15 years after its inception and ten years after the proposed final status negotiations ¿ the PA was split between a criminalized isolated entity in Gaza under the control of Hamas and an internationally recognized ¿caretaker government¿ in the West Bank under the control of Fatah and donor-supported technocrats. The role of violence ¿ i.e. the power of ¿shock and awe¿ ¿ in the creation of this failed (quasi-)state is emphasized: Israel's 2002 military campaign, Operation Defensive Shield, the sanctions and blockade imposed after the election of Hamas in January 2006, and the violence on the Palestinian street which split the PA in two. The article concludes by arguing that the PA failed (quasi-)state is presiding over the demise of the Palestinian dream of a viable state comprising both the West Bank and Gaza.

The Palestinian Authority (PA) offers an interesting case study of statebuilding in a conflict-country context. Created as an interim administration in the West Bank and Gaza in 1994, the PA has been hampered by the statebuilding framework enshrined in the Oslo Accords, its lack of sovereignty, the lack of final status negotiations, and the 'partners for peace' paradigm which is an attempt by donors and international organisations to support who they regard as the 'right' type of elite - that is, those willing to 'make peace' with Israel (as defined by Israel). This article explores the impacts of this paradigm and argues that it has paralysed the formal political process in Palestine and has securitised democracy.

This dissertation investigates changes in size, composition, and fiscal authority of government expenditure brought on by social disturbance by examining the effects of German reunification on government spending. This research tests several hypotheses using data on total spending and six major sub-policy spending categories between 1972 and 2006. First, this study identifies strong evidence of a large upward displacement effect following reunification, with a particular emphasis on social security spending. Second, this study finds a strong and positive correlation between per capita GDP and total spending as well as social security, education, and public safety spending, which confirms Wagner's Law. Results also reveal that unemployment rate is strongly and positively related to total spending and several sub policy categories both before and after reunification. Additionally, this study finds that the proportions of the youth and elderly populations are negatively associated with total spending after reunification. However, the proportion of the youth population is positively associated with per capita education spending, as the proportion of elderly population with social security spending. The results also show that economic openness has a strong positive impact on both total spending and economic services spending; however, the relationship between economic openness and social security, education, and health spending after reunification is negative. The right party control variable has no significant impact on total spending after reunification, though party control does seem to influence social security and defense spending. Furthermore, the election variable does not have a significant impact on spending except for a positive and significant impact on social security spending after reunification. On the other hand, the coalition government and the proportion of public employees variables have strong and positive impacts on total spending and several sub-policy categories after reunification. The deficit ratio variable is found to have a positive and significant impact on total spending and public safety spending after reunification. Lastly, using a traditional expenditure ratio and a composite ratio to measure fiscal decentralization, this study finds that after reunification there is a trend towards fiscal centralization in total spending and social security, economic services, health, and public safety spending. / Ph. D.

Abstract:    Background: This study investigates Polismyndigheten (The Swedish Police Authority)  structure, recruitment challenges, and branding strategies. Despite extensive efforts, persistent recruitment shortages coincide with increasing crime rates. The authority employs multi-platform recruitment campaigns emphasizing both emotional and practical benefits of joining the police force. However, recruitment shortages persist, highlighting the difficulty in attracting qualified candidates to high-risk occupations.   Purpose: Public sector organizations like Polismyndigheten face challenges in attracting and retaining qualified individuals due to the risks of police work. This study investigates the motivations of individuals, especially police students, in pursuing high-risk occupations within the police force. Focusing on Borås Police Academy, it aims to enhance employer branding strategies.   Method: This qualitative study utilized semi-structured interviews with a selection of relevant participants from Borås Police Academy. Employing a deductive approach, the data were subjected to thematic analysis, enabling the identification of key themes and patterns. This method facilitated the interpretation and extraction of significant insights from the data.   Conclusion: Findings show internal values, societal influences, and personal aspirations as main motivators. While recruitment ads matter, employer benefits, societal impact, and personal growth opportunities are key. Suggestions for Polismyndigheten include aligning branding with student perceptions and emphasizing authenticity. Leveraging these insights can boost officer recruitment and retention, enhancing police advertising and public perception.

The diploma work in its theoretical part is concerned with the parental authority in the difficult period of adolescence. The first chapter defines the term of authority. To clarify it, individual types of authorities are described and further on, the parental authority is dealt with in detail. Most attention is paid to what affects formation of parental authority the most and in what ways this authority can be kept. The second chapter characterizes adolescence as a very difficult period in the life of every individual. At this stage a man becomes independent. Also, attitudes towards values, morals and authorities are formed, and/or the existing attitudes are changed. The third chapter concentrates on emotional bond. In the beginning I characterize individual types of emotional bonds, aspects of their origin and subsequent changes during the period of adolescence. The emotional bond influences quality of other emotional relations and is related to the stability of the parental educational effect during the whole period of education. The fourth chapter focuses on the educational method in family, which is based on the parent-child emotional relation. Another important factor is educational guidance. Individual types of educational methods in family are described here in detail. From this description it is...

Submitted by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-22T14:24:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 romanetto_lm_me_mar.pdf: 2455878 bytes, checksum: 25b85b9fc9e1542b5eccb4e8abac7954 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-22T14:25:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 romanetto_lm_me_mar.pdf: 2455878 bytes, checksum: 25b85b9fc9e1542b5eccb4e8abac7954 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T14:26:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 romanetto_lm_me_mar.pdf: 2455878 bytes, checksum: 25b85b9fc9e1542b5eccb4e8abac7954 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O controle de autoridade garante consistência aos sistemas de informação. Adotado na catalogação, o tema recebeu maior visibilidade durante a década de 1980 com a automação dos catálogos. Desde então, surgiram projetos direcionados ao intercâmbio e compartilhamento de dados de autoridade. O Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) é um consórcio de cooperação internacional entre bibliotecas e agências nacionais que disponibiliza arquivos de autoridade no Linking Open Data. Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o intuito de responder ao problema de pesquisa: como o controle de autoridade no VIAF contribui para a efetivação da Web Semântica de modo a proporcionar maior qualidade aos sistemas de busca e recuperação da informação? Para isso, foram definidos os objetivos: 1) descrever sobre os princípios, técnicas e padrões que proporcionam o controle de autoridade na catalogação; 2) analisar o controle de autoridade de nomes para pessoas, instituições e geográfico; 3) apresentar o VIAF, sua origem, as tecnologias envolvidas em sua estrutura e sua perspectiva de contribuição para a Web Semântica. A metodologia compreende um estudo qualitativo, de natureza aplicada, com objetivos exploratórios. Os resultados obtidos apresentam a abrangência internacional do VIAF e a caracterização sobre as tecnologias e a forma pela qual são estabelecidos os registros de autoridade no consórcio. Os registros de autoridade estabelecidos no VIAF compreendem a agregação de vocabulários de valor estabelecidos pelas principais agências catalogadoras no mundo, que têm sido adotados em Linking Open Data. / Authority control ensures consistency in information systems. Adopted in the cataloging, the theme received greater visibility from the automation of the catalogs, during the decade of 1980 with automation of catalogs. Since then emerged projects cooperation targeted to exchange and cooperation of authority data. The Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) is consortium of international cooperation between library and national agencies what provides authority file in the linking open data. This study was developed with intent to respond to research problem: how does the authority control in VIAF contributes to the effectiveness from the semantic web so provide higher quality to the search systems and information retrieval? For this were defined the objectives: 1) to describe about the principles, techniques and standards what provide authority control in cataloging; 2) to analyze authority control of names for people, institutions and geographical; 3) present the VIAF, your origin, the technologies involved in your structure and its perspective of contribution to the Semantic Web. The methodology comprises a qualitative study of an applied nature with exploratory objectives. The obtained results present the international scope of VIAF and characterization about the technologies and the way in which are established authority records in the consortium. The authority established the VIAF records comprise the vocabulary of aggregate value established by the main catalogers agencies in the world. What stands out to the importance relevance of the consortium to the international community.

Dans le contexte de la convergence, où une seule « plate-forme » est capable de fournir toutes les formes de communications possible, se pose la question de la fusion des organismes de réglementation distincts qui régulent, d’une part la communication audiovisuelle, d’autre part les télécommunications. C’est ainsi que fut créée une nouvelle institution par la loi n° 8867 du 29 février 2008 relative à la gestion et à l’installation de la Korea Communications Commission (KCC) en remplacement les deux autorités de régulation préexistantes qui dirigeaient l’audiovisuel et la télécommunication. Parallèlement, en France, depuis 2007, suite au rapport du sénateur Bruno RETAILLEAU, les pouvoirs publics se sont positionnés en faveur d’une éventuelle fusion à terme entre le CSA et l'ARCEP, la fusion de ces deux autorités de régulation permettant la gestion de l’audiovisuel et de la télécommunication par une même autorité de régulation. Pour autant, un tel projet de réforme n’est pas encore à l’ordre du jour et laisse de nombreuses questions en suspend, questions que la fusion coréenne n’est justement pas parvenu à répondre. Entre un système coréen qui joue le jeu de la convergence, sans pour autant que soit garanti l’indépendance du régulateur vis-à-vis du pouvoir exécutif, et un système français, garantissant autant ce faire se peut cette indépendance, tout en maintenant une séparation de la régulation de la communication audiovisuelle et des télécommunications, on peut s’interroger sur l’opportunité de chacun des deux régimes et sur le modèle le plus performant pour assurer la régulation du secteur de la communication audiovisuelle, tout en préservant la liberté de la communication, liberté fondamentale essentielle pour nos démocraties / In this convergence environment, only the « plate-forme » could be supply all of the communication formats. We wonder a question about the organization meltdown of the regulation, in the one side, the audiovisual communication and in the other side, the telecoms sector. Thus, a new institution has been created by the 29th February 2008 law n°8867 in matter of the setting and the management of the Korea Communications Commission (KCC) in place of the two preexisting regulation authorities whom run the audiovisual communication and the telecoms. In the same time, since 2007 in France, in consequence of the Senator Bruno RETAILLEAU report, the authorities took one’s stand for a possible fusion between The CSA and the ARCEP. This meltdown shall allow managing the audiovisual communication and the telecoms by the same regulation authority. However, this reform proposal is not still in the agenda, and raises new issues those even the Korean merger was not able to answer. Both the Korean system which runs with the convergence without a guarantee of the regulation independence in front of the State power, and the French system who guaranteed as possible this independence by separating the audiovisual communication regulation from the telecoms. We wonder on the appropriateness of the two systems, and which is the best performing to run the audiovisual communication regulation, to guarantee the independence of communication and the fundamental liberties which rule our democracies