Trata-se de estudo sobre a responsabilidade dos pais em caso de ato ilícito cometido pelo filho menor. Nos termos do artigo 932, I, do atual Código Civil brasileiro, os pais respondem pelos atos dos filhos que estiverem sob sua autoridade e em sua companhia. Nesse sentido, intenta-se esclarecer conceitos como paternidade, autoridade e companhia a fim de melhor compreender o alcance da norma. O exercício da autoridade parental e a garantia da vítima serão apresentados como fundamentos do dever dos pais de reparar os danos causados por seus filhos. Partindo-se desses fundamentos, busca-se também nova abordagem do instituto do poder familiar, levando em consideração a mudança na concepção das famílias nos últimos anos. O desempenho da autoridade por outras figuras, como os avós e os padrastos, permitem reflexões em torno da responsabilidade sobre os menores que estão sob seus cuidados, principalmente no que pertine ao dever de reparar os danos causados. Acerca do fenômeno da responsabilidade civil, atenta-se para a grande preocupação com a vítima, merecedora de indenização pelos prejuízos sofridos. A possibilidade de atingir o patrimônio de terceiros, independente da caracterização da culpa, sinaliza a garantia dada ao ofendido. A mesma importância merece o interesse do menor, seja no que diz respeito ao seu patrimônio, seja em suas relações existenciais. Em razão disso, o estudo também aborda o ato ilícito cometido por menores, partindo de uma releitura do regime das capacidades, a fim de considerar a análise da conduta culposa do ofensor a partir do seu possível discernimento. Os princípios constitucionais como melhor interesse da criança e do adolescente, dignidade da pessoa humana, solidariedade, igualdade e paternidade responsável figuram como diretrizes à compreensão do tema. / This study investigates parents responsibility in case of a tort committed by their minor child. Under Article 932, I, of the current Brazilian Civil Code, parents are liable for the acts of their children who are under their authority and in their company. In this paper, an attempt is made to clarify the concepts paternity, authority and company in order to better understand the scope of the rule. The authority over the children and victims guarantee will be presented as main parents responsibility to repair the damage caused by their kids. The study also seeks a new approach to define family power, taking into account the recent change of family definition. The authority of other people related to the child, such as grandparents or stepparents, brings some concerns about who has responsibilities over the minors, mainly related to the obligations of damage repair. Considering civil responsibility, it is important to compensate the victim for damages suffered. Being able to take part of the patrimony of any person responsible for the kid seems like a guarantee offered to the injured. The same value has been given to the lawbreaker, considering his patrimonial and no patrimonial goods. The study also reexamines the concept of the tort when committed by a minor. Starting from the idea of capacity, it reconsiders how the tort committed by a child must be analyzed. Adherence to constitutional principles in the best interests of the child or adolescent, as well as human dignity, solidarity, equality and responsible parenthood must all be used as guidelines for understanding the whole topic.

Since Sweden joined the European labor market there has been an increase of posted workers, primarily in the construction industry. The aim of this thesis is to study how the EU has affected the Swedish health and safety regulation in the case of posted workers in the construction industry and what room for maneuver there was on the government agency level in the application of the EU-regulations, during the period of 1994–2018. Three research questions are examined: 1) How has the number of posted workers in the construction industry changed? 2) How has the work environment for the posted workers in the construction industry developed? and 3) How has the Swedish Work Environment Authority ap-plied the work environment regulation for posted workers in the construction industry? The results show that there are major gaps in the statistics and enforcement. Most alarmingly, while the posted workers’ share of employment, according to public records, at its highest is around 2 percent, in 2018, their share (together with unregistered foreign workers) of the death accidents in 2008–2017 is much higher, at 14 percent. The EU has weakened the regulation but there have also been hindrances on the national level.

Cet essai a pour objectif de s'interroger sur l'approche philosophique de la liberté développée au travers des travaux d'Hannah Arendt. Selon cette auteure, la liberté est la raison d’être du politique. L’analyse arendtienne dénonce, à la fois l’aveuglement traditionnel de la philosophie à l’égard de la liberté et les impasses des sciences politiques et juridiques modernes dans leur tentative de définir la liberté comme souveraineté. En saisissant la condition humaine par la parole et l'action qui mettent en rapport les hommes, Hannah Arendt découvre, l’espace public de la pluralité agissante, exigence d’une compréhension du sens politique et de la convivance. Cette analyse des conditions du pouvoir nous a amené à mettre en évidence les failles du pouvoir politique en Afrique, les contradictions entre l'esprit fondateur des révolutions et la démesure de l'action politique des dirigeants africains. En bafouant le statut du citoyen en tant qu'acteur politique majeur, les dirigeants africains trahissent le fondement même de tout pouvoir démocratique. Dans l'espoir de restituer au citoyen africain son pouvoir d'acteur politique majeur, nous proposons une nouvelle approche démocratique que nous nommons giaminisante. Cette théorie recherche et établit les conditions et stratégies d’une démocratie à pouvoir fort, capable de rendre effective la prééminence du citoyen comme acteur politique, avant de le qualifier comme sujet de droits. / The objective of this essay is to examine the philosophical approach to freedom as developed in the works of Hannah Arendt. According to that writer, freedom is the purpose of politics. The Arendt analysis exposes both the traditional blindness of philosophy concerning freedom, and the blockages facing modern political science and law in their attempt to define freedom as sovereignty. In considering the human condition through the words and actions which bring people together, Hannah Arendt reveals the public space of the active majority, demanding an understanding of political sense and social interaction. This analysis of the conditions of power has led us to bring out the flaws in political power in Africa, the contradictions between the founding revolutionary spirit and the political excesses of African leaders. By making a mockery of the status of African citizens, African leaders betray the very foundation of democratic power. In the hope of restoring to African citizens their power as major political actors, we propose a new democratic approach which we have called giaminising. This theory looks for and establishes the conditions and strategies of a democracy capable of affirming the pre-eminence of the citizen as political actor, and this before making him or her the subject of rights.

No description available.

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is typically a set of wireless mobile nodes enabled to communicate dynamically in a multi-hop manner without any pre-existing network infrastructure. MANETs have several unique characteristics in contrast to other typical networks, such as dynamic topology, intermittent connectivity, limited resources, and lack of physical security. Securing MANETs is a critical issue as these are vulnerable to many different attacks and failures and have no clear line of defence. To develop effective security services in MANETs, it is important to consider an appropriate trust infrastructure which is tailored to a given MANET and associated application. However, most of the proposed trust infrastructures do not to take the MANET application context into account. This may result in overly secure MANETs that incur an increase in performance and communication overheads due to possible unnecessary security measures. Designing and evaluating trust infrastructures for MANETs is very challenging. This stems from several pivotal overlapping aspects such as MANET constraints, application settings and performance. Also, there is a lack of practical approaches for assessing security in MANETs that take into account most of these aspects. Based on this, this thesis provides a methodological approach which consists of well-structured stages that allows the exploration of possible security alternatives and evaluates these alternatives against dimensions to selecting the best option. These dimensions include the operational level, security strength, performance, MANET contexts along with main security components in a form of a multidimensional security conceptual framework. The methodology describes interdependencies among these dimensions, focusing specifically on the service operational level in the network. To explore these different possibilities, the Server-based Security Architectures for MANETs (SSAM) simulation model has been created in the OMNeT++ simulation language. The thesis describes the conceptualisation, implementation, verification and validation of SSAM, as well as experimentation approaches that use SSAM to support the methodology of this thesis. In addition, three different real cases scenarios (academic, emergency and military domains) are incorporated in this study to substantiate the feasibility of the proposed methodology. The outcome of this approach provides MANET developers with a strategy along with guidelines of how to consider the appropriate security infrastructure that satisfies the settings and requirements of given MANET context.

Le personnage biblique de Joseph, le fils préféré de Jacob, jouit d'une postérité universelle. Son récit vient de peuples et de textes plus anciens que lui et engendrera d'autres textes et d'autres communautés. L'étymologie de Joseph en fait plus qu'un nom: un principe d'augmentation, d'autorité, de conseil. Une foule d'individus, de phénomènes peuvent donc être décrits comme joséphiques. Dans cette narration modèle, Joseph, malgré les accusations mensongères, échappe aux processus victimaires en les comprenant et en pardonnant; cette singularité définit l'élection et fait de Joseph un éminent conseiller politique. Ce récit donne à la fois la formation de la nationalité juive et la formule du Juif parmi les Nations. Anticipant par son comportement les lois de Moïse, Joseph représente leur portée universelle et l’ambiguïté de leur universalisation. Cette universalité va favoriser l’adoption de cette figure messianique par les traditions chrétienne et musulmane.Il assume ainsi une riche postérité théologico-politique où la notion de conseil a une place cardinale: incarnation de la philosophie politique pour Philon d'Alexandrie, figure de l'élu dans la théologie et la politique de Calvin, confirmation des principes de la théorie du contrat social de Hobbes, formation de « l'humanisme de l'avenir » dans la narration mythique de Thomas Mann. Figure salvatrice qui permet d'échapper au mal, il permet aussi de penser une nouvelle institution pour les rescapés. Le conseil joséphique met alors en question le rapport entre conseil et commandement, et celui entre unité politique et unité spirituelle. Il constitue donc une matrice du conseil qui intéresse la philosophie politique. / The biblical character of Joseph, the beloved son of the patriarch Jacob, is granted a universal posterity. His story comes from more ancient peoples and texts than itself, but gives birth to more stories and communities. Joseph's etymology makes him, more than a name, a principle of increase, authority and counsel. If so, a lot of individuals and phenomena could be described as josephic. In this model narrative, Joseph, despite mendacious accusations, escapes from victimal processes by understanding them and forgiving; this singularity defines the election and makes Joseph a prominent political counsellor. This narration provides simultaneously the forming of the Jewish nationality and the epitome of the Jew among the Nations. Announcing by his behaviour the laws of Moses, Joseph represents their universal significance and the ambiguity of their universalisation. This universality will allow the adoption of this messianic figure by the Christian and Muslim traditions.Thus he assumes a rich theologico-political posterity in which the notion of counsel is capital: embodiment of the political philosophy for Philo of Alexandria, figure of the chosen one in the theology and the politics of Calvin, confirmation of the principles of the Hobbesian social contract theory, formation of “the humanism of the future” in Thomas Mann's mythical narrative. As a saving figure that enables one to escape from evil, he also enables one to conceive of a new institution for the survivors. The josephic counsel questions thus the relations between counsel and commandment, and between political unity and spiritual unity. It is therefore a matrix of counsel that concerns the political philosophy.

L’objet de cette étude consiste à rendre raison du phénomène de l’autorité, dans les deux sens du terme : en définir la nature et en examiner la justification. Ainsi est-ce seulement par un examen critique des usages de la raison qu’il paraît possible d’en déterminer les principes. Dans une première partie, nous nous attachons à dégager pour lui-même un usage critique et réflexif de la raison par opposition aux usages visant la production de connaissances objectives. Nous dégageons de ce fait l’espace dévolu à la philosophie politique dans la configuration moderne des savoirs, entre sciences de la nature et sciences humaines. Dans un second temps, nous examinons les fondements modernes de l’autorité sous sa forme étatique, à savoir la notion de volonté individuelle, sous ses deux modes de théorisations positives que sont, sur son versant épistémologique, l’anthropologie politique, et sur son versant pratico-légal, la théorie de la représentation. Nous nous attachons ainsi, en particulier, à analyser ce qu’on peut entendre par le terme d’institution, et ce qu’il y a de démocratique dans la notion de gouvernement représentatif. Dans un troisième temps, nous nous tournons vers les modalités concrètes de l’autorité à travers l’esquisse d’une généalogie des institutions gouvernementales. Prenant appui notamment sur les origines doctrinales du droit administratif français, nous sommes ainsi conduits à identifier deux modalités essentielles du gouvernement moderne : « l’Etat social », défini par les médiations collectives de la liberté individuelle, et « l’Etat régulateur », défini par l’assomption individuelle des mythes caractéristiques de la modernité. / The aim of this study is to give an account of the phenomenon of authority, so as to define its nature as well as to examine its justifications. Hence, it seems that it is only by a critical study of the ways of using reason that it is possible to determine such principles. First of all, we try to identify as such a critical and reflexive use of reason, as opposed to those aiming at the production of some objective knowledge. Thereby we define the proper place of political philosophy among the diverse forms of knowledge characteristic of modernity, especially natural and human sciences. Second, we examine the modern foundations of authority in its statist form, namely individual will, through its two main theoretical expressions, political anthropology on the epistemic side, and the theory of representation on the legal-practical one. In particular, we examine the meaning of the notion of institution, and the democratic character of representative government. Thirdly, we look at the concrete modalities of authority through the sketch of a genealogy of governmental institutions. Drawing on the doctrinal origins of the French administrative law, we are thus led to identify two essential modalities of modern government: the “Social State”, defined by the collective mediations of individual liberty, and the “Regulatory State”, defined by the individual assumption of the myths characteristic of modernity.

abstract: Mutual monitoring in a well-structured authority system can mitigate the agency problem. I empirically examine whether the number 2 executive in a firm, if given authority, incentive, and channels for communication and influence, is able to monitor and constrain the potentially self-interested CEO. I find strong evidence that: (1) measures of the presence and extent of mutual monitoring from the No. 2 executive are positively related to future firm value (Tobin's Q); (2) the beneficial effect is more pronounced for firms with weaker corporate governance or CEO incentive alignment, with stronger incentives for the No. 2 executives to monitor, and with higher information asymmetry between the boards and the CEOs; (3) such mutual monitoring reduces the CEO's ability to pursue the "quiet life" but has no effect on "empire building;" and (4) mutual monitoring is a substitute for other governance mechanisms. The results suggest that mutual monitoring by a No. 2 executive provides checks and balances on CEO power. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Business Administration 2012

abstract: Several Islamic organizations have experience major changes in their theological frames and political identities away from fundamentalist and revivalist theological orientation to one that embraces a progressive Islamic theology that synthesizes these norms with classical Islamic teachings. What are the factors that explain these theological changes? What are the causal mechanisms that help to promote them? Using the moral authority leadership theory, I argue that Islamic groups would be able to change their theological frames and political identities if the changes are promoted by religious leaders with 'moral authority' status, who are using both ideational and instrumental strategies to reconstruct the theological frames of their organizations. In addition to moral authority leadership, intermediary variables that also affect the likelihood of a theological change within Islamic groups are the institutional culture of the organization - the degree of tolerance for non-Islamic theological teachings - and the relationship between the Islamic group and the state. This study is a comparative historical analysis of two Indonesian Islamic groups: the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and the Muhammadiyah. It finds that the NU was able to successfully change its theological positions due to the presence of a charismatic moral authority leader, the tolerant institutional culture within the organization, and the ability of the organization to ally with the Suharto regime, allowing the reform to be institutionalized with little intervention from the regime. On the other hand, theological reform within the Muhammadiyah was not successful due to the lack of a leader with moral authority status who could have led the reforms within the organization, as well as to the dominance of a revivalist institutional culture that does not tolerate any challenges to their interpretation of Islamic theology. The analysis makes theoretical contributions on the role of religious leadership within Islamic movements and the likelihood of Islamic groups to adopt liberal political norms such as democracy, religion-state separation, and tolerance toward religious minorities. It identifies the mechanisms in which theological change within Islamic group become possible. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Political Science 2012

abstract: Professional environmental scientists are increasingly under pressure to inform and even shape policy. Scientists engage policy effectively when they act within the bounds of objectivity, credibility, and authority, yet significant portions of the scientific community condemn such acts as advocacy. They argue that it is nonobjective, that it risks damaging the credibility of science, and that it is an abuse of authority. This means objectivity, credibility, and authority deserve direct attention before the policy advocacy quagmire can be reasonably understood. I investigate the meaning of objectivity in science and that necessarily brings the roles of values in science into question. This thesis is a sociological study of the roles environmental values play in the decisions of environmental scientists working in the institution of academia. I argue that the gridlocked nature of the environmental policy advocacy debates can be traced to what seems to be a deep tension and perhaps confusion among these scientists. I provide empirical evidence of this tension and confusion through the use of in depth semi-structured interviews among a sampling of academic environmental scientists (AES). I show that there is a struggle for these AES to reconcile their support for environmentalist values and goals with their commitment to scientific objectivity and their concerns about being credible scientists in the academy. Additionally, I supplemented my data collection with environmental sociology and history, plus philosophy and sociology of science literatures. With this, I developed a system for understanding values in science (of which environmental values are a subset) with respect to the limits of my sample and study. This examination of respondent behavior provides support that it is possible for AES to act on their environmental values without compromising their objectivity, credibility, and authority. These scientists were not likely to practice this in conversations with colleagues and policy-makers, but were likely to behave this way with students. The legitimate extension of this behavior is a viable route for continuing to integrate the human and social dimensions of environmental science into its practice, its training, and its relationship with policy. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Environmental Social Science 2012