Many political theorists agree that an equal distribution of certain goods is a requirement of justice. However, they disagree about the types of agents that possess these distributive obligations, and about the range of agents who owe these obligations to each other. Are states primarily responsible for ensuring a just distribution of income? Or, is distributive justice also the responsibility of private individuals? Do agents – whether states or individuals – possess distributive obligations to foreigners? Or, is distributive justice only a requirement within national borders? I argue that the primary subject of distributive justice is the state’s relation to its citizens. States, and not private individuals, possess distributive obligations; and states only possess these obligations to their citizens, not to foreigners. I argue first that the state possesses distinctive distributive obligations to its citizens because of the way in which it exercises political authority over them. To exercise its political authority legitimately, that is, in a way that is consistent with the free and equal nature of its citizens, I argue, the state must secure a just distribution of civil liberties, political rights, income, and opportunities. I argue second that the subject of distributive justice does not extend beyond the state’s relation to its citizens. I argue first that principles of distributive justice do not apply to the private choices of citizens on the grounds that justice demands that citizens be free to decide what to do with their lives on the basis of their own conception of the good, and not on the basis of what is best for others. I argue second that because international organizations do not exercise political authority in the same way that states do, equality is not a demand of global justice.

In traditional Islam, Adam is the first human created. Eve, or Hawa, was created to be his mate and she was made from Adam’s uppermost left rib. There has been a move to argue that Eve and Adam were created simultaneously. I will argue that, because of the negative patriarchal and misogynistic imagery that has been attached to Islam, some feminist Muslim thinkers are attempting to move Islam into a realm where they believe is revolutionary enough to make a new statement in the modern world. These feminist Muslims are making strides to make the Qur'an the sole authority in Islam, while simultaneously dismissing all traditional accounts that have historically been used to assist in interpreting the Qur’an. Although their conclusions are interesting, their methods will be the focus of my thesis. What these feminists are attempting is a method of interpretation that has never been widely accepted in Islam.

Objectives: There are four primary goals for this research project: <ol><li>To develop an objective index of health care quality which represents, in the best practical way, a comprehensive range of services provided at the health region level. <li>To develop a comparable measure representing physician assessments of health care quality, and compare this measure with the objective index. <li>To develop an understanding of the relationships between physician ratings on the workplace issues of professional autonomy, stress, sense of equity and satisfaction and their views on health care quality.<li>Based on the understanding of this research, provide recommendations to health care policy makers about the use of both physician viewpoints and objective measures of quality.</ol> Background: Health care in Canada has grown and evolved from a relatively simple offering of services, provided primarily by doctors and hospitals, to a complex conglomeration of programs and services, provided by a loose network of both public and private providers. As a result, physicians are under pressure to adapt to these changes and a power struggle which has always pitted physicians against policy makers. In dealing with changes to the health care system the use of statistics and evidence is gaining prominence as the basis for policy decisions, in addition to the less formal tools of rhetoric and politics.<p>Design: Data from the 2004 Canada-wide survey Emerging Issues in the Work of Physicians is compared to a single index score of health care quality based on objective data from the annual Health Indicators Report published by Canadian Institute of Health Information and Statistics Canada (2005). These reports include a number of measures of quality and access to health care by health region and by province, using mandatory standardized data collection and reporting procedures. <p>Measures: Nine reliable measures of health care quality were selected from the Health Indicators Reports for inclusion in the index: 30 day AMI risk; 30 day stroke risk; AMI readmission risk; asthma readmission risk; ACSC rate; hysterectomy readmission rate; prostatectomy rate; in-hospital hip fracture rate; and C-section rate. Index scores were developed for each of the measures, which were then assigned weights based on importance, resulting in a single overall index of health care quality. These scores are compared to a similar index score which is based on physician views on quality, as collected in the national survey.<p>Results: Physician views on health care quality are aligned with the objective data when examined on an aggregate basis. However, there is a high degree of variability in physician responses which results in differences when examining the data on regional or individual bases. In addition, physician views on quality are influenced by factors in their work lives including autonomy, stress, equity and satisfaction. On each of these factors, those reporting high and low levels will generally over and under-rate health care quality as compared to those reporting moderate levels.<p>Discussion: As policy makers make decisions on how to shape the future of health care, they must grapple with conflicting viewpoints of different stakeholder groups, and they must decide on the degree to which they rely on evidence (in the form of objective data) versus influence (as exerted by physicians and/or other stakeholder groups). This research shows that, while physician views on how well the health care system is performing are generally aligned with the objective data, those opinions vary greatly between individuals, and are influenced by work related factors including autonomy, stress, equity and satisfaction.

Religious fundamentalism is a confusing and not well understood phenomenon in present day Western societies. In order to obtain fresh insights into what social forces and conditions affect religious organizational development such that they become fundamentalist organizations, this study seeks to analyze a religious group that historically has been mandated to integrate and utilize alternative scientific and/or religious knowledge into their canon of teachings. A triangulation study consisting of a content analysis of its accepted history and a discourse analysis of its accredited membership are utilized to gather data on this religious organization to understand the historical, organizational, and external social circumstances that have allowed this religious community to engage and interact with alternative scientific and/or religious knowledge without interpretations of conflict becoming a source of social strife within their organization.

This thesis studies the use of exhibitions by public authorities and the possibilities of making exhibits out of authority topics.

This dissertation is mainly anchored in police administrative neutrality. First of all, according to political literature, it analyzes the role of the police when they execute the governance power in a state. Secondly, from police science literature, it explores the reasons the police involve with politics. Thirdly, based on legislative procedure, it analyzes the different opinions a government and legislature have regarding to ¡§civil service administrative neutrality.¡¨ This dissertation also, according to the study of administrative neutrality from foreign administrative law and professors, seeks the criterion of police administrative neutrality. Finally, throughout the previous media reports, it sorts out the police administrative bias and turns it into study material and judgmental source for this thesis. The author discovers three steps to examine police administrative neutrality, and delivers a case study: mass media expose police administrative bias during the police enforcement tasks of the 11th presidential election. 1. Rule of law: to analyze if the police achieves tasks based on law, and due process of law or standard operating procedures. 2. Execution Neutrality: to analyze if administrative discretion is proper and impartial according to administrative principles. 3. Administration Neutrality: to analyze if politics interferes with police duties. If this occurs, it may result in a partial administration. The police symbolize the governance power of a state, and play different roles as government changes. In an authoritarian state, the police are a tool to suppress people against the ruler; in a democratic state, police authority is restricted to a certain level. Lately, political environment and political party change has become normal. The police ought to acknowledge a truth; governments change but administrations remain. To strengthen democratic functions as the police performs duties, they should prioritize public interest, follow rule of law, adopt political policies, assure legality of human rights, maintain equality of political parties, and present the appropriate assistance to people in the specialization area of public order maintenance.

Cable TV refers to the transmission of visual and audio signals to the public by laying cables. Article 5 of the Cable Radio and Television Law says: ¡§System operators installing the networks themselves shall apply to the roads authority for approval if the networks are to be laid underground¡K¡¨ The roads authority on the regional level is the Township Office. Road right granted by the roads authority is usually valid for one year. Cable TV is a licensed business; business licenses issued by the Government Information Office, Executive Yuan are in 9-year term. Although it is subject to the restrictions and regulations of the same laws as public utilities, the business does not enjoy the deserved protection. Hence, system operators often come across setbacks in their operation, which are undoubtedly potential threats to their survival and development. However, contrasting this to the development history of Taiwan¡¦s cable TV industry, it seems from the result that the government institution has played a critical role. Importance of the government¡¦s initiative to moderately liberalize the public goods for creation of an open environment, and to put more emphasis on the overall system planning for the industry development at different stages is beyond words. This study not only analyzes the impact of the Cable Radio and Television Law and regional laws on the system, but also takes real-life examples into consideration, to explain the importance of public interest and freedom of speech for liberalization of routing rights. The question is tackled in different approaches and from different viewpoints, in order to understand the problems and difficulties that system operators face when applying for routing rights from the Township Office. The study expects to provide some positive assistance and suggestions to the industry and the government, for avoidance of improper market intervention.

The main aim of this thesis is to discuss the role of innovation in the capitalist mode of production so as to achieve the domination of capitalism in the human world by capitalizing it. The idea of freedom is handled as a reason for politics when one confronts another in this quest. Process innovations are accepted as methods of improving the profitability of production which deprives dispossessed masses from their productive power outside the workplace while product innovation is claimed to be the process of improving profitability of consumption which results in increased intervention of capitalism in the relation between the human being and his wants through pacification. Thus, as capitalism continues growing, it becomes more a mediator between the human being and materials, which gives it more authority in society.

The goal of this thesis is to discuss the formation of Robinson Crusoe¡¦s capitalist identity in Daniel Defoe¡¦s Robinson Crusoe with the issue of dominance/submission and the concepts of capitalism. Defoe¡¦s Robinson Crusoe is regarded as the first novel in the English literary history. The novel tells how Crusoe, from exiled on an isolated island to return to English society, manipulates power of mastery with authority to undergo metamorphosis to be a colonizer and a successful capitalist. The novel deals with not only the issue of the establishment of Robinson Crusoe¡¦s identity struggling on the isolated island, but also the hegemony of Britain and the advocacy of Capitalism and Protestantism. This thesis consists of four chapters. In chapter one, I will briefly discuss the historical background and reasons, socially as well as politically, for the rise of the novel in the eighteenth century, and Daniel Defoe¡¦s background, his writing style, and his first novel Robinson Crusoe. In chapter two, I will clarify the illusion of the biblical Eden in the novel, and discuss the significance of the island for Robinson Crusoe. Moreover, how Crusoe¡¦s progression civilizes the island, resulting in the loss of the biblical Eden. Crusoe¡¦s status is reversed from God to a capitalist looking for profit. In chapter three, I will discuss the formation of Crusoe¡¦s identity with power and authority. How he establishes his identity through the process of mastery over non-humans and humans. In conclusion, I will give an overall review of the whole thesis.

Abstract Since Taiwain's criminal law and administrative law at his, which the police maintain law and order into the mission area to prevent the harm "to prevent harm" and prevent criminal harm "committed to looking for" two parts, respectively, across the executive and the two criminal Large area, to protect people's rights and exercise their functions and powers of the police to provide clear standards, Taiwain's special law enacted as the exercise of police powers "to prevent harm," the task of the Basic Law, therefore, The police duties enforcement exercise of the law is biased in favour of "administrative law", rather than "Criminal Law The police duties enforcement exercise of the law in Taiwain , since localization deviation administrative law, however administrative jurisprudence vast infinite, until now did not have any country to have a complete administrative statute book, only from the administrative law its principle, principle view it, might divide into the basic principle, the administrative organization, the limitations of executive authority, the administrative relief, the administration to supervise 5 big constructions generally, if an administrative legal system should can stand up to administrative law 5 big construction each inspection, only then be able to be called of administrative legal system a consummation Thoroughly by the administrative law framework of Taiwain's five major exercise of police powers of the basic tenets of the rule of law, administrative law, the legal system of administrative authority, the relief rule of law, the legal system of administrative supervision, analysis and discussion on the following specific recommendations 1, the basic principle of respect by building All entities involved in the exercise of police powers of governance mechanisms and through the expansion of electronic participation in the exercise of police powers for the participation of the legal system. No. 2, in the administrative organization of Taiwain's legal system does not provide police the exercise of the central competent authority, the future should be amending the law that set. No. 3, the administrative authority in the exercise of Taiwain's police authority of the executive authorities have not yet set enforcement rules of the future should authorize the executive authorities on the implementation of the technical details of terms of reference set enforcement rules. 4, additional relief in the petition to confirm the design to address the exercise of police powers on the controversial law. 5, in the monitoring through modern technology to make government information more transparent to the people through interactive electronic platform, given the public supervision of the police as the ability