This master’s thesis deals with the composite materials and especially aims on the carbon and glass fiber composites. It points out different composition types and manufacturing methods which reflect in the different mechanical properties, final quality of the manufactured part and also in the manufacturing time. The practical part includes two particular manufacturing methods using prepregs, one cured in an autoclave and one by hot compression moulding.

A building industry is expanding branch all the time and it intervenes in the life of everyone. Aeroconcrete is very attractive and actual subject nowadays because economy is important point of view of production. This material finds a wide-spread use thanks to its specific properties. The good manipulation and great thermal insulating properties are secured by its porous structure. Furthermore, proper material selection provides a saving of power of house for every customer demands. Due to aeroconcrete's sufficient compressive strength it is useful for both constructions and internal walls. Fundamental and very important for final material properties is raw material composition of aeroconcrete. A relationship between composition of filler (quartz sand) and resultant properties of aeroconcrete is an objective of the thesis.

Master thesis deals with general basic design od autoclaves. It deals with the design of an optimal design solution autoclave to set parameters with the design requirement of hermetic doors for loading the workpiece. This solution is analyzed regard to stable pressure vessels. The whole design is processed in parametric SolidWorks software with which they are executed and initial stress analysis of individual designs. Final strength FEM analysis is performed using Ansys. Some proposals are technical-economic evaluation.

Copper is an essential metal in today’s economy, due to its superior electrical and thermal conductivities, alloying properties, and chemical uses. Most copper is produced viamining and refining, and most copper is found in the earth’s crust as chalcopyrite, CuFeS2. Typically, chalcopyrite is concentrated and fed to a high temperature pyrometallurgical process which produces >99.99% purity copper cathodes. Recently, Freeport-McMoRan Inc. has implemented a hydrometallurgical autoclave-leaching process that takes chalcopyrite concentrate and produces copper cathodes. It is imperative that these pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes be modeled and compared so that the extraction industry can best decide which technology to apply in the future. This work presents transient, reduced-order models for the comparison of the two processes using exergy balances. Exergy is typically thought of as the maximum work extractable from a system as it spontaneously reacts to the state of the surrounding environment; for extractive processes, it is also helpful to think of exergy as the minimum work required to effect a concentration, e.g. of copper. Exergy balances are thus similar to first law balances, but they comment on the location and magnitude of usefulenergy flows, instead of energy flows in general. For the baseline case, this work found that the pyrometallurgical process up to 99.5% copper anode stored 54% of the fed exergy in product, lost 20% of the fed exergy, and destroyed the remaining 26%. In contrast, the hydrometallurgical process up to 30 grams-per-liter copper pregnant-leach-solution stored 5% of the fed exergy in product, lost 9% of the fed exergy, and destroyed the remaining 86%. The effects of process variations are also looked at. It is recommended that this work be incorporated in whole-plant exergy balances to more precisely examine the tradeoffs between the pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical routes of copper extraction from chalcopyrite concentrates.

When laying up dry composite materials and aligning the fibers in the appropriate directions it can be a challenge due to the dryness of the fiber and mold design. Several commercial products are available to help fix plies to molds keeping the proper fiber orientation depending upon mold geometry. Prepreg and wet layups do not have this problem due to the inherent inclusion of a matrix in their manufacturing, dry materials have no added epoxy at the time of layup and are therefore in need of assistance maintain position. The purpose of this research is to determine if Super 77™ or EPON™ 2002 increases or decreases mechanical properties of the neat resin and composite laminates; if the increase or decrease is dependent upon the type of epoxy, and if the amount of applied tackifier can be optimized towards a high or low application quantity to minimize any detrimental effects to mechanical properties. Each tackification agent was applied in high and low concentrations to eight composite panels, with two control panels. The EPON™ was applied manually and set with heat exposure while the Super 77™ was sprayed from an aerosol can. The Super 77™ plies were stacked and pressed by hand while the EPON™ plies were stacked and ironed together to create panels, which were then infused with one of two room temperature infusion epoxies, MVS 610 or INF 114. The panels were then cut to specimen size for testing. Neat resin specimens were cast in silicone molds with high and low concentrations of tackifiers and allowed to cure for 12 hours at room temp, then heated to 60° C for 8 Both Super 77™ and EPON™ 2002 reduced the SBS for both epoxies, but Super 77™ reduced the short beam shear more than EPON™ 2002. The modulus of the neat resin cast specimens with high concentration were between 0 to 20% lower than neat resin with no tackifier; the tensile strength was increased for those specimens with Super 77™ and lower for those with EPON™ 2002. Similarly, the Charpy test resulted in higher values for Super 77™ than for EPON™ 2002. The effects of Super 77™ and EPON™ 2002 are complex and varied depending on application concentration, resin, and tackifier type; but the addition of any tackifier reduces mechanical properties from non-tackified laminates.

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Estudos anteriores utilizando matriz cimentícia reforçada exclusivamente com fibras vegetais propiciaram a produção de telhas com desempenho aceitável nas idades iniciais. Porém, com o envelhecimento natural, as telhas apresentaram significativa redução do desempenho mecânico, fato este atribuído principalmente ao ataque alcalino da matriz cimentícia. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo o aprimoramento de telhas onduladas de fibrocimento sem amianto, a partir de processo automatizado. A primeira etapa do trabalho consistiu na avaliação do efeito da intensidade de refino da polpa Kraft de sisal (Agave sisalana) nas propriedades mecânicas e físicas de placas planas baseadas em matriz de cimento Portland, e o uso conjunto com fibras de poliproprileno (PP). Esta etapa envolveu também a caracterização dos principais atributos das polpas celulósicas refinadas, bem como a caracterização microestrutural (microscopia eletrônica de varredura e porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio) do material resultante após envelhecimento acelerado e em ambiente natural. Na segunda etapa, séries de telhas onduladas de fibrocimento foram produzidas por técnica de sucção do excesso de água e prensagem, utilizando os melhores parâmetros definidos na etapa anterior. Os efeitos da cura acelerada em autoclave e dos envelhecimentos acelerados (carbonatação acelerada, imersão-secagem e calor-chuva) nas propriedades mecânicas e físicas das telhas foram avaliados. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a grande contribuição do refino da polpa celulósica na melhoria da resistência dos compósitos. Altas intensidades de refino apresentaram os melhores resultados para compósitos reforçados somente com polpa celulósica, mesmo após os envelhecimentos, porém intensidades intermediárias em compósitos híbridos mostraram-se suficientes. A adição das fibras de polipropileno como reforço híbrido teve como ponto forte a manutenção da resistência ao impacto, propriedade esta fortemente afetada pelo envelhecimento acelerado nos compósitos reforçados somente com polpa de sisal. As telhas produzidas mostraram-se mais eficientes no amortecimento térmico do que telhas comerciais de fibrocimento amianto. Melhorias no processo de produção das telhas mostraram efetiva contribuição no desempenho mecânico em relação aos trabalhos anteriores, tanto no curto como no longo prazo. Os resultados também indicaram a utilização da carbonatação acelerada como um procedimento eficiente na mitigação da degradação sofrida pelas fibras celulósicas em meios menos agressivos, no caminho para tornar viáveis os materiais reforçados com fibras vegetais. / Previous studies using exclusively vegetal fibres as the sole reinforcement of cement matrix have propitiated the production of roofing tiles with acceptable performance at the first ages. However, with the natural ageing, the roofing tiles have presented significant reduction in the mechanical performance, attributed to the alkaline attack of the cimentitious matrix mainly. The present research had as objective the improvement of undulate fibrecement roofing tiles without asbestos with automated equipment for production. The study also evaluated the physical, mechanical and microstructural behaviour of the obtained composites. The first stage consisted of evaluating the refinement effect of sisal Kraft pulp on mechanical and physical properties of flat pads based on Ordinay Portland cement and the jointly use of polypropylene fibres (PP). This stage also involved the characterization of the main attributes of refined cellulosic pulps, as well as the microstructural characterization (scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry) of the resultant material after the accelerated and natural ageing. In the second stage, series of fibrecement roofing tiles were produced by slurry dewatering technique and pressing, using the best parameters of the first stage. Efects of autoclaved curing and accelerated ageing (accelerated carbonation, soak-dry and heat-rain) on mechanical and physical properties of tiles were evaluated. Results showed the great contribution of pulp refinement on mechanical strengh improvement. Higher intensities of refinement provided the best results for composites only reinforced with sisal pulp, despite ageing mechanism. Intermediate refinement revealed to be enough for hybrid composites. Adition of polypropylene fibres as hybrid reinforcement provided toughness maintenance after ageing, which was strongly affected only in sisal reinforced composites. Asbestos free tiles showed to be more efficient on thermal insulating properties than commercial asbestos cement. Improvements on tiles production process showed effective contribution on mechanical performance in relation to the previous works, both at initial ages and after ageing. The results have also indicated the utilization of accelerated carbonation as an effective procedure to mitigate the degradation suffered by the cellulosic fibres in the less aggressive medium, in way of the viability of the cement based materials reinforced by vegetal fibres.

L'eau diffère des autres solvants grâce au rôle particulier de la liaison hydrogène. Plus particulièrement, les études présentées dans ce manuscrit illustrent la persistance de la liaison hydrogène dans les solutions aqueuses supercritiques, en particulier entre 647 et 773 K et 22,1 et 40 MPa. Une étude vibrationnelle par spectroscopie Raman optique sur des mélanges d'eau et d'eau deutérée permet d'observer d'une part des vibrateurs majoritaires dont la fréquence est celle de la molécule isolée, et d'autre part la signature de vibrateurs minoritaires toujours reliés par liaison hydrogène aux autres molécules. Notre étude par diffusion X aux petits angles sur de l'eau et de l'eau additionnée d'ions (notamment LiBr et CsBr) montre que ces liaisons hydrogène devraient être présentes dans des zones de densité de type liquide, zones dont la taille et le contraste augmentent avec la présence des ions et le numéro atomique du cation. Ces ions restent solvatés à l'intérieur des zones de haute densité, grâce à des valeurs "locales" plus fortes de la permittivité diélectrique, ce que nous avons démontré grâce à une étude par spectroscopie d'absorption X du complexe ZnBr2 dans des solvants de polarité fixe, mais de permittivité diélectrique variable (eau, méthanol et acétate d'éthyle). Ce manuscrit se termine par une perspective scientifique et technique concernant des mesures de l'eau au seuil K de l'oxygène par diffusion Raman inélastique X à haute température et haute pression.

Ce travail se situe dans le cadre de la commande des systèmes à paramètres répartis régis par des équations aux dérivées partielles non linéaires. On cherche ici à élargir l'utilisation de la stratégie de commande prédictive du cadre classique de systèmes décrits par des équations différentielles ordinaires à celui où les systèmes sont décrits par une classe d'équations non linéaires aux dérivées partielles (EDP). L'intérêt de l'utilisation de la stratégie de commande prédictive est de pouvoir résoudre divers problèmes de conduite tout en tenant compte explicitement de diverses contraintes de fonctionnement. Nous avons choisi une démarche qui a consisté à considérer directement des cas réels issus du Génie des Procédés, où de nombreux modèles de connaissance sont décrits par des EDP fortement non linéaires : un procédé de séchage de peinture par infrarouge (donnant lieu à une application réelle), un procédé de fabrication de matériau composite et un procédé de destruction de gaz polluants par catalyse. La particularité de ce travail concerne le fait de proposer une structure adaptée de commande prédictive par modèle interne, celui-ci étant déterminé autour d'une trajectoire soit prédéfinie, soit générée en tenant compte de diverses contraintes de fonctionnement. Dans le contexte de résolution du problème d'optimisation posé par l'approche prédictive, nous proposons un algorithme hors-ligne (génération de trajectoire) et un autre en ligne.

L'élaboration de composites en cuisson autoclave est un procédé bien maîtrisé maisles cycles de cuisson peuvent être très longs, en particulier dans le cas de préimprégnésaéronautiques. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'étudier la possibilité de diminuer letemps des cycles de polymérisation pour la fabrication de composites stratifiés minces àl'aide d'un procédé de cuisson rapide. Des essais de caractérisation ont permis de définirles grandeurs thermodynamiques du préimprégné carbone/époxy qui a servi de base ànotre étude ainsi que les paramètres du modèle cinétique de la résine. Une simulationnumérique du procédé de cuisson, basée sur une modélisation des couplages desphénomènes chimiques (polymérisation de la résine), thermiques (transferts de chaleuravec prise en compte de l'exothermie de la réaction) et mécaniques (formation decontraintes et déformations résiduelles) induits par le procédé, a été développée dans lebut d'optimiser les cycles de polymérisation. La caractérisation mécanique des matériauxélaborés à partir d'un dispositif de cuisson rapide mis au point au Laboratoire a permis dedémontrer que nous n'avions pas de pertes de caractéristiques par rapport aux piècesélaborées en autoclave.