No description available.

Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-10T05:51:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO EMI 2016 OK.pdf: 3134204 bytes, checksum: c2496577f07709557fe6c8ab1c101ffb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Manzano de Almeida (smanzano@marilia.unesp.br) on 2016-03-10T18:53:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_me_sjrp.pdf: 3134204 bytes, checksum: c2496577f07709557fe6c8ab1c101ffb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-10T18:53:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_me_sjrp.pdf: 3134204 bytes, checksum: c2496577f07709557fe6c8ab1c101ffb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A Subordem Heteroptera contém cerca de 75 famílias, incluindo Coreidae, na qual pertencem as espécies Corecoris fuscus, Leptoglossus gonagra, L. zonatus e Sphictyrtus fasciatus, analisadas no presente trabalho. Os indivíduos dessa família são conhecidos por serem exclusivamente fitófagos e alimentam-se de plantas de valor comercial. Apesar da grande diversidade desta subordem, há poucos estudos relacionados com a ultraestrutura da espermátide dessas espécies. Assim, nesse trabalho, por meio da microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, foi analisado o desenvolvimento da espermiogênese na cabeça e no flagelo, com ênfase na formação do acrossomo, do adjunto do centríolo e dos derivados mitocondriais. O acrossomo tem origem a partir do complexo de Golgi, por meio da formação de uma vesícula pró-acrossomal e concomitante a esse processo é formado o adjunto do centríolo. O acrossomo determina o polo anterior do espermatozoide e o adjunto do centríolo determina o polo posterior. Observou-se também que no início do processo espermiogênico, as mitocôndrias encontram-se espalhadas no citoplasma, então gradualmente se fundem e dão origem ao complexo mitocondrial, o qual se divide, posteriormente, em duas subestruturas, denominadas derivados mitocondriais. Essas se posicionam bilateralmente ao axonema, o qual possui o padrão típico de disposição dos microtúbulos de 9 + 9 + 2. O processo de formação do acrossomo e dos derivados e a conformação dos microtúbulos do axonema são típicos de insetos. Além do padrão de microtúbulos do axonema, foram encontradas características sinapomórficas de Heteroptera, como a presença de duas estruturas paracristalinas em cada derivado mitocondrial e a presença de pontes que ligam os derivados mitocondriais ao microtúbulos axonemais, os quais são ferramentas importantes para auxiliar análises filogenéticas e taxonômicas. / The suborder Heteroptera contains about 75 families, including Coreidae, to which the species Corecoris fuscus, Leptoglossus gonagra, L. zonatus and Sphictyrtus fasciatus belong. Individuals of this family are known for being exclusively phytophagous and feeding on commercially valuable plants. Despite this suborder great diversity, there are only few studies on the ultrastructure of these species spermatid. Thus, in this study, through transmission electron microscopy, we analyzed the development of spermiogenesis in the head and the flagellum of C. fuscus, L. gonagra, L. zonatus and S. fasciatus, with emphasis on the formation of the acrosome, of the centriole adjunct and on development of mitochondrial derivatives. The acrosome originates from the Golgi complex through the formation of a pro-acrosomal vesicle and concomitant to this process, is formed the centriole adjunct. The acrosome determines the anterior pole of the sperm and the centriole adjunct determines the posterior pole. It was also observed that at the beginning of the spermiogenic process, the mitochondria are scattered within the cytoplasm, then gradually fusing and originating the mitochondrial complex, which is subsequently divided into two substructures, called mitochondrial derivatives. They are positioned bilaterally to the axoneme, having the typical pattern arrangement of the microtubule, which is 9 + 9 + 2. The process of acrosomes and derivatives formation and the conformation of axoneme’s microtubules are typical of insects. Besides the pattern of axoneme’s microtubules, synapomorphic features of Heteroptera were found, as the presence of two paracrystalline structures in each mitochondrial derivative and the presence of bridges connecting derivatives mitochondrial to the axonemal microtubules, which are important tools to assist in phylogenetic and taxonomic analyzes. / FAPESP: 2013/19864-5

No description available.

SPAG16 is the murine orthologue of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii PF20, a protein known to be essential to the structure and function of the “9 + 2” axoneme. The “9 + 2” axoneme provides the cytoskeletal core of all eukaryotic motile cilia and flagella. In Chlamydomonas, the Pf20 gene encodes a single protein present in the central pair of the axoneme. Loss of Pf20 prevents central pair assembly and results in flagellar paralysis. The murine Spag16 gene encodes two proteins. While 71 kDa SPAG16L is found in all murine cells with motile cilia or flagella, 35 kDa SPAG16S transcript and protein are detected only in male germ cells, suggesting a unique role distinct from general axoneme formation. Transgenic mouse studies published previously by our lab have shown that abrogation of both SPAG16 isoforms causes arrest of spermatogenesis, and the mutant allele is not transmitted to offspring by chimeric males. Mice homozygous for a knock-out of SPAG16L alone are infertile, but show no abnormalities in spermatogenesis. The defects seen in chimeric Spag16 mutant mice, unaccounted for by loss of SPAG16L, indicate a possible role for SPAG16S in the specialized process of male germ cell development. Our results demonstrate that SPAG16S is predominantly found in specific regions within the nucleus of round spermatids. These nuclear sub-domains also contain SC35, a known marker of nuclear speckles enriched in pre-mRNA splicing factors. Putative interaction partners of SPAG16S are also shown to play critical roles in the peri-nuclear region during the round spermatid transition to the condensation and elongation stage of spermiogenesis, the final specialization point in sperm development. The distinct localization of SPAG16S at this critical juncture, its interaction with discretely localized proteins at a critical temporal junction in spermatogenesis, and its ability to modulate SPAG16L expression, suggest that SPAG16S plays an important role in the gene expression machinery of male germ cells, and represents an evolutionary distinction in axoneme gene function.

Centrioles and basal bodies with their characteristic 9+2 structure are found in all major eukaryotic lineages. The correlation between the occurrence of centrioles and the presence of cilia/flagella, but not centrosome-like structures, suggests that the ciliogenesis function of centrioles is ancestral. Here, it is demonstrated that the centriole domain of centrosomes emerged within the Metazoa from an ancestral state of possessing a centriole with basal body function but no functional association with a centrosome. Centrosome structures involving a centriole are metazoan innovations. When an axoneme is still present but no longer fully functional, such as the sensory cilia of Caenorhabditis elegans or, as depicted here, the flagellum of the intracellular amastigote stage of the Leishmania mexicana parasite, the basal body structure is less constrained and can depart from the canonical structure. A general view has emerged that classifies axonemes into canonical motile 9+2 and noncanonical, sensory 9+0 structures. This study reveals this view to be overly simplistic, and additional axonemal architectures associated with potential sensory structures should be incorporated into prevailing models. Here, a striking similarity between the axoneme structure of Leishmania amastigotes and vertebrate primary cilia is revealed. This striking conservation of ciliary structure, despite the evolutionary distance between Leishmania and mammalian cells, suggests a sensory function for the amastigote flagellum. Adding weight to a sensory hypothesis, close examination of Leishmania positioning inside the parasitophorous vacuole revealed frequent contact between the flagellum tip and the vacuole membrane. A sensory function could also explain the retention of a flagellum in Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes, an intracellular stage that, as shown in this study, emerged independently to the Leishmania amastigote. Basal body appendages, such as pro-basal bodies and microtubule rootlets, also vary widely in their structure. Choanoflagellates, a sister group to the Metazoa, posses an extensive microtubule rootlet system that provides support for their characteristic collar tentacles. This atypical structure is reflected in the underlying molecular components of the choanoflagellate basal body. The importance of choanoflagellates as the closest known relative of metazoans was first revealed by their similarity to choanocytes, the feeding cells of sponges. Although phylogenetic analyses leave little doubt that choanoflagellates are a sister group of animals, comparisons of molecular and structural components of appendages associated with the collar tentacles highlight significant differences and questions the extent to which the collar structures of choanoflagellates and choanocytes can be assumed to be homologous. Finally, the confinement of a centriole-based centrosome to the Metazoa provides little support for the flagellar synthesis constraint as an explanation for the origin of multicellularity. There is, indeed, an apparent constraint; no flagellated or ciliated metazoan cell ever divides. This constraint, however, did not arise until after the incorporation of centrioles into the centrosome in the metazoan lineage and the co-option of centrioles as a structural and functional component of the centrosome. The flagellar synthesis constraint is therefore not an explanation for the origin of multicellularity but a consequence of it.

Les cils et les flagelles sont des organites conservés chez les eucaryotes où ils jouent des rôles essentiels et variés comme la motilité et la signalisation cellulaire. La zone de transition (ZT) est une structure complexe, localisée à la base des cils, indispensable à leur assemblage et pour la sélection des constituants ciliaires. Chez l'Homme, de nombreuses pathologies appelées ciliopathies sont associées à des défauts d'assemblage ou de fonctionnement des cils. Les plus sévères sont liées à des défauts de protéines de la ZT. Cette dernière est composée principalement de trois complexes protéiques nommés MKS, NPHP et CEP290 interagissant étroitement entre eux. D'autres protéines, dont CBY conservée des mammifères à la drosophile, s'ajoutent à ces modules mais leur interconnections ne sont pas connues Deux modes d'assemblage ciliaire ont été décrits : la ciliogenèse compartimentée et cytosolique. La fonction de la ZT au cours de la ciliogenèse compartimentée a fait l'objet de nombreuses études mais son rôle dans la ciliogenèse cytosolique reste peu connu. Au cours de ma thèse j'ai analysé la fonction de nouvelles protéines de la ZT en utilisant le modèle de la drosophile qui présente les 2 types de ciliogenèse. J'ai d'une part réalisé un crible protéomique en cellules murine IMCD3 et caractérisé le module protéique CBY, composé de CBY, FAM92A et DZIP1L. Ce module est conservé chez la drosophile à la ZT. Il est nécessaire à la ciliogenèse notamment pour l'assemblage de la ZT et pour l'ancrage du corps basal à la membrane plasmique. L'absence de ces protéines entraine des défauts ciliaires importants dans l'assemblage des flagelles de spermatozoïde et des cils des neurones sensoriels chez les drosophiles.En conclusion, ce travail apporte de nouvelles connaissances sur l'assemblage de la ZT et sur le rôle de CBY dans les mécanismes qui contrôlent la ciliogenèse / Cilia and flagella are highly conserved organelles among eukaryotes species. They are composed of a microtubular cytoskeleton and play essential functions during development and in numerous physiological processes. As a result, in humans, cilia dysfunction leads to a wide range of pathologies, called ciliopathies.At the ciliary base, the transition zone (TZ), a complex structure, is required for proper cilia assembly and regulates the traffic of ciliary components in and out cilia. Defects in TZ proteins lead to severe ciliopathies. The TZ is composed of 3 protein complexes, MKS, NPHP et CEP290 that closely interact. Additional proteins, like CBY, conserved between mammals and Drosophila, have been described at the TZ but their precise role and relationships with the other TZ complexes are unknown. Two modes of cilia assembly have been described: compartmentalized and cytosolic ciliogenesis. Whereas the function of the TZ in compartmentalized ciliogenesis is well documented, its role in cytosolic ciliogenesis remains poorly characterized. During my PhD, I characterized new TZ proteins conserved in mammals and Drosophila and analyzed their function during cilia assembly in Drosophila. First, I performed a proteomic screen in murine IMCD3 cells and characterized the CBY module composed of CBY, FAM92A1 and DZIP1L. This complex is conserved in Drosophila and locates at the TZ. Moreover, I showed that this module is necessary for TZ assembly and centriolar docking to the plasma membrane and hence required for cilia and flagella assembly. In absence of these proteins, Drosophila show severe ciliogenesis defects both in sperm cells and in sensory neurons.In conclusion, this work brings new insights into the understanding of TZ assembly and of the mechanisms, that control ciliogenesis

Submitted by LUÍS LENIN VICENTE PEREIRA null (luislenin@gmail.com) on 2017-03-02T15:07:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Luis Lenin Vicente Pereira.pdf: 2894913 bytes, checksum: 01d77fed0e0eb6b5cfb7979e52829667 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-08T13:17:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_llv_dr_sjrp.pdf: 2894913 bytes, checksum: 01d77fed0e0eb6b5cfb7979e52829667 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-08T13:17:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_llv_dr_sjrp.pdf: 2894913 bytes, checksum: 01d77fed0e0eb6b5cfb7979e52829667 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A subordem Heteroptera possui sete infraordens com aproximadamente 80 famílias. A maioria ocorre em todos os continentes (exceto Antártica) e algumas ilhas. Além dos Heteroptera terrestres, há os aquáticos e semi-aquáticos que são amplamente distribuídos, e surpreendem por sua capacidade de habitar uma extraordinária variedade de ecossistemas, sendo encontrados em habitats de água doce e marinho, e variada faixa de altitude entre 0 e 4.700 m. Estudos sobre aspectos ultraestruturais da espermatogênese e, especificamente, a estrutura do espermatozoide em Heteroptera ainda são escassos, por este motivo o objetivo do presente estudo foi o de analisá-los, por meio de cortes semifinos corados com azul de toluidina ou impregnados por íons prata, e cortes ultra-finos analisados em microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, utilizando testículos de machos adultos das famílias Belostomatidae, Gelastocoridae, Gerridae, Mesoveliidae, Notonectidae e Veliidae. Após a análise ultraestrutural da espermatogênese foi possível determinar que o padrão flagelar do axonema é de 9+9+2 para todas as espécies analisadas sendo, portanto, o padrão para essa subordem, as mitocôndrias durante a espermatogênese assumem diferentes morfologias, sendo que inicialmente as mitocôndrias se unem formando o complexo mitocondrial e, posteriormente, se divide em dois derivados mitocondriais que estão posicionados bilateralmente em relação ao axonema. Os derivados mitocondriais apresentaram tamanhos diferentes para as espécies B. amnigenus (Notonectidae) e R. c. crassifemur (Gerridae) e para as demais espécies o tamanho foi semelhante. As células germinativas possuem em seu citoplasma o acúmulo de um material denominado corpo cromatóide estando localizado próximo ao núcleo. Com relação ao comportamento nucleolar da espécie Martarega brasiliensis foi observado de um a quatro corpúsculos nucleolares em células de Prófase I comprovando uma grande atividade sintética das células nessa fase da divisão celular. Células em Metáfase I apresentaram regiões organizadoras nucleolares na região telomérica de um dos autossomos. Ainda, nessa espécie, foi possível observar, em Anáfase I, vários corpúsculos nucleolares persistindo até a fase de Telófase I. Todas as ultraestruturas descritas nas espécies analisadas foram semelhantes às descritas na literatura para Heteroptera, corroborando as características sinapomórficas dessa subordem sendo elas: a) a presença de duas pontes que ligam o material intertubular do axonema flagelar às cisternas achatadas que aderem aos lados internos dos derivados mitocondriais; b) padrão flagelar do axonema de 9+9+2 e c) ausência de corpos acessórios. / The suborder Heteroptera has seven infraorders with approximately 80 families. Most occur in all continents, except Antarctica and some islands. In addition to terrestrial Heteroptera, there are also widely distributed aquatic and semi-aquatic species. This suborder have adapted to live in an extraordinary variety of ecosystems as freshwater and marine habitats and at altitudes ranging from 0 m to 4,700 m. The research concerning the ultrastructural aspects of spermatogenesis is a large and growing field of study, however, in the case of Heteroptera, research is still scarce. For this reason, the aim of this study was to analyze the ultrastructures and spermatogenesis through semi-thin sections stained with toluidine blue or silver ions (Ag-NOR) and ultrathin sections examined in transmission electron microscopy, using testes of adult males ofthe following families: Belostomatidae, Gelastocoridae, Gerridae, Mesoveliidae, Notonectidae and Veliidae. After ultrastructural analysis of spermatogenesis, it was possible to determine that the flagellar pattern of the axoneme is 9+9+2 for all species, being therefore, the pattern for this suborder. As spermatogenesis progresses, the mitochondria begins to cluster and concentrate on only one side of the cell. Then, the mitochondria combine to form a single mitochondrial complex, which subsequently divides into two mitochondrial derivatives. They are positioned on opposite sides of the axoneme. The mitochondrial derivatives presented different sizes for the species B. amnigenus (Notonectidae) and R. c. crassifemur (Gerridae) and for the other species the size was similar. The germ cells have in their cytoplasm the accumulation of a material denominated the chromatoid body, being located near the nucleus. Regarding the nucleolar behavior, M. brasiliensis showed nucleus in prophase I composed by the nucleolus and nucleolar corpuscles that varied from one to four, emphasizing that this insect has great synthetic activity during meiosis. The analysis of cells in metaphase I, showed that M. brasiliensis presents nucleolar organizing region (NOR) in at least one autosome. Furthermore, was not observed the phenomenon of nucleolar persistence. All the ultrastructures described in the analyzed species were similar to those described in the literature for Heteroptera, corroborating the synapomorphic characteristics of this suborder, being them: a) two opposite bridges in the axoneme connect the flattened cisterns adherent to the internal side of each mitochondrial derivative to the intertubular material; b) flagellar pattern of the axoneme of 9+9+2; c) accessory bodies are absent all along the flagellum.

Submitted by Fernando Cesar Silva Junior null (ju_fcsj@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-11T04:12:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Fernando_Online.pdf: 4129284 bytes, checksum: 6fbd44eda2ee6b9b62753d8e00cd09a5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-14T17:46:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silvajunior_fc_me_sjrp.pdf: 4129284 bytes, checksum: 6fbd44eda2ee6b9b62753d8e00cd09a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-14T17:46:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silvajunior_fc_me_sjrp.pdf: 4129284 bytes, checksum: 6fbd44eda2ee6b9b62753d8e00cd09a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Heteroptera é uma Subordem da Ordem Hemiptera, que possui cerca de 40 mil espécies distribuídas em oitenta famílias, dentre elas está a família Pentatomidae que se destaca por ser uma das maiores famílias com cerca de 4.100 espécies, representando, aproximadamente, 11% do total de espécies de Heteroptera. As espécies de Pentatomidae Chinavia impicticornis, Edessa meditabunda, E. collaris e Thyanta perditor foram estudadas nesse trabalho devido ao sua importância econômica, tendo em vista que são espécies fitófagas que causam grandes perdas em diversas culturas. Os machos das espécies foram coletados na região de São José do Rio Preto, os testículos foram fixados e posteriormente processados para analise em microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, os blocos obtidos foram trimados, cortados, contrastados e analisados com microscópio eletrônico de transmissão Leo – Zeiss, do Centro de Microscopia e Microanálise (IBILCE-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP) e com o microscópio eletrônico de transmissão Jeol JEM - 100 CXII da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP-USP). As eletromicrografias das espécies estudadas apresentaram características ultraestruturais semelhantes às encontradas para diversos indivíduos de diferentes ordens, dentre essas características estão a formação do acrossomo, a partir de uma grande vesícula secretada pelo complexo de Golgi e que se localiza na região apical/lateral do núcleo. O núcleo, também, sofre transformações semelhantes às relatadas para grande parte dos insetos passando de um estado grande e esférico com a cromatina dispersa para um estado pequeno e fusiforme e com a cromatina extremamente condensada. Outra estrutura observada foi o adjunto do centríolo que se mostrou uma estrutura eletrondensa na região basal do núcleo. Também foi observada a migração das mitocôndrias para um polo celular e sua posterior fusão formando o complexo mitocondrial ou “Nebenkern”, que, posteriormente, se divide formando os dois derivados mitocondriais simétricos, com a presença de estruturas paracristalinas em seu interior. O padrão de microtúbulos encontrado no axonema, para todas as espécies, foi de 9+9+2, típico de insetos, sendo formado entre os derivados mitocondriais e acompanhado por estes ao longo de quase toda sua extensão. Morfologicamente, os derivados mitocondriais são diferentes entre C. impicticornis, E. meditabunda, E. collaris e T. perditor onde foi possível notar que os derivados de C. impicticornis se apresentaram grandes e arredondados, E. meditabunda pequenos e arredondados, E. collaris alongados e com extremidades arredondadas e T. perditor pequenos com uma extremidade arredondada e a outra angular podendo estas diferenças morfológicas serem características interessantes para futuros estudos filogenéticos ou sistemáticos para o grupo. Portanto, podemos concluir que a maioria das características analisadas é semelhante entre os insetos, com exceção da morfologia dos derivados mitocondriais que são diferentes, até mesmo, entre as espécies da família Pentatomidae. / Heteroptera is a suborder of the Hemiptera order, which has approximately 40,000 species distributed in eighty families, among them is the Pentatomidae family that stands out for being one of the largest families with approximately 4,100, representing approximately 11% of the total species of Heteroptera. The species of Pentatomidae Chinavia impicticornis, Edessa meditabunda, E. collaris and Thyanta perditor were studied in this work because of their economic importance, given that they are phytophagous species that cause great losses in several crops. Males of the species were collected in the region of São José do Rio Preto, the testes were fixed and then processed for analysis by transmission electron microscopy, the obtained blocks were trimmed, cut, contrasted and analyzed with transmission electron microscope Leo - Zeiss, of the Centro de Microscopia e Microanálise (IBILCE-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP) and the transmission electron microscope Jeol JEM - 100 CXII of Faculdade de Medicina of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP-USP). The species have similar ultrastructural characteristics to those found in many individuals of different orders, among these features is the acrosome formation from a large vesicle secreted by Golgi apparatus and located in the apical/lateral area of the nucleus. The nucleus also undergoes changes similar to those reported for most insects, passing of a great and spherical state with chromatin dispersed to a small and fusiform state and highly condensed chromatin. Another structure was observed the centriolar adjunct that showed electrodense structure in the basal region of the nucleus. We also observe the migration of mitochondria for the cell and its subsequent fusion was observed forming the mitochondrial complex or “Nebenkern”, which later splits to form two symmetrical mitochondrial derivatives, with the presence of paracrystalline structures inside. The pattern of microtubules found on the axonema, for all species was 9+9+2, typical of insects, being formed between the mitochondrial derivatives and accompanied by such over almost its entire length. Morphologically, the mitochondrial derivatives are different between C. impicticornis, E. meditabunda, E. collaris and T. perditor where it was possible to note that C. impicticornis derivatives showed large and rounded, E. meditabunda small and rounded, E. collaris elongated and rounded ends and T. perditor smaller with one rounded end and the other angled being able these morphological differences are interesting features for future phylogenetic or systematic studies for the group. Therefore, we can conclude that the analyzed characteristics are most similar among the insects, with the exception of the morphology of the mitochondrial derivatives which are different even among the species of the Pentatomidae family.

Eukaryotic flagella and cilia are long rod-like extensions of cells, which play a fundamental role in single cell movement, as well as in fluid transport. Flagella and cilia contain a highly evolutionary conserved mechanical structure called the axoneme. The motion of the flagellum is generated by dynein motor proteins, located all along the length of the axonemal structure. Fluorescent ATP analogs have been a useful tool to study ATPase activity of various motor proteins. \acrfull{mant} has been previously used to probe the activity of various ATPases, including dynein. It has been shown by various authors, that MANT-ATP supports dynein activity as well as the axonemal beat. However, direct observations of binding to the axonemal structure were not previously reported. Using highly sensitive fluorescent microscopy to monitor the binding of the fluorescent ATP analog, I probed dynein activity directly in the immobilized intact axoneme for the first time. To understand these kinetics a kinetic model was developed. By fitting this model to experimental data I was able to identify ATP-binding sites with distinct kinetic properties in the axoneme. I report a turnover rate of k = 0.02 s−1 at 1μM mant-ATP for dynein. Moreover, I discovered that there is binding of the ATP analog to the axoneme with a much higher rate of k = 11 s−1 at 1μM mant-ATP. By the application of this method to axonemes with reduced dyneins, it has been identified that the slow rate belongs to dynein.

The cilium/flagellum is a complex organelle protruding from the cell body and functioning in motility, sensing, and signalling. It is composed of hundreds of protein constituents, the majority of which comprise the flagellar cytoskeleton - the microtubule-based axoneme. Because the flagellum lacks ribosomes, its protein constituents have to be imported from the cell body and delivered to proper locations. Moreover, these proteins have to retain their function over a considerable length of time, despite the mechanical stress caused by flagellar beating and due to environmental exposure. This raises the question whether and where protein turnover occurs. Previously, it was established that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagella are dynamic structures (Marshall & Rosenbaum, 2001). In contrast, in the Trypanosoma brucei flagellum axonemal proteins are remarkably stable (Vincensini et al., 2018). However, the questions of axonemal assembly and stability were so far investigated only for a small number of proteins and during relatively short periods. Moreover, in these experiments expression of studied proteins was controlled by non-native regulatory elements. To elucidate the site of incorporation of proteins from all major axonemal complexes and to find out if and where the protein turnover occurs, T....