The members of the ubiquitously expressed E-protein subfamily of basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factors, E12/E47, SEF2-1 and HEB, have important roles as regulators of gene expression in various differentiation processes, including lymphocyte development and myogenesis. In myogenesis, E-proteins are proposed to function as obligate heterodimer partners for members of the MyoD family of muscle-specific bHLH transcription factors. The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal cellular messenger involved in regulation of a variety of cellular functions, including transcription. The Ca2+-bound form of the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) has been shown to inhibit DNA binding of E-proteins, but not tissue specific bHLH transcription factors, through direct physical interaction with the DNA binding basic sequence. The main focus of this thesis is on the role of Ca2+-binding proteins in regulation of bHLH transcription factors. Solution structure analysis of CaM in complex with the CaM-binding basic sequence of an E-protein revealed a novel type of protein-protein interaction with alternative binding modes in a complex of a CaM dimer surrounding the dimer of the E-protein sequence. This model for the interaction was further supported by mutational analysis, since every amino-acid substitution in the CaM binding basic sequence of E12 only partially affected the interaction with CaM. The mechanism of Ca2+/CaM regulation of transcriptional activation by E-proteins was studied using a cell culture system. CaM overexpression inhibited transcriptional activation by E12, E47 and SEF2-1 but not by MyoD. Ca2+/CaM inhibition of DNA binding in vitro directly correlated with the inhibitory effects of Ca2+ stimulation and CaM overexpression on transcription in vivo in a series of E12 basic sequence mutants. Furthermore, in vivo DNA binding of E12, but not a CaM resistant mutant of E12, was inhibited by overexpression of CaM. The data indicate that Ca2+/CaM can inhibit transcriptional activation by E-proteins through formation of a CaM-E-protein complex that can not bind DNA. An in vitro myogenesis system was used to investigate the potential role of the CaM-E-protein interaction in regulation of differentiation. CaM resistant mutants of E12 were inhibitory in MyoD initiated myogenic conversion of transfected fibroblasts, and inducers of intracellular Ca2+ activated, and Ca2+-channel blockers inhibited, transcriptional activation by E12, but not by a CaM resistant mutant of E12, with MyoD. The data support a model that Ca2+/CaM plays a role in initiation of myogenic differentiation through inhibition of E-protein dimers that can function as competitors to the CaM resistant MyoD/E-protein heterodimers required for myogenesis. The potential involvement of the Ca2+-binding calretinin proteins in regulation of bHLH transcription factors was also studied. Calretinin and the alternative splice variant calretinin-22k have been proposed to function as Ca2+-buffer proteins. Calretinin expression is restricted primarily to neuronal tissues. Calretinin and calretinin-22k are also found expressed in colon cancers, but not in normal colon tissue, and a role for calretinins in tumorigenesis has been proposed. We show that calretinins can inhibit DNA binding and transcriptional activation by E12 through basic sequence interaction. Endogenous E12/E47 and calretinin co-localize in a subset of cells in a proliferating colon cancer cell line and can be co-immunoprecipitated from the cell extract. A model is proposed in which calretinin overexpression can contribute to tumorigenesis through inhibition of the anti-proliferative function of E-proteins. The role of the E-protein E2-2 in lymphocyte development was studied using genetically altered mice with mosaic deletion of the E2-2 gene. The proportion of cells with a functional E2-2 allele was increased in the B- and T-lymphocyte populations, indicating a role for E2-2 not only in B-cell development, as reported before, but also in T-cell development.

No description available.

No description available.

Une craniosynostose est une pathologie caractérisée par la fusion prématurée d'une ou plusieurs sutures crâniennes. C'est un défaut de naissance assez fréquent (1/2500 naissances) qui résulte en une forme anormale du crâne et qui peut être accompagné d'une déficience mentale dans certains cas. Des mutations du gène TWIST1, qui encode un facteur de transcription basique Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) de classe II, causent le syndrome de Saethre-Chotzen qui est associé à une synostose de la suture coronale (El Ghouzzi et al. 1997; Howard et al. 1997). Un nouveau gène a récemment été découvert comme étant une nouvelle cause du syndrome Saethre-Chotzen ainsi que de synostose coronale asyndromique (Sharma, Fenwick, Brockop, et al., 2013): il s'agit du gène TCF12, qui encode un facteur de transcription bHLH de classe I.Nous démontrons qu'une reduction de l'expression génique de Twist1 et Tcf12 chez la souris cause une synostose coronale, et nous suggérons que les protéines bHLH Twist1 et Tcf12 forment des hétérodimères dont le dosage est critique pour le développement de la suture coronale.Nous nous concentrons aussi sur Twist1 et prouvons que son expression est requise dans les tissus dérivant du mésoderme ainsi que ceux dérivant des crêtes neurales pour le développement normal de la suture coronale.De plus, nous notons que dans la suture coronale, Twist1 exclut Notch2 afin de garder la suture ouverte, et beta-catenin joue un rôle dans la maintenance de l'ouverture de la suture en ciblant Jagged1 lors du développement de la suture coronale chez la souris.Enfin, nous mentionnons de nouveaux gènes qui pourraient avoir un impact sur le développement normal de la suture coronale: Aggrecan, Goosecoid, Gucy1a3 et Gucy1b3. / Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, is a common birth defect (1/2500 live births) that results in abnormalities in skull shape and sometimes in neurological deficiencies (Wilkie, 1997; Wilkie and Morriss-Kay, 2001). Mutations in TWIST1, which encodes a class II basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, cause Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, associated with coronal synostosis (El Ghouzzi et al. 1997; Howard et al. 1997). We recently discovered a new craniosynostosis gene, TCF12, which encodes a class I bHLH transcription factor. Tcf12 causes.Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and asyndromic coronal synostosis. (Sharma, Fenwick, Brockop, et al., 2013). We show that a reduction in the dosage of Twist1 and Tcf12 in mouse causes coronal synostosis, and we suggest that the Twist1 and Tcf12 form heterodimers whose dosage is critical for coronal suture development. We also demonstrate that Twist1 is required in both neural-crest and mesoderm-derived tissues for the normal coronal suture development. Moreover, we show that in the coronal suture, Twist1 excludes Notch2 thus maintaining suture patency. and we show that beta-catenin also plays a role in the maintenance of suture patency by regulating Jagged1. Finally, we identified Aggrecan, Goosecoid, Gucy1a3 and Gucy1b3 as Twist1-regulated genes that could have an impact on the normal development of the coronal suture.

Overexpression of tumor-derived mutant p53 is a common event in tumorigenesis, suggesting an advantageous selective pressure in cancer initiation and progression. Given that p53 is found to be mutated in 50% of all human cancers, restoration of mutant p53 to its wild type biological function has been a widely sought after avenue for cancer therapy. Most research efforts have largely focused on restoration of mutant p53 by artificial means given that p53 has some degree of conformational flexibility allowing for introduction of short peptides and artificial compounds. Recently, theoretical modeling and studies focused on restoration of mutant p53 by physiological means has raised the question of whether there are effective therapies worth exploring that focus on global physiological mechanisms of restoration of p53. Herein, we provide computational analysis of the thermodynamic stabilities of both wild-type and mutant p53 core domains by studying their respective minimum potential energies. Also, it is widely accepted that wild type p53 is modulated by various acetyl transferases as well as deactylases, but whether this mechanism of p53 modulation can be exploited for physiological restoration of mutant p53 remains under intense investigation. Using prostate cancer cell lines representative of varying stages of aggressiveness as a model, we show that ID4 dependent acetylation promotes mutant p53 DNA-binding capabilities to its wild type consensus sequence, thus regulating p53-dependent target genes leading to subsequent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Specifically, we identify that ID4 promotes acetylation of K373 and to a lesser extent K320, in turn regulating p53-dependent biological activities. Together, our data provides computational analysis of the core domain of certain mutant forms of p53 and a molecular understanding of ID4 dependent acetylation that suggests a strategy of enhancing p53 acetylation at sites K373 and K320, critical sites of post translational modification of p53, that may serve as a viable mechanism of physiological restoration of mutant p53 to its wild type biological function.

<p>The B3-domain transcription factor ABI3 is a major regulator of gene expression of seed maturation during Arabidopsis embryogenesis. The <i>napA</i> gene encodes for a <i>Brassica napus</i> 2S storage protein specifically expressed in the embryo during the early and mid-maturation phase (MAT program).The <i>napA</i> promoter contains two essential cis-sequences; the B-box, which functions as an Abscisic acid-responsive element (ABRE) and the RY/G cluster. ABI3 is known to target both these cis-sequences. Several bZIP factors expressed during seed maturation, bZIP12, bZIP38 and bZIP66, as well as a heterodimer of ABI5 and bZIP67, can bind the B-box ABRE in a yeast one-hybrid assay. Amongst them ABI3 and bZIP67 are able to activate synergistically the two cis-elements in a transient protoplast assay. We also show that bZIP67 interacts directly with ABI3 in a yeast two-hybrid assay. Therefore, we hypothesize that i)ABI3 is recruited indirectly to <i>napA</i> through molecular interaction with bZIP67 bound to the B-box ABRE, ii) ABI3 binds directly to the RY-element and interacts with bZIP67 targeted to the adjacent G-box found in the napA RY/G-cluster.</p><p>We also show that the RY/G cluster is responsible for repression of <i>napA</i> expression during the late maturation LEA program, and for repression of ABI3-mediated transactivation during germination. ABI3 from which the A1 activation domain had been removed, can bind to the <i>napA</i> RY-element in a yeast one-hybrid assay, in contrast to full-length ABI3, suggesting that ABI3 DNA-binding abilities are regulated by auto-inhibition. We propose that during late maturation ABI3 loses ability to bind RY, which results in repression of MAT genes but not of LEA genes that contain fewer RY-elements. In parallel, we show that the B3-domain VAL proteins bind to RY-elements and decrease ABI3-mediated transactivation of the <i>napA</i> RY/G and therefore act as active repressors maintaining silencing of MAT genes during vegetative growth.</p>

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The B3-domain transcription factor ABI3 is a major regulator of gene expression of seed maturation during Arabidopsis embryogenesis. The napA gene encodes for a Brassica napus 2S storage protein specifically expressed in the embryo during the early and mid-maturation phase (MAT program).The napA promoter contains two essential cis-sequences; the B-box, which functions as an Abscisic acid-responsive element (ABRE) and the RY/G cluster. ABI3 is known to target both these cis-sequences. Several bZIP factors expressed during seed maturation, bZIP12, bZIP38 and bZIP66, as well as a heterodimer of ABI5 and bZIP67, can bind the B-box ABRE in a yeast one-hybrid assay. Amongst them ABI3 and bZIP67 are able to activate synergistically the two cis-elements in a transient protoplast assay. We also show that bZIP67 interacts directly with ABI3 in a yeast two-hybrid assay. Therefore, we hypothesize that i)ABI3 is recruited indirectly to napA through molecular interaction with bZIP67 bound to the B-box ABRE, ii) ABI3 binds directly to the RY-element and interacts with bZIP67 targeted to the adjacent G-box found in the napA RY/G-cluster. We also show that the RY/G cluster is responsible for repression of napA expression during the late maturation LEA program, and for repression of ABI3-mediated transactivation during germination. ABI3 from which the A1 activation domain had been removed, can bind to the napA RY-element in a yeast one-hybrid assay, in contrast to full-length ABI3, suggesting that ABI3 DNA-binding abilities are regulated by auto-inhibition. We propose that during late maturation ABI3 loses ability to bind RY, which results in repression of MAT genes but not of LEA genes that contain fewer RY-elements. In parallel, we show that the B3-domain VAL proteins bind to RY-elements and decrease ABI3-mediated transactivation of the napA RY/G and therefore act as active repressors maintaining silencing of MAT genes during vegetative growth.

Lymphocytes are essential for the generation of specific immunity. Development of B cells in the bone marrow and T cells in the thymus have several analogous features, and are tightly regulated processes. Even though there is an increasing amount of information concerning lymphopoiesis, a lot of questions remain. The aim of this thesis has been to understand some of the molecular events that contribute to the control of lymphocyte development. Expression of the B cell receptor is an important checkpoint in B lymphocyte development. The Dµ protein is a truncated B cell receptor that can induce some of the signals elicited by full length µ, but cannot promote further B cell differentiation. In order to determine if this could stem from an impaired survival signal, we introduced Bcl-2 into RAG2 deficient Dµ transgenic mice. Analysis of these mice showed that Dµ could not support pre-B cell maturation despite extended survival of B cell precursors by Bcl-2. In addition, data from recombination competent Dµ transgenic mice demonstrated that the Dµ induced partial block is permissive for marginal zone B cell development, whereas the formation of follicular B cells is severely reduced. The bHLH family of transcription factors is known to be involved in the regulation of lymphocyte development. Whereas the roles of E2A and HEB have been well documented in both B- and T-lymphocytes, detailed knowledge concerning E2-2 is lacking. To address the role of E2-2 in B cell development, we have reconstituted mice, using E2-2 deficient fetal liver cells, and analysed the B cell compartments. We also measured mRNA expression patterns for the three E-proteins in wildtype mice. Resulting data show that, in addition to a role in B cell lineage entry, E2-2 is required for efficient expansion of pro-B cells, and also influences the follicular versus marginal zone decision. While focusing on assigning a role for E2-2 in T-cell development, we analyzed the expression of the E-proteins during this process and performed functional studies in fetal thymic organ cultures. E2-2 deficient mouse embryos were shown to display a partial block at the DN3 stage, which was not due to proliferation or apoptosis defects. In addition, analysis of expression levels of the pre-Talpha chain suggests that E2-2 may play a role in the regulation of transcription of pre-Talpha, and therefore in the assembly of the pre-T cell receptor.

Dans une perspective de médecine régénératrice, les cellules souches nerveuses et progénitrices fœtales humaines constituent indéniablement un des outils les plus adaptés au traitement des lésions du SNC et des maladies neurodégénératives. Jusqu'à présent, leur utilisation en thérapie cellulaire a eu recours à des populations hétérogènes composées à la fois de cellules immatures, de cellules en voie de différenciation et de cellules pleinement différenciées. Or des études récentes ont révélé l'intérêt de disposer de populations enrichies en un type cellulaire donné afin d'améliorer l'efficacité des greffes. Pour homogénéiser les populations et mieux cibler les pathologies, nous avons donc mis en œuvre deux stratégies. La première consiste à surexprimer, dans les cellules en culture, les gènes proneuraux à motif bHLH Ngn1, Ngn2, Ngn3 et Mash1 au travers de vecteurs lentiviraux dits « de différenciation ». Cette surexpression a permis d'orienter la différenciation des cellules majoritairement vers le lignage neuronal et également de spécifier des sous-types neuronaux. La seconde méthode utilise des vecteurs lentiviraux traceurs pour exprimer une protéine rapportrice sous le contrôle de promoteurs spécifiques des différents lignages du SNC en vue de leur sélection par tri cellulaire. Nous avons ainsi utilisé le promoteur Nestine pour les cellules immatures, le promoteur Synapsine pour les cellules neuronales et le promoteur GFAP pour les cellules astrocytaires. Si les promoteurs Synapsine et GFAP ont révélé une spécificité contestable, le promoteur Nestine, quant à lui, a permis de sélectionner une population enrichie à 81% en cellules nestine+. Ce travail s'inscrit dans un projet de plus grande envergure, qui a pour but d'évaluer les bénéfices de greffes de ces populations homogénéisées.