Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:34:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-04-09. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:47:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000829069.pdf: 378200 bytes, checksum: 83286ccd04ed70a6108bdd5f707c9066 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Estudamos a construção de hierarquias integráveis. Essas hierarquias possuem infinitas equações de movimento que surgem de uma mesma estrutura algébrica. E por consequência dessa estrutura comum conseguimos encontrar soluções solitônicas para todas essas equações simultânea e sistematicamente, através do método de Dressing. Neste trabalho estudamos as hierarquias mKdV e KdV e calculamos explicitamente equações de movimento para os primeiros graus de ambas. Para a KdV, o Lax obtido, parece funcionar apenas para os graus positivos. Encontrarmos uma maneira de determinar as transformações de Bäcklund para os graus positivos da hierarquia mKdV e KdV usando o fato das equações de movimento poderem ser escritas como derivadas totais. Obtemos uma maneira sistemática de construir as transformações de Bäcklund das equações da hierarquia mKdV explorando a invariância da equação de curvatura nula por transformações de gauge. Determinamos as transfomações de Bäcklund Tipo-I e Tipo-II para as equações de graus ímpares da hierarquia mKdV. Fizemos o cálculo explícito para os três primeiros graus positivos e os três primeiros graus negativos / We study the construction of integrable hierarchies. These hierarchies have infinite equations of motion which arise from the same algebraic structure, and, as a consequence, we can find simultaneously and systematically its solitonic solutions using the Dressing method. Inthiswork, we study the mKdV and KdV hierarchies and calculate explicitly the first few equations of motion for both of them. To the KdV, the Lax operator seems to work only in positive degrees. We determine the Bäcklund Transformations to the positive degrees of mKdV and KdV hierarchies using the fact that equations of motion can be written as total derivatives. We obtain a systematic way to construct the Bäcklund Transformations for the equations of the mKdV hierarchy exploring the gauge invariance of zero curvature equation. We determine the Bäcklund Transformations of Type-I and Type-II for the odd-degrees equations of mKdV hierarchy. We make the explicit calculation for first three positive degrees and also for the next three negative ones / CNPq: 130803/2013-8

Orientador: José Franscisco Gomes / Co-orientador: Abraham Hirsz Zimerman / Banca: Angela Foerster / Banca: Clisthenis Ponce Constantinidis / Resumo: Estudamos a construção de hierarquias integráveis. Essas hierarquias possuem infinitas equações de movimento que surgem de uma mesma estrutura algébrica. E por consequência dessa estrutura comum conseguimos encontrar soluções solitônicas para todas essas equações simultânea e sistematicamente, através do método de Dressing. Neste trabalho estudamos as hierarquias mKdV e KdV e calculamos explicitamente equações de movimento para os primeiros graus de ambas. Para a KdV, o Lax obtido, parece funcionar apenas para os graus positivos. Encontrarmos uma maneira de determinar as transformações de Bäcklund para os graus positivos da hierarquia mKdV e KdV usando o fato das equações de movimento poderem ser escritas como derivadas totais. Obtemos uma maneira sistemática de construir as transformações de Bäcklund das equações da hierarquia mKdV explorando a invariância da equação de curvatura nula por transformações de gauge. Determinamos as transfomações de Bäcklund Tipo-I e Tipo-II para as equações de graus ímpares da hierarquia mKdV. Fizemos o cálculo explícito para os três primeiros graus positivos e os três primeiros graus negativos / Abstract: We study the construction of integrable hierarchies. These hierarchies have infinite equations of motion which arise from the same algebraic structure, and, as a consequence, we can find simultaneously and systematically its solitonic solutions using the Dressing method. In this work, we study the mKdV and KdV hierarchies and calculate explicitly the first few equations of motion for both of them. To the KdV, the Lax operator seems to work only in positive degrees. We determine the Bäcklund Transformations to the positive degrees of mKdV and KdV hierarchies using the fact that equations of motion can be written as total derivatives. We obtain a systematic way to construct the Bäcklund Transformations for the equations of the mKdV hierarchy exploring the gauge invariance of zero curvature equation. We determine the Bäcklund Transformations of Type-I and Type-II for the odd-degrees equations of mKdV hierarchy. We make the explicit calculation for first three positive degrees and also for the next three negative ones / Mestre

Στην παρούσα διατριβή παρουσιάζεται η μελέτη μιας οικογένειας εξισώσεων διαφορών (ή διακριτών εξισώσεων) χρησιμοποιώντας μεθόδους συμμετριών. Τέτοιες μέθοδοι είναι καλά θεμελιωμένες για την μελέτη και κατασκευή λύσεων διαφορικών εξισώσεων. Στόχος είναι η χρήση συμμετριών για τη σύνδεση διαφορικών και διακριτών εξισώσεων, καθώς και η κατασκευή λύσεων των τελευταίων από συμμετρικές λύσεις των πρώτων. Συγκεκριμένα, μελετάμε διακριτές εξισώσεις που είναι αφινικά γραμμικές, έχουν τις συμμετρίες του τετραγώνου και εμπλέκουν τέσσερεις τιμές μιας άγνωστης συνάρτησης δύο ακέραιων μεταβλητών, οι οποίες σχηματιζούν ένα στοιχειώδες τετράπλευρο στο επίπεδο των ανεξάρτητων μεταβλητών. Η διεξοδική μελέτη αυτής της οικογένειας οδηγεί στην κατασκευή ενός νόμου διατήρησης καθώς και σε συνθήκες γραμμικοποιήσης. Μέλη αυτής της οικογένειας είναι και οι ολοκληρώσιμες εξισώσεις της ταξινόμησης των Adler, Bobenko, Suris (ABS). Η ολοκληρωσιμότητα των εξισώσεων ABS προκύπτει από την πολυδιάστατη συμβατότητά τους. Αυτό σημαίνει ότι μπορούν να επεκταθούν κατάλληλα σε εξισώσεις πολλών ανεξάρτητων μεταβλητών. Η ιδιότητα αυτή μας επιτρέπει να κατασκευάσουμε άμεσα έναν αυτομεταχηματισμό Bäcklund και ένα ζευγάρι Lax χρησιμοποιώντας τις ίδιες τις εξισώσεις, στοιχεία που αποτελούν άλλη μια ένδειξη της ολοκληρωσιμότητάς τους. Η εξάρτηση των εξισώσεων ABS από δύο συνεχείς παραμέτρους μας επιτρέπει να μελετήσουμε επιπλέον και τις επεκταμένες συμμετρίες τους, δηλαδή τις συμμετρίες που δρουν και στις παραμέτρους. Αυτές οι συμμετρίες αποτελούν το βασικό εργαλείο για τη σύνδεσή τους με ολοκληρώσιμα συστήματα διαφορικών εξισώσεων. Την ολοκληρωσιμότητα αυτών των συμβατών διαφορικών συστημάτων την αποδεικνύουμε κατασκευάζοντας έναν αυτομετασχηματισμό Bäcklund και ένα ζευγάρι Lax. Η σύνδεση αυτή μας επιτρέπει να κατασκευάσουμε λύσεις των διακριτών εξισώσεων από λύσεις του συμβατού συστήματος διαφορικών εξισώσεων, οι οποίες συνδέονται με λύσεις των συνεχών εξισώσεων Painlevé. Από την άλλη, παρουσιάζεται η σύνδεση αυτών των συστημάτων διαφορικών εξισώσεων με τις γεννήτριες εξισώσεις. Οι τελευταίες παρουσιάστηκαν αρχικά από τους Nijhoff, Hone, Joshi χρησιμοποιώντας άλλη προσέγγιση. Ωστόσο, η προσέγγιση μέσω συμμετρικών αναγωγών που παρουσιάζουμε εδώ είναι πιο άμεση και οδηγεί στα ίδια συμπεράσματα. Συνοψίζοντας, η παρούσα διατριβή παρουσιάζει μια καινοτομική χρήση των συμμετριών των διακριτών εξισώσεων για την κατασκευή λύσεων, αλλά και την σύνδεσή τους με συστήματα διαφορικών εξισώσεων. / In the present dissertation, we present the study of a family of discrete equations using symmetry-based techniques. Such methods are well established for the study of differential equations. We use the symmetries of discrete equations to establish new connections between discrete and differential equations, as well as to construct new solutions of the former in terms of similarity solutions of the latter. Specifically, we study discrete equations which are affine linear, possess the symmetries of the square and involve four values of an unknown function of two independent discrete variables forming a quadrilateral. The extensive study of this class leads to a conservation law, as well as to linearization conditions. Members of this family are the integrable equations of the Adler, Bobenko, Suris (ABS) classification. The integrability of the ABS equations follows from their multidimensional consistency. The latter implies that, the equation may be extended in a multidimensional lattice. This property allows us to derive directly an auto– Bäcklund transformation and a Lax pair, using the function defining these equations. These are another evidence of the integrability of the ABS equations. The dependence of these equations on two continuous parameters permits us to study their extended symmetries, i.e. symmetries acting on the parameters as well. These symmetries are our main tool in connecting the ABS equations to integrable systems of differential equations. The integrability of the latter is proved by the construction of an auto–Bäcklund transformation and a Lax pair. This connection provides us the means to construct solutions of the discrete equations from solutions of the compatible differential system, which are related to solutions of the continuous Painlevé equations. On the other hand, we present how these systems lead naturally to generating differential equations, which were presented by Nijhoff, Hone and Joshi starting from another point of view. However, our construction through symmetry reductions is more straightforward. Thus, in the present thesis is presented a novel usage of the symmetries of discrete equations in the construction of solutions and the connection between discrete and differential equations.