Frontal Protection Systems (FPS) have become a popular accessory for passenger vehicles. They are used to protect the front of a vehicle during minor impacts, and to attenuate the impact energy during major impacts. With the increased safety of modern passenger vehicles, the fitment of a FPS to a vehicle requires careful consideration to the design and installation of the FPS as they may modify vehicle crush characteristics. This is particularly important in vehicles fitted with air bags. These community and industry concerns triggered the research discussed in this thesis, which is the first comprehensive project undertaken in this particular area. This project generated comprehensive research knowledge on the impact response and energy absorption of FPS in order to evaluate performance. This involved a range of experimental testing supplemented by finite element analysis. Experimental testing was conducted using quasi-static and dynamic techniques to assess the overall performance of current FPS available. Finite element models were then generated and analysed using both implicit and explicit techniques, and calibrated against the experimental testing results. These models were used throughout the project to assess the FPS response, in particular the energy absorbed, to changes in impact characteristics. FPS assessment guidelines were developed from the knowledge generated from the numerous FPS tests and analyses carried out in this research project. These guidelines have been used in the design and evaluation of a number of FPS for airbag compatibility. The real life performance of vehicles fitted with these FPS, have given confidence to the assessment criteria developed in this research project. This project has demonstrated that FPS can be designed to complement the safety systems of modern passenger vehicles, and thus passenger safety. This would not have been possible without the comprehensive research carried out in this project.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-29T20:25:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEANDRO SILVA MOURA – DISSERTAÇÃO (UAEMa) 2015.pdf: 1388978 bytes, checksum: 0d032071aaa01d2baa1f746d3bbe2a17 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-29T20:25:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEANDRO SILVA MOURA – DISSERTAÇÃO (UAEMa) 2015.pdf: 1388978 bytes, checksum: 0d032071aaa01d2baa1f746d3bbe2a17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / A introdução das bolsas plásticas de policloreto de vinila (PVC) para coleta e armazenamento de sangue e seus componentes constituiu um grande avanço no processo transfusional. O uso destas bolsas trouxe aos serviços de hemoterapia uma coleta, preparação e transfusão do sangue de forma mais rápida, segura e eficiente. A influência de processos extremos no processamento e armazenamento das bolsas de sangue, como variações de temperatura de esterilização de 115ºC a 120ºC, temperaturas de armazenamento de sangue de até -70ºC e sucessivas centrifugações de até 5000rpm, podem levar a alterações no material. Estas alterações podem causar ruptura das bolsas de sangue com perda de seu conteúdo, gerando com isso, riscos biológicos, prejuízos econômicos e aspectos sociais pela doação de sangue. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação das propriedades químicas e térmicas das bolsas de policloreto de vinila. As amostras de bolsas plásticas nacionais utilizadas para este estudo foram selecionadas no Sistema de Dados da ANVISA - DATAVISA entre as bolsas regularizadas. As bolsas constituídas de PVC foram caracterizadas por Espectroscopia na Região de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia por Energia Dispersa de raios X (EDS), Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC) e Análise Termogravimétrica (TG). De acordo com os resultados observados no ensaio de FTIR, pode-se afirmar que todas as bolsas apresentaram os grupos funcionais característicos do PVC. O MEV mostrou uma superfície homogênea. O ensaio de EDS detectou os elementos químicos característicos do material estudado. A Análise Termogravimétrica demonstrou que as bolsas de ambos os fabricantes apresentaram perfil de degradação térmica similar iniciando por volta de 200ºC. Já o ensaio de DSC corroborou com o ensaio de TG, mostrando a degradação inicial também em 200ºC. Fundamentado pelos dados obtidos neste trabalho verificou-se que as bolsas obedecem a um mesmo critério de composição, possivelmente a recomendada pela Farmacopeia Europeia. / The introduction of plastic bags of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for collection and storage of blood and blood components was a breakthrough in transfusion process. The use of these bags brought to transfusion services a collection, preparation and transfusion of blood more quick, safe and efficient. The influence of extreme processes in the processing and storage of blood bags, as sterilization temperature of 115 to 120 ° C, blood storage temperature to - 70°C and successive centrifugations of up to 5000rpm, can lead to changes in the material. These changes can cause ruptures of blood bags with the consequence of losing contents causing economic losses, biological risk and negative implications for voluntary donation. This research has the objective the chemical and thermal evaluation of polyvinyl chloride blood bags. The samples from national blood bags used for this research were selected through ANVISA database from regularized blood bags. The PVC blood bags were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG). According to the results observed on FTIR, it can be affirmed that all bags had the characteristic functional groups of PVC. The SEM showed a homogeneous surface. The EDS essay detected the characteristic chemical elements of the studied material. The Thermogravimetric Analysis has shown the bags from both manufacturers have similar thermal degradation profile starting around 200°C. The DSC essay confirmed with the TG essay also showing the initial degradation at 200 °C. Based on the data obtained in this work it was identified that the bags conform to the same standard composition, possibly recommended by the European Pharmacopoeia.

Sistemas integrados de produção agrícola e pecuária estão sendo cada vez mais adotados no país e existe um grande potencial, no subtrópico brasileiro, de integrar a pecuária nas grandes extensões de pastagens hibernais cultivadas, antecedendo lavouras de verão, como soja e milho. Nesses sistemas, enquanto o animal é considerado o elemento catalizador e o solo é o compartimento que centraliza e captura as modificações impostas pelo manejo. Neste estudo, investigou-se um sistema com produção de soja-bovinos de corte, em um consórcio de azevém + aveia preta, manejada em diferentes alturas de pastejo (10, 20, 30, 40 cm) e uma área sem pastejo. O experimento foi instalado em maio de 2001, em São Miguel das Missões - RS, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, em sistema plantio direto. Foram abordados aspectos relacionados aos impactos do manejo do sistema sobre os teores e os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio após nove anos da instalação do experimento. Também foi estudada a cinética de liberação de carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio, em dois ciclos pastejo-soja (2009/11), a partir da decomposição dos resíduos vegetais, em sacos de decomposição (litter bags). Intensidades de pastejo moderadas a leve (20, 30 e 40 cm de altura do pasto) promoveram aumento nos teores e estoques de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio, total e particulado, semelhantemente ao observado na área sem pastejo. Valores do índice de manejo de carbono (IMC), em comparação com os da área tomada como referência (mata nativa e SP), indicam alta degradação da qualidade da matéria orgânica na maior intensidade de manejo (10 cm). A velocidade da ciclagem dos nutrientes foi maior nas intensidades moderadas de pastejo (20 e 30 cm), tanto dos resíduos da pastagem como do esterco. A decomposição dos resíduos da soja, cultivada na sequência, não foi afetada pelo manejo do pasto. As folhas apresentaram uma decomposição mais rápida, e consequente liberação mais rápida de nutrientes, em relação aos caules. A quantidade de nutrientes liberados dos resíduos em um ciclo pastejo-soja é suficiente em relação à demanda das plantas (pastagem e soja) e, majoritariamente, determinada pelos resíduos do pastejo (pasto + esterco), que foram maiores nas áreas com pastejo leve e nas áreas sem pastejo. / Integrated crop-livestock systems are lately being increasingly used in the country, and there is a great utilization potential in brazilian subtropic region, by integrating catlle production in a large area covered by winter pastures, preceeding summer crops, mostly soybean and corn. The animal, in such systems, is considered the catalizing agent, while the soil is the compartment that captures all the modifications imposed by animal and pasture management This research investigated a soybean-cattle system in a pasture mixture (ryegrass + black oat), managed at different plant heights (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) and no grazed areas. The experiment was established in May, 2001, in São Miguel das Missões county, Rio Grande do Sul state – Brazil, in a clayey Hapludox, under no-tillage system. The impacts of the integrated system management in total and particulated fractions of carbon and nitrogen were studied nine years after the experiment started. Nutrient (carbon. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium) cycling was also studied in two soybean-livestock cycles (2009/11), by plant and animal residue decomposition in litter bags. Moderately and light (20 and 30 and 40 cm plant height, respectively) pasture pressure resulted in similar increase of total and particulated carbon and nitrogen stocks and contents, as found in no-grazed area. Carbon managements indexes (CMI), as compared with the reference areas, indicated high degradation of organic matter quality under the most instensive grazing intensity (10 cm of pasture height). Nutrient cycling was higher in moderately grazing (20 and 30 cm pastures height), for pasture and cattle residues. Soybean residue decomposition was not affected by pasture and cattle management; however soybean leaves were more readily decomposed, and in this way, fastly release nutrients, as compared with stem decomposition. The amount of released nutrients in a soybean-cattle cycle is high as compared with plants (pasture and soybean) requirement for high yields and mostly determined by cattle and pasture residues that were higher under light and no grazing intensities, due to higher residue production.

Den här undersökningen har studerat hur Systembolagets plastpåses visuella kommunikation och marknadsföring sett ut och hur den har förändrats genom åren. Syftet var att skapa en förståelse kring förändringarna i relation till samhällets och marknadsföringens utveckling. Tanken var även att tillföra kunskap till historien om utvecklingen av visuell kommunikation och marknadsföring. Systempåsen har alltid varit en central del i företagets marknadsföring och funnits med i samma format under många årtionden, vilket gjorde området intressant för studiens syfte. Denna studie har genomförts med en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av Systembolagets plastpåse. För att behandla frågeställningen utgick studien från ett antal variabler som berört element, färg och kommunikation. Variablerna används för att identifiera förändringarna i plastpåsens visuella kommunikation och marknadsföring över tid, samt hur detta har förhållit sig till eller påverkades av samhälls- och marknadsföringsteoriers historia. Efter en förfrågan till Systembolaget blev empirin tilldelad, vilket bestod av över hundra systempåsar från 1970 till 2018. Vissa avgränsningar gjordes, såsom att enbart undersöka de Systembolagspåsar som är gjorda av plast och dess framsida. Detta på grund av att det är den sida som syns utåt och att det var då plastpåsen kom med den traditionella form som vi ser än idag. De resultat som gick att utläsa av studien var att en stor förändring skett från 70-talet till idag när det gäller påsens kommunikation. Uttrycken och budskapen har förändrats i takt med samhället och marknadsföringens utveckling. Det gick från ett rörigt uttryck till ett enhetligt. När påsen kom var det maffiga innehåll med stor variation. Under ett och samma årtionde varierade det till exempel mellan mängden bild, text och färg. Ett stort skifte skedde i uttrycken i början på 90-talet då ett och samma uttryck återanvändes och det gick att se ett tydligt samband mellan påsarna. Budskapen berörde aktuella ämnen från dess samtid under årtiondena, men framförallt anpassades budskapen efter marknadsföringens krav på en tydlig identitet och nya sätt att synas på. I och med utvecklingen mot ett samhälle där vi ständigt möts av nya reklambudskap. Budskapen gick därmed från att primärt kommunicera risker och säkerhet till att idag lägga ett större fokus på den egna verksamheten i sin kommunikation. / This study analyzed how the visual communication and marketing regarding Systembolaget’s plastic bags appearance and how it has changed over the years. The purpose with this study was to create an understanding regarding the alteration in relation to the changes in the development of society and marketing. The idea was to add knowledge to history regarding the development of visual communication and marketing. The plastic bag has always been a key part in Systembolaget’s marketing and has had the same overall formatthroughout the decades. What has been changed – on the other hand – is its graphic appearance. This leads to an interest to study how the design has developed in relation to societal changes, and thereby create a wider understanding of the history of visual communication and marketing as a field. This study has been conducted with a quantitative content analysis of Systembolaget’s plastic bags. Toaddress the question at issue this study used several variables that involved element, color and communication. This was to identify the changes of the plastic bag regarding visual communication and marketing over time, but also how it was related or affected by the history of society and marketing. After a query to Systembolaget the empirical data, which consisted of over a hundred plastic bags from Systembolaget between 1970 and 2018, was assigned to us. Certain delimitations have been done. We only examined the bags made of plastic, and only the front of the plastic bag. The results that could be read from the study were that there was a big change from the 70s until today, regarding the communication of the plastic bag. The expressions and messages has changed in the same pace as the development of society and marketing. When the plastic bag first came, the content had a big variation. The amount of images, text and color changed a lot during a decade. The message on the plastic bags concerned current topics from its present day. The main message went from communicating risks andsafety to today communicating Systembolaget’s vision as a company.

In my diploma thesis, I have focused on relation concerning the weight of school bags and poor posture among the population of school children. The aim of my thesis was to chart the weight of school bags at the first grade of primary school in the region of České Budějovice and Český Krumlov in relation to overloading the children?s locomotive system. A partial objective of this research was charting the content of these school bags. In my diploma thesis, I have described the locomotive system, the function of its parts and I have further analysed the development of the locomotive apparatus in each term of child?s growth organism with the emphasis on term of the younger school age. In this thesis, I have described the right posture and the most common deviations of posture from a physiological point of view. I have considered the risk factors that lead to the rise of poor posture and basic diagnostic tests, which are connected to this issue. Part of my thesis has been dedicated to the inappropriate load of younger school age children in school and the ways that this can be avoided. I have also summarised the issue of school bags. I have described how should the right kind of school bag should look like and what is required by the Czech technical norm. An additional issue I have mentioned in my thesis was the content of these school bags. In the last unit of the theoretical part of my work, I have done some research regarding the moving regimen of children in school and the ways of avoiding rising muscle imbalance. For the researching part, I have used a method of objective measuring and weighing of pupils and their school bags in each class of the first grade of those chosen schools supplemented by the information from a questionnaire given to the parents of these children. The results were processed by means of Microsoft Excel. This research has confirmed two out of four of these hypotheses; the other two were disproved. According to the data from this research, it is possible to confirm that the children were overloaded by their school bags in all classes of the first grade of primary schools, where the research was held and this fact confirms the first hypothesis. Other confirmed hypothesis was the fact that children are not allowed to keep their school supplies in their respective schools. More than half of parents answered that their children have to carry their school equipment with them every day. A positive finding was that children prepare their school bags every day with some help of their parents. Parents sometimes prepare the bags themselves or at least they check a content of the bag. This fact disproved one of the hypotheses. The last hypothesis assumed that parents don?t know about any risks connected to overloaded school bags. This hypothesis was also disproved. The parents of these children were able to state at least one of possible risks in most of cases.

Sistemas integrados de produção agrícola e pecuária estão sendo cada vez mais adotados no país e existe um grande potencial, no subtrópico brasileiro, de integrar a pecuária nas grandes extensões de pastagens hibernais cultivadas, antecedendo lavouras de verão, como soja e milho. Nesses sistemas, enquanto o animal é considerado o elemento catalizador e o solo é o compartimento que centraliza e captura as modificações impostas pelo manejo. Neste estudo, investigou-se um sistema com produção de soja-bovinos de corte, em um consórcio de azevém + aveia preta, manejada em diferentes alturas de pastejo (10, 20, 30, 40 cm) e uma área sem pastejo. O experimento foi instalado em maio de 2001, em São Miguel das Missões - RS, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, em sistema plantio direto. Foram abordados aspectos relacionados aos impactos do manejo do sistema sobre os teores e os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio após nove anos da instalação do experimento. Também foi estudada a cinética de liberação de carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio, em dois ciclos pastejo-soja (2009/11), a partir da decomposição dos resíduos vegetais, em sacos de decomposição (litter bags). Intensidades de pastejo moderadas a leve (20, 30 e 40 cm de altura do pasto) promoveram aumento nos teores e estoques de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio, total e particulado, semelhantemente ao observado na área sem pastejo. Valores do índice de manejo de carbono (IMC), em comparação com os da área tomada como referência (mata nativa e SP), indicam alta degradação da qualidade da matéria orgânica na maior intensidade de manejo (10 cm). A velocidade da ciclagem dos nutrientes foi maior nas intensidades moderadas de pastejo (20 e 30 cm), tanto dos resíduos da pastagem como do esterco. A decomposição dos resíduos da soja, cultivada na sequência, não foi afetada pelo manejo do pasto. As folhas apresentaram uma decomposição mais rápida, e consequente liberação mais rápida de nutrientes, em relação aos caules. A quantidade de nutrientes liberados dos resíduos em um ciclo pastejo-soja é suficiente em relação à demanda das plantas (pastagem e soja) e, majoritariamente, determinada pelos resíduos do pastejo (pasto + esterco), que foram maiores nas áreas com pastejo leve e nas áreas sem pastejo. / Integrated crop-livestock systems are lately being increasingly used in the country, and there is a great utilization potential in brazilian subtropic region, by integrating catlle production in a large area covered by winter pastures, preceeding summer crops, mostly soybean and corn. The animal, in such systems, is considered the catalizing agent, while the soil is the compartment that captures all the modifications imposed by animal and pasture management This research investigated a soybean-cattle system in a pasture mixture (ryegrass + black oat), managed at different plant heights (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) and no grazed areas. The experiment was established in May, 2001, in São Miguel das Missões county, Rio Grande do Sul state – Brazil, in a clayey Hapludox, under no-tillage system. The impacts of the integrated system management in total and particulated fractions of carbon and nitrogen were studied nine years after the experiment started. Nutrient (carbon. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium) cycling was also studied in two soybean-livestock cycles (2009/11), by plant and animal residue decomposition in litter bags. Moderately and light (20 and 30 and 40 cm plant height, respectively) pasture pressure resulted in similar increase of total and particulated carbon and nitrogen stocks and contents, as found in no-grazed area. Carbon managements indexes (CMI), as compared with the reference areas, indicated high degradation of organic matter quality under the most instensive grazing intensity (10 cm of pasture height). Nutrient cycling was higher in moderately grazing (20 and 30 cm pastures height), for pasture and cattle residues. Soybean residue decomposition was not affected by pasture and cattle management; however soybean leaves were more readily decomposed, and in this way, fastly release nutrients, as compared with stem decomposition. The amount of released nutrients in a soybean-cattle cycle is high as compared with plants (pasture and soybean) requirement for high yields and mostly determined by cattle and pasture residues that were higher under light and no grazing intensities, due to higher residue production.

Sistemas integrados de produção agrícola e pecuária estão sendo cada vez mais adotados no país e existe um grande potencial, no subtrópico brasileiro, de integrar a pecuária nas grandes extensões de pastagens hibernais cultivadas, antecedendo lavouras de verão, como soja e milho. Nesses sistemas, enquanto o animal é considerado o elemento catalizador e o solo é o compartimento que centraliza e captura as modificações impostas pelo manejo. Neste estudo, investigou-se um sistema com produção de soja-bovinos de corte, em um consórcio de azevém + aveia preta, manejada em diferentes alturas de pastejo (10, 20, 30, 40 cm) e uma área sem pastejo. O experimento foi instalado em maio de 2001, em São Miguel das Missões - RS, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, em sistema plantio direto. Foram abordados aspectos relacionados aos impactos do manejo do sistema sobre os teores e os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio após nove anos da instalação do experimento. Também foi estudada a cinética de liberação de carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio, em dois ciclos pastejo-soja (2009/11), a partir da decomposição dos resíduos vegetais, em sacos de decomposição (litter bags). Intensidades de pastejo moderadas a leve (20, 30 e 40 cm de altura do pasto) promoveram aumento nos teores e estoques de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio, total e particulado, semelhantemente ao observado na área sem pastejo. Valores do índice de manejo de carbono (IMC), em comparação com os da área tomada como referência (mata nativa e SP), indicam alta degradação da qualidade da matéria orgânica na maior intensidade de manejo (10 cm). A velocidade da ciclagem dos nutrientes foi maior nas intensidades moderadas de pastejo (20 e 30 cm), tanto dos resíduos da pastagem como do esterco. A decomposição dos resíduos da soja, cultivada na sequência, não foi afetada pelo manejo do pasto. As folhas apresentaram uma decomposição mais rápida, e consequente liberação mais rápida de nutrientes, em relação aos caules. A quantidade de nutrientes liberados dos resíduos em um ciclo pastejo-soja é suficiente em relação à demanda das plantas (pastagem e soja) e, majoritariamente, determinada pelos resíduos do pastejo (pasto + esterco), que foram maiores nas áreas com pastejo leve e nas áreas sem pastejo. / Integrated crop-livestock systems are lately being increasingly used in the country, and there is a great utilization potential in brazilian subtropic region, by integrating catlle production in a large area covered by winter pastures, preceeding summer crops, mostly soybean and corn. The animal, in such systems, is considered the catalizing agent, while the soil is the compartment that captures all the modifications imposed by animal and pasture management This research investigated a soybean-cattle system in a pasture mixture (ryegrass + black oat), managed at different plant heights (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) and no grazed areas. The experiment was established in May, 2001, in São Miguel das Missões county, Rio Grande do Sul state – Brazil, in a clayey Hapludox, under no-tillage system. The impacts of the integrated system management in total and particulated fractions of carbon and nitrogen were studied nine years after the experiment started. Nutrient (carbon. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium) cycling was also studied in two soybean-livestock cycles (2009/11), by plant and animal residue decomposition in litter bags. Moderately and light (20 and 30 and 40 cm plant height, respectively) pasture pressure resulted in similar increase of total and particulated carbon and nitrogen stocks and contents, as found in no-grazed area. Carbon managements indexes (CMI), as compared with the reference areas, indicated high degradation of organic matter quality under the most instensive grazing intensity (10 cm of pasture height). Nutrient cycling was higher in moderately grazing (20 and 30 cm pastures height), for pasture and cattle residues. Soybean residue decomposition was not affected by pasture and cattle management; however soybean leaves were more readily decomposed, and in this way, fastly release nutrients, as compared with stem decomposition. The amount of released nutrients in a soybean-cattle cycle is high as compared with plants (pasture and soybean) requirement for high yields and mostly determined by cattle and pasture residues that were higher under light and no grazing intensities, due to higher residue production.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-12T14:28:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese _Diógenes Soares Moura_final.pdf: 4560976 bytes, checksum: efbc9854c7666e2a40de8b98b027e62d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T14:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese _Diógenes Soares Moura_final.pdf: 4560976 bytes, checksum: efbc9854c7666e2a40de8b98b027e62d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / CAPEs / O presente trabalho explora a utilização de lasers na região do infravermelho do espectro eletromagnético em aplicações biomédicas. O uso dos lasers na indústria, para processamento de materiais e em aplicações médicas, como a realização de cirurgias, têm atraído grande interesse nas últimas décadas. Neste trabalho, laser infravermelho foi explorado no corte de bolsas de sangue e no desenvolvimento de sistema de avaliação de elasticidade de hemácias baseado em técnica de aprisionamento óptico. No corte de bolsas de sangue foram determinados os parâmetros da ablação como tempo de perfuração, taxa de ablação e diâmetro dos furos para diferentes fluências e taxas de repetição do laser. Neste trabalho foram utilizados laser pulsados no regime de femtossegundos, com comprimento de onda de 800 nm, com taxa de repetição de 10 Hz e 1 KHz. Os resultados mostraram uma dependência do processo de ablação com o aumento da fluência e da taxa de repetição do laser. Além disso, foram avaliados os resíduos gasosos emitidos durante o processo de ablação das bolsas. A avaliação dos parâmetros de ablação à laser de bolsas de sangue consiste em um estudo pioneiro e introduz um novo direcionamento no processo de corte das mesmas. No desenvolvimento de um sistema para avaliação automática de elasticidade de hemácias aprisionadas opticamente foram utilizados lasers contínuos nos comprimentos de onda de 785 nm e 1064 nm. O sistema permite obter o valor da elasticidade de uma célula em 20 segundos, o que imprime uma redução significativa do tempo do processo de avaliação (60 ×) comparada ao método convencional. O sistema automático pode ajudar a expandir as aplicações de pinças ópticas em Hematologia e Hemoterapia. Além disto, o sistema construído foi utilizado para avaliar danos em hemácias aprisionadas opticamente. Foi verificada uma dependência da elasticidade das células com o comprimento de onda, potência do laser incidente e com tempo de aprisionamento da hemácia. Observou-se que as hemácias, após 2 minutos de exposição ao laser de 785 nm tornaram-se até ~ 104% menos deformáveis que as hemácias controle. A exposição ao laser de 1064 nm de 2 minutos a 10 mW induziu um aumento de até ~ 20% na rigidez celular. Atribuiu-se a dependência do comprimento de onda dos danos ópticos à absorção do laser pela hemoglobina. As modificações observadas nas propriedades elásticas das células estudadas estabelecem novos limites para aplicações utilizando lasers em hemácias. / This work explores the use of lasers in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum in biomedical applications. The use of lasers in industry for materials processing and in medical applications, such as in surgeries, have attracted great interest in recent decades. In this work, infrared lasers were explored in blood bags cutting and in the development of a red blood cells elasticity evaluation system based on optical trapping technique. For the blood bags cutting process, ablation parameters such as drilling time, ablation rate and ablation diameter for different laser fluence and repetition rates were determined. In this work we used pulsed laser in femtosecond regime, with a wavelength of 800 nm, with repetition rate of 10 Hz and 1 KHz. The results showed a dependence of the ablation process with laser fluence and repetition rate. In addition, the waste gases emitted during the blood bags ablation process were evaluated. The evaluation of the blood bag laser ablation parameters consists of a pioneering study and introduces a new direction in the blood bag cutting process. In the development of a system for automatic evaluation elasticity of optically trapped red blood cells (RBCs), continuous laser at a wavelength of 785 nm and 1064 nm were used. The system allows to obtain the value of cell elasticity in 20 seconds, establishing a significant reduction in the assessment process time (× 60) compared to the conventional method. The automated system can help expand the applications of optical tweezers in Hematology and Hemotherapy. In addition, the constructed system was used to evaluate damage to red blood cells optically trapped. A dependence of the cells elasticity with the wavelength and power laser and with cell time trapping was observed. The results shows that the red blood cells was up to ~104% less deformable after 2 minutes of 785 nm laser exposition. The 2 minutes exposure to 10 mW of 1064 nm laser induced an increase up to ~ 20% on cell rigidity. We ascribed the wavelength dependence of the optical damages to the laser absorption by the hemoglobin. Moreover, the increase of RBCs rigidity could be associated to initial changes optically caused in the hemoglobin after irradiation. The results establish new limits for laser applications in RBCs, by identifying considerable modifications on their elastic properties.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-12-16T11:39:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 albaorlideoliveiracordeiro.pdf: 3902893 bytes, checksum: e3e338fcfc60f8c1db124b292a1613c3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-12-19T12:33:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 albaorlideoliveiracordeiro.pdf: 3902893 bytes, checksum: e3e338fcfc60f8c1db124b292a1613c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-19T12:33:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 albaorlideoliveiracordeiro.pdf: 3902893 bytes, checksum: e3e338fcfc60f8c1db124b292a1613c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-19 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização de um consórcio de técnicas para a restauração de áreas degradadas. Denominamos por “Sementeira de Juta” o conjunto constituído de sementes florestais dispostas dentro de sacos de juta preenchidos com substrato (esterco de boi, terra de sub-solo e adubo químico). Além disso, outros dois métodos foram propostos no consórcio, visando à diminuição da incidência da competição gerada por gramíneas exóticas invasoras: através do uso de sementes de adubo verde e a utilização de cobertura morta retirada na capina. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Juiz em área de pasto abandonado de Melinis minutiflora. Foram realizados 3 tratamentos, com 5 repetições cada, distribuídos aleatoriamente em 15 parcelas de 3x3m. O tratamento T1 constituiu de duas sementeiras de juta, dispostas lado a lado no centro das parcelas. No tratamento T2 além das sementeiras de juta foi acrescida a semeadura direta de 120 g de adubo verde no restante da parcela. E o tratamento T3 possuía as sementeiras com o revestimento das parcelas com cobertura morta. A cada sementeira de juta foi acrescida 20 sementes de 5 espécies arbóreas nativas da fase inicial da sucessão, em sacos de juta contendo 24kg de substrato. As análises realizadas foram: emergência das plântulas, sobrevivência, crescimento, e estimativa da cobertura vegetal de gramíneas. Foi registrada em nove meses de acompanhamento a emergência de 966 plântulas. Anadenanthera peregrina foi a espécie que obteve melhores porcentagens de emergência (90,8) as demais obtiveram porcentagens abaixo de 30%. No entanto, três espécies, Anadenanthera peregrina, Pelthophorum dubium, Schinus terebinthifolius obtiveram porcentagens de sobrevivência acima de 90%, Trema micrantha, 75% e Cecropia pachystachya, 65%. A comparação entre as análises realizadas para os tratamentos não apresentaram diferença significativa. Já o número de indivíduos amostrado com tamanho ≥ 30 cm foi significativamente diferente dos < 30 cm. Os tratamentos T1 e T3 demonstraram contribuir para o maior crescimento das plantas. Assim, o uso do consórcio de técnicas foi eficaz na melhoria das condições de semeadura direta para o estabelecimento das plantas. / This thesis aims to evaluate the usage of a group of techniques for the restoration of degraded areas. The addition of native forest seeds inside a jute bag filled with substrate prepared originated the Jute Seed Bag technique. Two other methods are proposed to be applied with the Jute Seed Bags in order to avoid the competition of exotic grass species: the application of herbaceous forage seeds and the use of dried grass specimens to cover the soil around the bags. We conducted the experiment in an area of the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora that was infested with Melinis minutiflora. Three different treatments were applied, with five repetitions each, randomly distributed in fifteen parcels of 3x3 m. T1 treatment was characterized by two Juta Seed Bags side by side within the parcel. T2 treatment was represented by the direct seeding of 120 g of herbaceous forage along with the Jute Seed Bags. T3 treatment represented the application of dried grass specimens around the bags. Each Jute Seed Bag had 20 seeds of 5 pioneer native tree species within 24 kg of prepared earth. We analysed the seedlings emergence, survival, growth and estimation of the grass cover and after nine months we registered the emergence of 966 seedlings. The Anadenanthera peregrina species registered the best “emergencia” rate, 90.8%, while the other species were below 30%. On the other hand, three species, Anadenanthera peregrina, Pelthophorum dubium, Schinus terebinthifolius had survival rates above 90%, while Trema micrantha had 75% and Cecropia pachystachya, 65%. No significant implication aroused from the comparison of the different treatments, but the specimens with more than 30 cm was significantly different from those with less than 30 cm. This might mean that treatments T1 and T3 contributed for a more efficient plant growth. Therefore, the usage of allied methods represented by the Jute Seed Bag technique can improve the establishment of native plants.

Por mucho tiempo, las bolsas de plástico fueron útiles para muchos consumidores, siendo más fáciles para ellos adquirirlas de manera gratuita en los supermercados, mercados, bodegas y diversos establecimientos. Sin embargo, a partir de la promulgación de la Ley N° 30884, hizo que cada persona sea responsable de portar una bolsa para llevar sus productos o caso contrario podría comprarla en el establecimiento en que se encuentra. Partiendo de esta premisa y analizando las necesidades generadas en el mercado, nace “KEYBAG”, un llavero-bolsa diseñado para aquellas compras que no están planificadas, dando la oportunidad de llevarla siempre con el consumidor. Este llavero armable contiene una bolsa de tela reforzada en su interior con otra tela antifluido, que ayudará a proteger los productos, mantenerlos en orden y reusarla en diversas compras. Nuestro tentador proyecto tiene como periodo 5 años, requiere una inversión inicial de S/ 28,005.53 y con el análisis financiero se determinó que el financiamiento externo sea de S/ 11,202.21 y al periodo total del proyecto. Asimismo, el retorno de la inversión sería al primer año de iniciada las actividades comerciales. Finalmente, guiándonos de la tendencia actual por el consumo responsable se emplearan materiales eco amigables y resistentes, lo que hace que KeyBag sea un producto que genere impacto positivo en el medio ambiente. / For many time, plastic bags had been helpful for the costumers, many of them were got for free in every supermarket and shops. However, Nowadays there is the Law N° 30884, which made every customer have a bag to carry their products, otherwise the customer could buy a bag at the supermarket or shop they are at the moment. That is the moment when our project is born, “KEYBAG”, is a key chain bag which is designed for not planned shopping, it gives you the advantage to have a bag in your key chain, it has a thermic cloth bag which protects your products and the environment, it also allows you to organize your products, and use it to go shopping o buy you products many times. Our tempting project has an estimated time of 5 years, requires an initial investment of S/. 28005.53 and after the financial analysis it determined that the external financing S/ 11,202.21, and to the end of the project. Also, the return of investment would be a year after the commercial activities start. Finally, following the current trend about the responsible consumption we are using eco-friendly and resistant materials, what makes KeyBag a product that generates a positive impact for the environment. / Trabajo de investigación