Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2011. / Dry needling (DN) fanning technique is an effective treatment for myofascial trigger points (MTP), however, it causes swelling and intramuscular haemorrhage which results in post-needling soreness (PNS). Kinesio ® taping space-correction-technique (KTSCT) is claimed to aid in reducing pain by decreasing inflammation, increasing circulation and lymphatic drainage. This in theory indicates that Kinesio ® taping could reduce/alleviate PNS pain after DN. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of KTSCT utilizing Kinesio ® Tex Gold tape in reducing the level of PNS associated with DN a trapezius muscle trigger point two. Method: Forty five patients with active trapezius muscle MTP two were randomly allocated into one of three treatment groups. All groups received a standardized DN treatment. Thereafter, group one received no further treatment and acted as the control group, group two received an application of KTSCT utilizing Kinesio ® Tex Gold tape, while group three received a non-proprioceptive hypoallergenic tape application. Assessments were made pre-, post-treatment and at a follow-up consultation on the following day once the taping application was removed. Assessments included numerical pain rating scale-101 (NRS-101), a pain diary and algometer readings. Results: Group three showed an improvement over the control group, however, it was not a statistically significant improvement in any of the assessments. Group two showed statistically significant improvement over the control in the pain diary and algometer readings overall. Results from the NRS-101, showed that group two had a statistically significant improvement when compared to the control group over the time interval when the Kinesio ® Tex Gold tape was applied to the patient. Conclusion: KTSCT utilizing Kinesio ® Tex Gold tape had a greater effect in reducing the level of PNS associated with DN a trapezius muscle trigger point two, when compared with either a non-proprioceptive hypoallergenic tape application or a control group.

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Department of Chiropractic, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa. 2015. / Background: Plantar fasciitis (PF) is inflammation of the plantar surface of the foot, usually at the calcaneal attachment and is most commonly due to overuse. It is the most common foot condition treated by healthcare providers. Conservative treatment using taping is one of the first lines of treatment for PF. Low-Dye taping and Kinesio taping are two types of taping techniques commonly used to treat PF. Low-Dye taping and Kinesio taping have different intrinsic tape properties as well as different mechanisms of action in the treatment of PF. Low-Dye taping involves the use of a non-stretch, rigid tape. Rigid tape is commonly used by therapists primarily for the mechanical properties the tape provides to support the injured structure as well as to protect against re-injury. Low-Dye taping shortens the distance between origin and insertion of the plantar musculature and fascia, decreasing stress and tensile forces along the plantar plate to protect the plantar fascia and allow healing to occur. Kinesio tape is an elastic tape that allows a one-way longitudinal stretch; it is applied in a specific manner to achieve its therapeutic effects and forms convolutions on the skin. The proposed mechanism of action of Kinesio tape involves improving circulation of blood and lymphatics to resolve oedema caused by the inflammatory component of PF; suppressing pain, and; relieving muscle tension to return fascia and muscle functioning to normal. Both forms of tape have shown effectiveness in the treatment of PF; however the effectiveness of one taping technique versus the other has not yet been explored. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Kinesio tape alone versus Low-Dye tape alone in the treatment of PF in terms of both objective and subjective measures. Methods: Thirty participants with a diagnosis of PF, between the ages of 20 and 45, were randomly allocated into two treatment groups. Both groups received treatment in the form of a taping technique, either Kinesio tape or Low-Dye tape. Assessments were made pre-treatment at each visit and at a follow up visit, with seven visits in total. Assessments included objective data measures (ultrasonography, algometer readings, weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion measurements) and subjective measures (the visual analogue scale and the foot function index questionnaire). Data was recorded in a data collection sheet and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21 was used to analyze the data with a p value of < 0.05 considered as being statistically significant. Results: Most outcomes showed a significant improvement over time regardless of which form of treatment they received. For the VAS and pain walking outside, in the disability section of the FFI, there was statistical evidence of the Kinesio tape group improving more than the Low-Dye tape group. For morning pain, in the pain section of the FFI, and pain climbing curbs, in the disability section of the FFI, there was statistical evidence of the Low-Dye tape group improving more than the Kinesio tape group. For all the other outcomes there was a non-significant trend towards the Low-Dye tape group showing a greater improvement than the Kinesio tape group. Conclusion: Kinesio taping and Low-Dye taping were both found to be effective in the treatment of PF with neither form of tape showing superiority to the other in the treatment of PF.

Thesis (MScPhysio)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This review aims to present the available evidence for the effect of McConnell taping on knee biomechanics in individuals with Anterior Knee Pain (AKP). Pubmed, Medline, Cinahl, Sportdiscus, Pedro and Science Direct electronic databases were searched from inception until September 2014. Experimental research into knee biomechanical or EMG outcomes of McConnell taping compared to no tape or placebo tape were included. Two reviewers completed the searches, selected the full text articles and assessed the risk of bias of eligible studies. Authors were contacted for missing data. Eight heterogeneous studies with a total sample of 220 were included in this review. All of the studies had a moderate to low risk of bias and compared taping to no tape and/ or placebo tape. Pooling of data was possible for three outcomes; average knee extensor moment, average VMO/VL ratio and average VMO-VL onset timing. None of these outcomes revealed significant differences. The evidence is currently insufficient to justify the routine use of the McConnell Taping technique in the treatment of Anterior Knee Pain. There is a need for more evidence on the aetiological pathways of Anterior knee Pain; level one evidence and studies investigating other potential mechanisms of McConnell taping. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die objektief van hierdie resensie was om te bepaal wat die effekte van McConnell Patellar Vasbinding is op knie kinematika, kinetiek en spier aktivering in diegene met Voorafgaande Knie Pyn (VKP). Die navorsers het elektroniese databases soos Pubmed, Medline, Cinahl, Sportdiscus, Pedro en Science Direct, van aanvang tot September 2014, ondersoek. Eksperimenteel studie ontwerpe wat biomeganiese of EMG gevolge van McConnell Vasbinding vergelyk met geen vasbinding of placebo vasbinding, is ingesluit. Twee resente het die ondersoek voltooi, die volle tekse artikels gekies en die partydigheid risiko van die ingeslote studies, geskat. Skrywers is gekontak vir enige verlore data. Agt heterogeen studies uit ‘n totalle monster van 220 is in hierdie resensie ingesluit. Al die studies het ‘n gematigde tot laag risiko vir eensydigheid en vergelyk vasbinding met geen of placebo vasbinding. Data saamvoeging was moontlik vir drie uitslae, naamlik: gemiddelde knie ekstensor moment; gemiddelde VMO/VL ratio en gemiddelde aanval tydmeting. Geen gevolge het veelseggende verskille of afwykings vertoon. Tans is die bewys nie genoegsaam om die routiene gebruik van McConnell Vasbinding tegniek te regverdig nie in die behandeling van VKP. Meer bewyslewering op die etiologiese paaie van VKP; Graad een bewys en studies wat ander moontlike meganisme van Mc Connell Vasbinding ondersoek, is noodsaaklik.

Curativos gel de clorexidina (CGCHX) são uma tecnologia inovadora e com custo financeiro alto no que tange os cuidados do Cateter Venoso Central (CVC), são benéficos na prevenção das Infecções da Corrente Sanguínea Relacionadas ao Cateter (ICSRC). Tal curativo pode ser compreendido como uma recomendação do Programa Nacional de Segurança do Paciente, o qual prioriza a prevenção de infecções relacionadas à saúde. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar a ocorrência de ICSRC em paciente adulto crítico com CVC de curta duração que utilizou como cobertura no sítio de saída o CGCHX ou Filme Transparente de Poliuretano (FTP). Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal prospectivo realizado no Centro de Terapia Intensiva e Unidade Coronariana de um hospital de ensino do interior do estado de São Paulo. A coleta de dados foi realizada pelo próprio pesquisador ou pelos auxiliares de pesquisa. No momento da retirada do cateter intravascular foram obtidas duas amostras de hemocultura e a ponta do cateter. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de 1º de setembro a 31 de dezembro de 2014. A população do estudo foi constituída por 56 pacientes que tiveram um CVC e utilizaram o CGCHX ou FTP como cobertura do sítio de saída do CVC. Desses 56 pacientes, 11 foram excluídos, sendo seis devido a não ter sido coletado a ponta do cateter e cinco pela falta da coleta de hemocultura, sendo então a amostra final de 45 pacientes. Utilizaram-se CGCHX em 18 pacientes e o FTP em 27. Houve a presença de dois casos de ICSRC identificados no grupo de pacientes que utilizaram o FTP e os microrganismos isolados foram o Acinetobacter baumannii e Klebsiella pneumoniae. Diante dos resultados obtidos nesse estudo acredita-se que antes de incorporar novas tecnologias de alto custo deve-se implementar as medidas padrões para inserção e manutenção dos cateteres intravasculares com o objetivo de prevenir infecções relacionadas ao cateter / Chlorhexidine gel dressings (CGCHX) are an innovative technology with a high financial cost as it regards care related to central venous catheters (CVC), being beneficial in the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections (ICSRC). This dressing is a recommendation of the National Patient Safety Program, which prioritizes the prevention of health-related infection. The aim of the present study was to identify the occurrence of ICSRC in adult critical patients with a short-term CVC using CGCHX or polyurethane transparent film (FTP) at catheter the exit site. A prospective cross-sectional cohort study was conducted in the Coronary and Intensive Care Unit of a teaching hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo. Data were collected by the researcher and by research assistants. At the time of removing the intravascular catheter, two blood culture samples and the catheter\'s tip were collected. Data collection took place between September 1st and December 31st , 2014. The study population was made up of 56 patients who had a CVC and used CGCHX or FTP as coverage for the CVC exit site. Of these 56 patients, 11 were excluded, six for not being possible to collect their catheter\'s tip and five due to the lack of a blood culture sample, thus the final sample consisted of 45 patients. Eighteen patients used CGCHX and 27 used FTP. There were two cases of ICSRC identified in the group of patients who used FTP and the microorganisms isolated were Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In face of the results obtained in this study, it is believed that before incorporating new high cost technologies it is necessary to implement standard measures for insertion and maintenance of intravascular catheters, with the aim of preventing catheter-related infections

Curativos gel de clorexidina (CGCHX) são uma tecnologia inovadora e com custo financeiro alto no que tange os cuidados do Cateter Venoso Central (CVC), são benéficos na prevenção das Infecções da Corrente Sanguínea Relacionadas ao Cateter (ICSRC). Tal curativo pode ser compreendido como uma recomendação do Programa Nacional de Segurança do Paciente, o qual prioriza a prevenção de infecções relacionadas à saúde. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar a ocorrência de ICSRC em paciente adulto crítico com CVC de curta duração que utilizou como cobertura no sítio de saída o CGCHX ou Filme Transparente de Poliuretano (FTP). Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal prospectivo realizado no Centro de Terapia Intensiva e Unidade Coronariana de um hospital de ensino do interior do estado de São Paulo. A coleta de dados foi realizada pelo próprio pesquisador ou pelos auxiliares de pesquisa. No momento da retirada do cateter intravascular foram obtidas duas amostras de hemocultura e a ponta do cateter. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de 1º de setembro a 31 de dezembro de 2014. A população do estudo foi constituída por 56 pacientes que tiveram um CVC e utilizaram o CGCHX ou FTP como cobertura do sítio de saída do CVC. Desses 56 pacientes, 11 foram excluídos, sendo seis devido a não ter sido coletado a ponta do cateter e cinco pela falta da coleta de hemocultura, sendo então a amostra final de 45 pacientes. Utilizaram-se CGCHX em 18 pacientes e o FTP em 27. Houve a presença de dois casos de ICSRC identificados no grupo de pacientes que utilizaram o FTP e os microrganismos isolados foram o Acinetobacter baumannii e Klebsiella pneumoniae. Diante dos resultados obtidos nesse estudo acredita-se que antes de incorporar novas tecnologias de alto custo deve-se implementar as medidas padrões para inserção e manutenção dos cateteres intravasculares com o objetivo de prevenir infecções relacionadas ao cateter / Chlorhexidine gel dressings (CGCHX) are an innovative technology with a high financial cost as it regards care related to central venous catheters (CVC), being beneficial in the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections (ICSRC). This dressing is a recommendation of the National Patient Safety Program, which prioritizes the prevention of health-related infection. The aim of the present study was to identify the occurrence of ICSRC in adult critical patients with a short-term CVC using CGCHX or polyurethane transparent film (FTP) at catheter the exit site. A prospective cross-sectional cohort study was conducted in the Coronary and Intensive Care Unit of a teaching hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo. Data were collected by the researcher and by research assistants. At the time of removing the intravascular catheter, two blood culture samples and the catheter\'s tip were collected. Data collection took place between September 1st and December 31st , 2014. The study population was made up of 56 patients who had a CVC and used CGCHX or FTP as coverage for the CVC exit site. Of these 56 patients, 11 were excluded, six for not being possible to collect their catheter\'s tip and five due to the lack of a blood culture sample, thus the final sample consisted of 45 patients. Eighteen patients used CGCHX and 27 used FTP. There were two cases of ICSRC identified in the group of patients who used FTP and the microorganisms isolated were Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In face of the results obtained in this study, it is believed that before incorporating new high cost technologies it is necessary to implement standard measures for insertion and maintenance of intravascular catheters, with the aim of preventing catheter-related infections

Low back pain (LBP) is a common health problem that contributes to the high cost of health care. Improvement in trunk range of motion has been considered to be an important factor in ameliorating the symptoms of LBP. Kinesio® taping is a prominent therapeutic modality commonly used in the variety of populations for treating musculoskeletal conditions. However, previous research on the efficacy of Kinesio® taping for LBP is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate and short-term effects of Kinesio® taping with the muscle inhibition technique on active trunk flexion range of motion. Twenty-five subjects with no history of LBP in the past 6 months or LBP lasting over six weeks at any point in past were recruited from a Division I athlete population. Each subject underwent two Kinesio® taping trials in a cross-over design with a 7-10 day washout period (placebo application and inhibition technique application), during which several trunk flexion range of motion measurements were made. Subjects wore the tape for 48 hours, and active trunk flexion range of motion was measured at baseline, immediate post-tape application, and 48 hours post-tape application. A significant trial by time interaction was found (F = 9.629; p = 0.002), and follow-up analysis of the inhibition technique trial revealed a significant increase in active trunk range of motion between baseline and 48-hours post-tape. No significant differences were noted in the placebo trial. The findings suggest that the inhibition Kinesio® taping technique may eventually prove to be a beneficial therapeutic modality for improving active trunk flexion range of motion in patients with LBP.

Plantar heel pain is a common disorder that can involve considerable pain. Many treatments have been suggested to manage the condition however few have been rigorously evaluated. Two treatments commonly recommended in clinical practice are adhesive taping applied to the foot and calf muscle stretching. The effectiveness of neither treatment is supported by good quality evidence. Aim: To examine the effectiveness of two short-term interventions, low-Dye taping and calf muscle stretching, for the treatment of plantar heel pain. In addition, the effect of the interventions on biomechanical variables was investigated. Design: Four studies were undertaken in the thesis. The first study in the thesis (Chapter 3) investigated the biomechanical effect of low-Dye taping on the lower limb by systematically reviewing appropriate clinical trials. Meta-analyses were undertaken where appropriate. The second study (Chapter 4) was a blinded randomised trial conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of low-Dye taping for the short-term treatment of plantar heel pain. The third study (Chapter 5) investigated the effect of calf muscle stretching on ankle joint range of motion by systematically reviewing appropriate clinical trials. Meta analyses were again undertaken where appropriate. The fourth and final study (Chapter 6) was another blinded randomised trial conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of calf muscle stretching for the short-term treatment of plantar heel pain. Setting: Both randomised trials were conducted at a university-based clinic in Sydney, Australia. Participants In the randomised trials, 184 participants who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for plantar heel pain were recruited from the local community. In the first trial 92 participants were evaluated over a one-week period and randomly allocated to receive either low-Dye taping or a sham intervention. In the second trial 92 participants were evaluated over a two-week period and randomly allocated to receive either calf muscle stretching or a sham intervention. Outcome measures In the first systematic review, all trials that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria evaluated the effect of low-Dye taping on kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic outcomes. For the second systematic review, all trials that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria examined the effect of calf muscle stretching on the outcome of ankle joint dorsiflexion range of motion. Both randomised trials in this thesis used the Visual Analogue Scale and the Foot Health Status Questionnaire as primary outcomes. In the stretching randomised trial secondary outcomes were also assessed, namely the Foot Posture Index-6 and the Ankle Lunge Test. Results: The first systematic review found that low-Dye taping provides a small, statistically significant increase in navicular height immediately after application (weighted mean difference 5.90mm; 95% confidence interval 0.41 to 11.39; p=0.04)1 indicating a reduction in foot pronation. However, after exercise, taping had no statistically significant effect on navicular height (weighted mean difference 4.70mm; 95% confidence interval –0.61 to 10.01; p=0.08). In addition, taping had no statistically significant effect on maximum rear foot eversion (weighted mean difference –0.59°; 95% confidence interval ����2.53 to 1.35; p=0.55) or total rear foot range of motion while walking (weighted mean difference 2.3°; 95% confidence interval –0.64 to 5.24; p=0.13). The first randomised trial found that low-Dye taping had a significantly greater decrease in ‘first-step’ pain compared to a control group. The estimate of the mean difference between the groups (measured on 100mm Visual Analogue Scale) favoured the taping group (-12.3mm; 95% confidence interval -22.4 to -2.2; p=0.017). There 1 P values are provided to three decimal places except when values were generated using systematic review software, Review Manager 4.2.7, which sometimes only calculates results to two decimal places. were no differences detected in any of the other outcome measures. The taping was associated with mild to moderate short-lived adverse events that could be minimised with the use of hypoallergenic tape and careful application of the tape to reduce tightness. The second systematic review found that calf muscle stretching provides a small, statistically significant increase in ankle joint dorsiflexion. Stretching for ≤15 minutes (in a single session or accumulated over multiple sessions) provides a weighted mean difference of 2.07° (95% confidence interval 0.86 to 3.27; p(less than)0.001). 15 to 30 minutes (accumulated over multiple sessions) increased dorsiflexion by a weighted mean difference of 3.03° (95% confidence interval 0.31 to 5.75; p=0.03), and >30 minutes of stretching (accumulated over multiple sessions) increased dorsiflexion by a weighted mean difference of 2.49° (95% confidence interval 0.16 to 4.82; p=0.04) indicating no further increase in dorsiflexion is achieved by stretching for >30 minutes. The second randomised trial found that calf muscle stretching compared to a control group, had no significant effect on ‘first-step’ pain, foot pain, foot function or general foot health. Stretching was associated with mild to moderate adverse effects that were short-lived once stretching ceased. Conclusion: When used for the treatment of plantar heel pain, low-Dye taping provides a small increase in navicular height, and after one week, produces a small reduction in the ‘first-step’ pain. Calf muscle stretching increases ankle joint dorsiflexion approximately 2 to 3 degrees but has no effect on plantar heel pain after two weeks. It can therefore be concluded that low-Dye taping is effective for the short-term treatment of the ‘first-step’ pain associated with plantar heel pain, but calf muscle stretching is not effective for plantar heel pain. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to compare the protective characteristics of four different ankle braces and one form of ankle taping. An inversion and plantar flexion platform was used to induce ankle movements. The subjects used in this study consisted of 10 volunteer male students. The subjects had no sprains five months prior to testing. All subjects were tested in the same size 10 shoes, high tops and low tops. A Certified Athletic Trainer applied all ankle braces and ankle tapings. A closed basketweave with heel locks, adherent spray, and pre-wrap was used for all taping conditions.After the application of the ankle braces or taping, each subject performed two tests on the inversion and plantar flexion platform. A random order was used among the subjects. An ankle inversion platform was modified to induce 30 degrees of inversion and 35 degrees of plantar flexion simultaneously. The subjects will be filmed using a Locam 16mm at 200 frame/second. All subjects were filmed from the posterior plane with markings on the posterior aspect of the lower leg to help analyze the movement at the subtalar joint. A Calcomp 9100 series digitizer that was interfaced with a VAX computer was used to analyze the data and calculate the amount of angular displacement at the subtalar joint. An ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine significant differences between support techniques. University procedures for the protection of human subjects was followed. ANOVA procedures indicated no significant difference in angular displacement between braces. A statistical analysis indicated that low top shoes provided significantly more support than high top shoes in braced ankles. / School of Physical Education

Thesis--Auburn University, 2009. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 36-42).