A quitosana é um polissacarídeo produzido pela desacetilação da quitina e tem sido estudada para aplicação como biomaterial por apresentar características, tais como: biocompatibilidade, atoxidade e ação antimicrobiana. O objetivo deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento e caracterização química, física e biológica de membranas à base de quitosana (QUI) e carboximetilcelulose (CMC) para aplicação na área biomédica. Foram realizados ensaios de resistência, capacidade de absorção de água e perda de massa em solução salina de tampão fosfato (PBS) e saliva artificial, infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), bioatividade, citoxicidade e degradação. Nos ensaios de citotoxidade, observou-se que as membranas desenvolvidas são atóxicas e nos ensaios de absorção de água que a carboximetilcelulose aumentou significamente a capacidade de absorção da membrana. As características naturais dos polímeros não foram alteradas, como observado no ensaio térmico (DSC) e no FTIR. Referente à liberação da lisozima, as membranas de QUI e QUI/CMC/QUI obtiveram melhores resultados, tanto na liberação quanto na atividade da enzima. As principais aplicações das membranas estudadas na área biomédica são como bandagens. / Chitosan is a polysaccharide produced from chitin by deacetylation and has been studied for application as biomaterial for presenting characteristics, such as biocompatibility and antimicrobial atoxidade. The objective of this study was the development and characterization chemical, physical and biological of membranes based on chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) for application in the biomedical area. Tests of resistance, water absorption capacity and mass loss in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and artificial saliva, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), bioactivity and cytotoxicity. The tests of cytotoxicity revealed that the membranes developed are non toxic and water absorption test the CMC increased significantly absorption capacity of membrane. The natural characteristics of the polymers were not changed, as observed on DSC and FTIR. With regard to the release of lysozyme, membranes CHI and CHI/CMC/CHI obtained better results in both the release and in the activity of the enzyme. The main applications of the membranes studied in the biomedical field are like bandages.

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing

Athletic trainers frequently are required to design rehabilitation and treatment programs for injured athletes. These treatment programs oftentimes involve the use of cryotherapy or ankle taping to create an optimal environment for healing. The purpose of this study was to identify the individual and simultaneous effects of ankle taping and cryotherapy on mechanical power and velocity.Sixteen (16) Division IA Baseball players (Age 20.53+/- 1.15 yrs, Wt 878.45+/105.68 N, Ht 1.85+/- 0.087 m) served as subjects for this study. Subjects met the following criteria: 1) all were asymptomatic from any lower extremity injury for at least six months prior to testing. 2) none had any known cold allergy (ie. hives, hypersensitivity to cold).This study utilized a counterbalanced repeated measures design, in which subjects participated in three treatments, cryotherapy, ankle taping and a combination treatment of cryotherapy and ankle taping. For the taping treatment, each subject was taped using a standard closed basket weave technique` with porous 1.5" cloth athletic tape (Johnson and Johnson, Coach). The cryotherapy treatment was administered a 20 minute ice immersion treatment at 10 deg Celsius to the leg and ankle. In the combination treatment, both treatments were administered with the ice immersion preceding ankle taping. The effects of these treatments on mechanical power and velocity were measured by a Kistler amplifier and force plate platform during a one leg standing vertical jump.The two-way repeated measures ANOVA's for power and velocity showed no significant interaction between cryotherapy, taping or combination treatment. However, significant pre-post treatment effects for power were discovered after cryotherapy and combination treatment. As a result of these findings, it is evident that immediate return to participation after cryotherapy or combination treatment will lead to decreases in muscular performance or injury. / School of Physical Education

Thesis (M.S.)--Indiana University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Dakota, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 43-44). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Dakota, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 43-44)

A quitosana é um polissacarídeo produzido pela desacetilação da quitina e tem sido estudada para aplicação como biomaterial por apresentar características, tais como: biocompatibilidade, atoxidade e ação antimicrobiana. O objetivo deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento e caracterização química, física e biológica de membranas à base de quitosana (QUI) e carboximetilcelulose (CMC) para aplicação na área biomédica. Foram realizados ensaios de resistência, capacidade de absorção de água e perda de massa em solução salina de tampão fosfato (PBS) e saliva artificial, infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), bioatividade, citoxicidade e degradação. Nos ensaios de citotoxidade, observou-se que as membranas desenvolvidas são atóxicas e nos ensaios de absorção de água que a carboximetilcelulose aumentou significamente a capacidade de absorção da membrana. As características naturais dos polímeros não foram alteradas, como observado no ensaio térmico (DSC) e no FTIR. Referente à liberação da lisozima, as membranas de QUI e QUI/CMC/QUI obtiveram melhores resultados, tanto na liberação quanto na atividade da enzima. As principais aplicações das membranas estudadas na área biomédica são como bandagens. / Chitosan is a polysaccharide produced from chitin by deacetylation and has been studied for application as biomaterial for presenting characteristics, such as biocompatibility and antimicrobial atoxidade. The objective of this study was the development and characterization chemical, physical and biological of membranes based on chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) for application in the biomedical area. Tests of resistance, water absorption capacity and mass loss in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and artificial saliva, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), bioactivity and cytotoxicity. The tests of cytotoxicity revealed that the membranes developed are non toxic and water absorption test the CMC increased significantly absorption capacity of membrane. The natural characteristics of the polymers were not changed, as observed on DSC and FTIR. With regard to the release of lysozyme, membranes CHI and CHI/CMC/CHI obtained better results in both the release and in the activity of the enzyme. The main applications of the membranes studied in the biomedical field are like bandages.

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / Background: Acute ankle sprains and chronic ankle instability syndrome (CAIS) may be managed effectively through conservative management approaches such as strapping. There are two main types of strapping viz. rigid tape which is used to stabilise the joint and limit joint motion and elastic tape which permits joint motion but provides dynamic support. Kinesio™ tape is becoming increasingly popular in the management of various conditions. It is reportedly beneficial in reducing pain, improving circulation, increasing proprioception and correcting muscle function. Due to claimed benefits of Kinesio™ tape, it should, in theory, be beneficial in the management of individuals with CAIS particularly in terms of reducing pain and improving proprioception. AIM: To investigate the effect of three types of strapping applied in the method described for the application of Kinesio™ tape in the management of CAIS. METHODS This study consisted of three groups of 15 participants (recruited through convenience sampling) with each group receiving a different tape (i.e. rigid, elastic or Kinesio™ tape), all three groups, however, received the same taping method which was the Kinesio™ tape functional correction application. After obtaining informed consent each participant underwent a case history, physical examination and a foot an ankle orthopaedic examination. Thereafter, baseline measurements of subjective pain rating (NRS-101), pain threshold (analogue algometer), ankle dorsiflexion, plantarflexion and inversion (analogue goniometer) and proprioception (Biodex Biosway portable balance system) were documented. Depending on the group, the particular tape was then applied and a follow up consultation was made for two to three days later where the tape was removed, measurements were reassessed and the tape was reapplied. At the final consultation three to four days later, the tape was removed and final measurements were assessed and documented. Statistical intra- (using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test) and inter-group (using the Mann-Whitney U-test) analyses of the data were performed due to a skewed distribution of the variables. Data was analysed using SPSS version 21.0 with the level of significance set at 0.05. RESULTS The mean (± SD) age of the participants was 24.8 (4.7) and there were 23 male participants in total. Intra-group analyses of subjective outcome measurements showed significant increases (p < 0.05) in subjective pain rating in all three groups across all consultations. Similarly, intra-group analyses of objective outcome measurements found significant increases (p < 0.05) in pain threshold and dorsiflexion range of motion in all three groups across all consultations. Plantarflexion and inversion range of motion also showed significant increases (p < 0.05) but these were not consistent across all consultations. Intra-group analyses of the sway index showed no significant improvements (p > 0.05) in Groups Two and Three across the three consultations. Only Group One showed significant increases during the eyes open foam surface (EOFoS) (p = 0.013) and eyes closed foam surface (ECFoS) (p = 0.047) test conditions between Consultations One and Two. Inter-group analyses of subjective outcome measurements showed no significant increases (p > 0.05) in subjective pain rating across each of the three consults in all three groups. Inter-group analyses of objective outcome measurements revealed a significant increase in pain threshold (p = 0.040) between Groups Two and Three at Consultation One. There was a significant increase in plantarflexion between Groups One and Three at Consultation Two (p = 0.021) and Consultation Three (p = 0.030). There were no other significant results amongst the three groups. CONCLUSION The results suggest that pain rating, pain threshold and ankle dorsiflexion would improve if taping is applied in the manner described for Kinesio™ tape irrespective of the type of taping used in the management of CAIS. The taping method did not result in a significant difference in proprioception. Further studies, with larger sample sizes are required to confirm the findings of this study and to determine the role of taping in the management of CAIS. / M

M.Tech. (Chiropractic) / Introduction: Neck pain is a common condition which affects up to 70 percent of people at some point in their lives, and at any given time about 10 to 20 percent of the population reports neck problems. Although spinal manipulation on its own is effective in the treatment of chronic neck pain, chiropractors continue to search adjunctive modalities to improve the positive outcomes of their treatment. Therefore, it is important to look for the best possible treatment protocol as well as research alternatives, should contraindications for present protocols, such as spinal manipulation, arise. One such alternative could be Kinesio® taping. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of utilising Kinesio® taping, spinal manipulation or the two therapies combined, for the treatment of chronic neck pain. It will also provide further evidence on the efficacy of spinal manipulation and Kinesio® taping in isolation. Method: This study was a comparative study consisting of three groups of ten participants. The method of treatment was determined by random group allocation. Group 1 received spinal manipulation to restriction(s) of the cervical spine only. Group 2 received Kinesio® taping to the longissimus cervicis muscles only. Group 3 received a combination of spinal manipulation and Kinesio® taping as previously described. Subjective measurements consisted of the Vernon-Mior Neck Pain and Disability Index and the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and objective measurements was assessed in degrees by making use of the Cervical-range-of-motion (CROM) instrument. Procedure: There were seven consultations in total. There were six treatment consultations over three weeks. The seventh consultation consisted of data collection only. Subjective and objective measurements were taken prior to treatment on the first and fourth consultation, and on the seventh consultation where no treatment took place. Subjective readings were taken from the Vernon-Mior Neck Pain and Disability Index and the NPRS. Objective readings were assessed in degrees by making use of the Cervical-range-of-motion (CROM) instrument. Results: It was evident from the data that all three groups responded well to their respective treatment protocols. With regards to the subjective measurements Group 1, 2 and 3 demonstrated statistically significant improvement in both neck pain severity and functional disability. As Group 1 had the highest clinical improvement with regards to the NPRS, it indicates that the Group 1 treatment protocol was more effective in decreasing the pain intensity throughout the treatment period. All three groups responded similarly with regards to the Vernon-Mior Neck Pain and Disability Index, although Group 1 responded the best clinically. With regards to the objective measurements Group 1, 2 and 3 demonstrated statistically significant improvement in all ranges of motion of the cervical spine. However, it was found that Group 3 clinically responded best to treatments in all the ranges of motion except for right lateral flexion in which Group 2 responded best to treatment. Conclusion: The study showed that the treatment protocols for Group 1, 2 and 3 were effective in treating chronic neck pain. The evidence suggests that the Group 1 treatment protocol, which received spinal manipulation, is more effective than Kinesio® taping alone and the two therapies combined in decreasing pain intensity and functional disability in the treatment of chronic neck pain. The evidence further suggests that the Group 3 treatment protocol, which received spinal manipulation in combination with Kinesio® taping, is more effective than spinal manipulation and Kinesio® taping alone in increasing all cervical spine ranges of motion in the treatment of chronic neck pain.

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