Bakgrund: I Sverige ökar immigrationen för varje år; därmed söker sig fler individer som härstammar från andra länder och kulturer till den svenska sjukvården. Sverige har lagstiftat att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal skall ge varje individ likvärdig sjukvård.Kommunikation utgör en viktig del i kontakten mellan patient och hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Språk- och kulturella barriärer kan leda till bristande sjukvård för patienten. Detta medför att sjukvårdspersonal kan uppleva att de gör ett sämre jobb vilket kan leda till frustration. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa och utforska dietisters upplevelser av språk- och kulturella barriärer vid mötet med patienter med annat modersmål än svenska. Metod: Utifrån en kvalitativ forskningsmetod intervjuades sex kliniska dietister. Vid intervjuerna användes en semistrukturerad frågeguide. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades ordagrant. Därefter analyserades datat med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: För att kunna ge patienterna en god sjukvård krävdes kreativa tillvägagångssätt för att överbrygga språk- och kulturella barriärer. Informanterna beskrev användning av tolk som ett av de viktigaste hjälpmedlen för att öka den språkliga kommunikationen i mötet med patienten. Det fanns dock aspekter som tydde på att en tolk som inte genomförde sitt arbete professionellt var ett problem som kundepåverka mötet negativt då kontakten med patienten påverkades. Informanterna ansåg att kommunikationssvårigheter kunde leda till bristande behandling vilket i sin tur kunde leda till en känsla av misslyckande och frustration hos informanten. Slutsats: Språk- och kulturella barriärer kan vara ett hinder för att kunna ge patienten den vård dietisten önskar. Trots kreativa lösningar samt användning av tolk finns en risk att kvalitén på sjukvården inte når upp till den nivå lagstiftningen kräver. I samband med en ökad immigration bör rutiner och utbildning kring språk- och kulturella barriärer ses över. / Background: Each year the immigration increases in Sweden, as an effect of that, more individuals from other countries and cultures seek help from the healthcare system. The Swedish law states that healthcare providers have an obligation to give each individual equal care. Because communication is a big part of the meeting between the caregiver and the patient, the language and cultural barriers could lead to a lack of care. This also means that healthcare providers may experience a sense of frustration. Objective: The aim of the study was to elucidate and explore clinical dietitians’ experiences of language and cultural barriers during the meeting with patients with a first language other than Swedish. Method: Based on a qualitative research method six clinical dietitians were interviewed. During the interviews a semi-structured interview guide was used. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data was analyzed withqualitative content analysis. Results: In order to give patients good care the dietitians had to use creative approaches to overcome language and cultural barriers. The interpreter was seen as one of the most important instrument during the meeting with the patient, but an interpreter who did not carry out their work in a good way could affect the meeting negatively. The informants felt that communication difficulties could lead to unsuccessful treatmentwhen the message did not reach the patients. This led to a sense of failure and frustration among the informants. Conclusions: Language and cultural barriers can be an obstacle in order to give the patient the care the dietitian wishes. Despite creative solutions and the use of an interpreter there is a risk that the quality of care does not reach the demands according to the Swedish legislation. In conjunction with increased immigration, procedures and education on language and cultural barriers should be reviewed.

Denna komparativa analys jämför J.M. Barries Peter Pan och Wendy (2013) med Disneys Peter Pan (2015) för att se hur karaktärerna förändrats genom adaptionen av berättelsen. En narrativ analys presenterar berättelsens intrig och följs av en komparativ analys av de två verken där fokus ligger på vad som tagits bort vid adaptionen och hur karaktärerna framställs. Analysen visar hur mycket som vid adaptionen tagits bort och att detta påverkar bilden läsaren får av karaktärerna.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-07T19:01:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000400756-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 14916111 bytes, checksum: c8e32f3fd2366d816a573fc02945add7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / The notion of a book as an object with aesthetic and communicative functions is the basis for this work. The book is a sign that points to its content and draws attention to itself as a support, with the potential to be recognized as a work of art. To validate this concept, the author uses Gérard Gennete's classification categories that determine the aesthetic and artistic functions of the book as an aesthetic object; Paul Valéry's writings; and the thought of designers such as Richard Hendel and Guto Lins, among others. She then provides an analysis of the verbal and visual discourses in the book Peter Pan published by Editora Moderna, Selo Salamandra, 2006, within a notion that establishes it as a hybrid and symphonic composite, the guidelines to which are built upon the discourse analysis categories proposed by Genette. In this analysis the author observes how the correlations and interrelations between the visual and the verbal voices are established. She then delves into its semiotic elements, which she called melodic elements, in order to demonstrate the signic and transcreative correspondence from one language to the other, inspired mainly by Julio Plaza, the iconologist Otto Pächt and the cognitive psychologist Rudolf Arnheim. She selected a historic iconographic sample to exemplify how the various visual ressignifications occur and how they influence and are influenced by the diachronic path of the editions of James M. Barrie's work. The analysis encompasses discourses and their integrative aspect within a conception of a symphony conducted by the graphic project. Considerations about Ana Maria Machado’s translation are included in the analysis because the author sees it as a constitutive part of the hybrid discourse presented in the edition discussed. Attention was also given to the reception potential of the book as an object, assuming a receiver in possession of his/her intellective-cognitive and sentimental-cognitive capacities, based on Gaston Bachelard’s thought about the dynamic, resonant and reverberating appropriation of art by the subject. She identified the sentimental and intellective perception potential in her corpus, anchored in Edgar Morin’s sociology theory and António Damásio’s neurology theory in contrast with the Wolfgang Iser’s and Hans Robert Jauss’s reception aesthetics, presented alongside with the hermeneutics according to Otto Pächt. In this regard, the categories of counterpoint developed by Maria Nikolajeva and Carole Scott for the way how the graphic-visual and verbal discourses are interrelated and received proved useful. Based on this survey, the author simulated a model-reader in the act of manipulating and reading the pages of the book. Her final considerations, far from being conclusive, conceive this dissertation as a provocative element to further discussion. Above all, in what concerns not only intellectual but also emotional-affective interaction with the aesthetic object, she foresees a continuity towards empirical research aiming at verifying how the interactions of the reception and the analysed edition are actually carried out. Finally, the visual references annexed function as examples and samples from which the concepts brought into discussion stem. These visual references lend themselves to highlighting their enticing quality and significant graphicvisual features while contextualizing the selected corpus. / Este trabalho parte da concepção do livro como objeto de função estética e comunicativa, signo que indica seu conteúdo e que chama a atenção sobre si mesmo enquanto suporte, com potencial para ser reconhecido como objeto de arte. Para isso, a autora recorreu às categorias classificatórias da função estética e artística na localização do livro como objeto estético de Gérard Genette, aos escritos de Paul Valéry e às reflexões de designers como Richard Hendel e Guto Lins, entre outros. Em seguida, analisou os discursos verbais e visuais da edição Peter Pan publicada pela Editora Moderna, Selo Salamandra, em 2006, dentro de uma concepção que prevê a sua integração em um composto híbrido e sinfônico, cujas diretrizes foram desenvolvidas a partir das categorias de análise do discurso conforme Genette, estabelecendo paralelos e inter-relações comportamentais entre a voz visual e a voz verbal. Depois, penetrou nos seus elementos semióticos, aos quais denominou melódicos, demonstrando a correspondência sígnica e transcriativa de uma linguagem para outra, inspirada sobretudo em Julio Plaza, no iconologista Otto Pächt e no psicólogo cognitivo Rudolf Arnheim. Recolheu uma amostra iconográfica histórica para exemplificar o comportamento das diversas ressignificações visuais e o modo como elas influenciam no e são influenciadas pelo percurso diacrônico das edições da obra de James M. Barrie. A análise estendeu-se aos discursos em seu comportamento integrativo dentro de uma concepção de sinfonia maestrada pelo projeto gráfico; foram incluídos comentários sobre a tradução de Ana Maria Machado, porque considerados parte constitutiva do discurso híbrido apresentado na edição em pauta.A autora também se ocupou do potencial receptivo do objeto-livro, a partir da configuração de um receptor presente em sua capacidade cognitivo-intelectiva e cognitivo-sentimental, a partir de uma reflexão de Gaston Bachelard sobre a apropriação dinâmica ressonante e repercutiva da arte pelo sujeito. Buscando amparo teórico em Edgar Morin, da sociologia, e António Damásio, da neurologia, em contraponto à estética da recepção, de Wolfang Iser e Hans Robert Jauss, apresentados junto à hermenêutica da arte conforme Otto Pächt, localizou no corpus seu potencial perceptivo sentimental e intelectivo. Aqui, foram úteis as categorias de contraponto desenvolvidas pelas pesquisadoras Maria Nikolajeva e Carole Scott para o modo como os discursos gráficovisuais e verbais se interrelacionam e se oferecem à recepção. Com base nesse levantamento, a autora simulou um leitor-modelo no ato de manipulação e leitura das páginas do livro. Suas considerações finais, longe de se mostrarem conclusivas, entendem essa dissertação como provocativa a novos questionamentos. Sobretudo, no que tange a interação não apenas intelectual, mas emo-afetiva com o objeto estético, prevê-se o prosseguimento em direção a uma pesquisa empírica, a fim de constatar como se dão de fato as interações do receptor com a edição analisada. Por fim, as referências visuais necessárias anexadas atuam como exemplo e amostra onde devem repousar os conceitos levantados, deixando-se ressaltar em seu comportamento apelativo e qualidades gráfico-visuais significativas, ao mesmo tempo em que contextualiza o corpus selecionado.

Estudo da termitofauna (Insecta, Isoptera) da região do alto Rio Madeira, Rondônia. Na região conhecida como alto Rio Madeira, no município de Porto Velho, Rondônia, estão sendo criadas as Usinas Hidrelétricas (UHEs) de Santo Antônio e Jirau. As construções das represas das UHEs estão inundando grandes porções de floresta ao longo das duas margens do rio Madeira. Desta forma o conhecimento da biota local, especialmente de sua distribuição no espaço, é extremamente importante, ainda mais porque o alinhamento dos rios Amazonas-Madeira-Mamoré separa a região Neotropical em duas áreas de endemismo para diversos grupos de animais. Essa tese tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados gerais obtidos ao longo de três anos de monitoramento de cupins nas áreas de influência da UHE de Jirau e dois anos nas áreas de influência da UHE de Santo Antônio, assim como desenvolver um estudo de comunidades e análise da distribuição espacial dos cupins presentes nas áreas de influência da UHE de Jirau (Capítulo 1). Outro objetivo é o estudo da estrutura genética das populações de Heterotermes tenuis (Rhinotermitidae) ao longo das áreas de influência das duas UHEs, visando investigar a existência de fluxo gênico entre as populações de cada margem do Rio Madeira (Capítulo 2). Foram amostrados doze módulos, sete na margem esquerda do rio e cinco na margem direita. Cada um era compostos por transectos de 3 ou 4 km e parcelas perpendiculares a cada 1km, e as amostragens foram realizadas em subparcelas de 5x2m dentro das parcelas. Durante um total de 20 campanhas foram investigadas 1121 subparcelas, totalizando 7875 amostras de cupins e pelo menos 169 espécies. Esse é provavelmente o trabalho com maior esforço amostral já empregado e também o que registrou o maior número de espécies de cupins até hoje. Para o estudo de comunidades, foram aleatorizadas 20 subparcelas nos seis módulos da UHE de Jirau, sendo cinco subparcelas dentro das parcelas marcadas nas seguintes distâncias em relação à margem do rio: P1 - 50 m, P2 - 1 km, P3 - 2 km e P4 - 3 km. A composição de cupins não está relacionada com o lado do rio. O estimador que mais se aproximou do provável número real de espécies foi o Jackknife 2. Como resultado das análises de diversidade beta utilizando a composição de espécies de cupins houve um agrupamento dos módulos com o mesmo tipo de solo, sugerindo que algumas espécies de cupins estejam distribuídas de acordo com esta variável. Em relação à distância para o rio, a parcela mais próxima do rio foi a mais singular, tanto em relação à composição de espécies quanto à riqueza e abundância, sendo que existem espécies restritas à P1 e outras praticamente ausentes nessas parcelas. Das dez variáveis ambientais analisadas, a riqueza de cupins se mostrou correlacionada com a altitude, concentração de argila e silte no solo e estratificação vegetal entre 1 e 5 m. Para o estudo da estrutura genética das populações de H. tenuis foram utilizadas 84 sequências dessa espécie dos 12 módulos de monitoramento, seis de colônias do Cerrado e três do GenBank (de Manaus, Guiana Francesa, e Equador), além de uma de H. longiceps como grupo externo. Nas análises iniciais, foi encontrada uma forte estruturação genética entre as sequências: todas as análises filogenéticas (máxima parcimônia, máxima verossimilhança e inferência bayesiana), assim como a rede de haplótipos, formaram dois grupos consistentes, mas sem qualquer relação espacial. A partir disso, passou-se a trabalhar com a hipótese de que há duas espécies crípticas (chamadas Ht. A e Ht. B). Desta forma, todas as análises para testar se o Rio Madeira funcionava como barreira biogeográfica foram testadas separadamente para cada uma das supostas duas espécies crípticas, entretanto, não foi constatada qualquer influência do rio como barreira ao fluxo gênico entre as populações de cada margem. / The Santo Antônio and Jirau hydroelectrics plants (HP) are being built in the Madeira River region, in Porto Velho, RO, Brazil. The HPs will flood large portions of native forest, and thus knowledge of the local biota and its distribution in space is extremely important for the formulation of management plans for creation of protected areas. This region in particular is unique, since the alignment of Amazonas-Madeira-Mamoré Rivers divides the Neotropical region into two areas of endemism for a diversity of taxa. The main objective of this thesis was to monitor termites for three years in areas near the Jirau HP and two years in areas near the Santo Antônio HP. As well as conduct a community level study and analyze the spatial distributions of termites from the areas influenced by Jirau HP (Chapter 1); and investigate the population genetic structure of Heterotermes tenuis (Rhinotermitidae), for the two areas influenced by the HPs, to test whether there is genetic flow between the populations on either bank of the Madeira River (Chapter 2). Twelve modules were marked, seven on the left bank of the river and five on the right bank. Each module was composed of 3 or 4 km transects and perpendicular parcels every 1 km. The sampling was conducted in sub parcels of 5 x 2 m inside each main parcels. During 20 expeditions, 1121 subparcels were investigated and a total of 7875 samples were collected and identified to 169 species. This study incorporates greater sampling effort than already employed by other published studies to date and also registered the highest number of termites species of any similar study. For the community study, 20 subparcels were randomized in the six modules of the Jirau HP, with five subparcels marked in relation to distance from the river margin (P1 - 50 m, P2 - 1 km, P3 - 2 km, and P4 - 3 km). The termite species composition was not related to side of the river bank. The richness estimator Jackknife 2 was the best estimator of the real number of species diversity. The beta diversity analysis with termite species composition clustered for modules with the same soil type, suggesting that some termite species may be distributed according to the soil type. Parcels closest to the river were the most unique, both in terms of termite species composition and abundance patterns, with some species restricted to the P1 and others absent. Of the ten environmental variables measured, termite species richness was correlated with altitude, clay and silt concentration in the soil, and vegetation stratification between 1 and 5 m, among. For the study of the genetic structure of Heterotermes tenuis, 84 sequences of this species were used from the 12 monitoring modules, six from colonies from the Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna), three from GeneBank (from Manaus, French Guiana and Ecuador), and one of H. longiceps as outgroup. In the initial analysis, relatively strong genetic structure within the samples was found: all phylogenetic analysis (maximum parsimony and likelihood, and Bayesian inference), and haplotype networks, consistently clustered two groups of haplotypes, but without any spatial relationships. Thus was assumed that there were two cryptic species (here called Ht. A and Ht. B), and all the analysis to test whether the Madeira River was a biogeographic barrier were conducted separately for each putative species. However, it was not possible to detect any influence of the river to genetic flow between the populations from either side of the river.

In this dissertation it is indicated that gender is a social construct, while sex is biologically determined. The concept of gender refers to that which is understood within a certain society to define masculinity and femininity, the power struggle between the two sexes, as well as the social limitations which are placed on people's behaviour as a result of gender. Children's and young adult's literature exert a great influence on the youth's idea of gender roles. The social and cultural history of South African society is used in this study to explore stereotypical gender roles in Afrikaans youth literature. The role of a patriarchal society, homosexuality, and changing perceptions of gender roles are investigated. It is indicated that in both English and Afrikaans children's and young adult's literature the portrayal of gender roles is often unrealistic, stereotypical, and contains sexist language. Two novels namely, Gooi horn in die slool (1971) and Skilpoppe (1998), are analysed using the following categories: male or female author, representation of gender roles, and use of sexist language. The teaching implications of the findings for the second language learner are then articulated. OPSOMMING In hierdie skripsie is aangetoon dat geslaglelikheid ("gender"), anders as geslag wat biologies bepaal is, 'n sosiale konstruk is. Geslagtelikheid hou verband met wat in 'n bepaalde samelewing onder manlikheid en vroulikheid verstaan word, asook met magsverhoudings tussen die twee geslagte en sosiale beperkings wat op grond van geslagtelikheid op mense se gedrag geplaas word. Jeugliteratuur oefen 'n groot invloed uit op jeugdiges se siening van geslagtelikheid. Die sosiale en kultuur-historiese agtergrond in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing word in die studie gebruik om die uitbeelding van geslagtelikheid in die Afrikaanse jeugliteratuur te problematiseer. Die rol van 'n patriargale samelewing, homoseksualiteit en veranderde sienings oor geslagtelikheidsrolle word onder andere uitgelig. Daar word aangetoon dat die uitbeelding van geslagtelikheid in sowel Engelse as Afrikaanse jeugliteratuur dikwels baie onrealisties is en wemel van stereotiperings en seksistiese taalgebruik. Twee jeugverhale, naamlik Gooi ham in die slool (1971) en Skilpoppe (1998), word aan die hand van 'n aantal kategoriee, naamlik outeur, uitbeelding van geslagtelikheid en seksistiese taalgebruik geanaliseer, voordat onderrigimplikasies vir die tweedetaalklaskamer aangedui word. / Thesis (M.A.) - University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Tufts University, 1999. / Adviser: Sheila Emerson. Submitted to the Dept. of English. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-184). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

Estudo da termitofauna (Insecta, Isoptera) da região do alto Rio Madeira, Rondônia. Na região conhecida como alto Rio Madeira, no município de Porto Velho, Rondônia, estão sendo criadas as Usinas Hidrelétricas (UHEs) de Santo Antônio e Jirau. As construções das represas das UHEs estão inundando grandes porções de floresta ao longo das duas margens do rio Madeira. Desta forma o conhecimento da biota local, especialmente de sua distribuição no espaço, é extremamente importante, ainda mais porque o alinhamento dos rios Amazonas-Madeira-Mamoré separa a região Neotropical em duas áreas de endemismo para diversos grupos de animais. Essa tese tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados gerais obtidos ao longo de três anos de monitoramento de cupins nas áreas de influência da UHE de Jirau e dois anos nas áreas de influência da UHE de Santo Antônio, assim como desenvolver um estudo de comunidades e análise da distribuição espacial dos cupins presentes nas áreas de influência da UHE de Jirau (Capítulo 1). Outro objetivo é o estudo da estrutura genética das populações de Heterotermes tenuis (Rhinotermitidae) ao longo das áreas de influência das duas UHEs, visando investigar a existência de fluxo gênico entre as populações de cada margem do Rio Madeira (Capítulo 2). Foram amostrados doze módulos, sete na margem esquerda do rio e cinco na margem direita. Cada um era compostos por transectos de 3 ou 4 km e parcelas perpendiculares a cada 1km, e as amostragens foram realizadas em subparcelas de 5x2m dentro das parcelas. Durante um total de 20 campanhas foram investigadas 1121 subparcelas, totalizando 7875 amostras de cupins e pelo menos 169 espécies. Esse é provavelmente o trabalho com maior esforço amostral já empregado e também o que registrou o maior número de espécies de cupins até hoje. Para o estudo de comunidades, foram aleatorizadas 20 subparcelas nos seis módulos da UHE de Jirau, sendo cinco subparcelas dentro das parcelas marcadas nas seguintes distâncias em relação à margem do rio: P1 - 50 m, P2 - 1 km, P3 - 2 km e P4 - 3 km. A composição de cupins não está relacionada com o lado do rio. O estimador que mais se aproximou do provável número real de espécies foi o Jackknife 2. Como resultado das análises de diversidade beta utilizando a composição de espécies de cupins houve um agrupamento dos módulos com o mesmo tipo de solo, sugerindo que algumas espécies de cupins estejam distribuídas de acordo com esta variável. Em relação à distância para o rio, a parcela mais próxima do rio foi a mais singular, tanto em relação à composição de espécies quanto à riqueza e abundância, sendo que existem espécies restritas à P1 e outras praticamente ausentes nessas parcelas. Das dez variáveis ambientais analisadas, a riqueza de cupins se mostrou correlacionada com a altitude, concentração de argila e silte no solo e estratificação vegetal entre 1 e 5 m. Para o estudo da estrutura genética das populações de H. tenuis foram utilizadas 84 sequências dessa espécie dos 12 módulos de monitoramento, seis de colônias do Cerrado e três do GenBank (de Manaus, Guiana Francesa, e Equador), além de uma de H. longiceps como grupo externo. Nas análises iniciais, foi encontrada uma forte estruturação genética entre as sequências: todas as análises filogenéticas (máxima parcimônia, máxima verossimilhança e inferência bayesiana), assim como a rede de haplótipos, formaram dois grupos consistentes, mas sem qualquer relação espacial. A partir disso, passou-se a trabalhar com a hipótese de que há duas espécies crípticas (chamadas Ht. A e Ht. B). Desta forma, todas as análises para testar se o Rio Madeira funcionava como barreira biogeográfica foram testadas separadamente para cada uma das supostas duas espécies crípticas, entretanto, não foi constatada qualquer influência do rio como barreira ao fluxo gênico entre as populações de cada margem. / The Santo Antônio and Jirau hydroelectrics plants (HP) are being built in the Madeira River region, in Porto Velho, RO, Brazil. The HPs will flood large portions of native forest, and thus knowledge of the local biota and its distribution in space is extremely important for the formulation of management plans for creation of protected areas. This region in particular is unique, since the alignment of Amazonas-Madeira-Mamoré Rivers divides the Neotropical region into two areas of endemism for a diversity of taxa. The main objective of this thesis was to monitor termites for three years in areas near the Jirau HP and two years in areas near the Santo Antônio HP. As well as conduct a community level study and analyze the spatial distributions of termites from the areas influenced by Jirau HP (Chapter 1); and investigate the population genetic structure of Heterotermes tenuis (Rhinotermitidae), for the two areas influenced by the HPs, to test whether there is genetic flow between the populations on either bank of the Madeira River (Chapter 2). Twelve modules were marked, seven on the left bank of the river and five on the right bank. Each module was composed of 3 or 4 km transects and perpendicular parcels every 1 km. The sampling was conducted in sub parcels of 5 x 2 m inside each main parcels. During 20 expeditions, 1121 subparcels were investigated and a total of 7875 samples were collected and identified to 169 species. This study incorporates greater sampling effort than already employed by other published studies to date and also registered the highest number of termites species of any similar study. For the community study, 20 subparcels were randomized in the six modules of the Jirau HP, with five subparcels marked in relation to distance from the river margin (P1 - 50 m, P2 - 1 km, P3 - 2 km, and P4 - 3 km). The termite species composition was not related to side of the river bank. The richness estimator Jackknife 2 was the best estimator of the real number of species diversity. The beta diversity analysis with termite species composition clustered for modules with the same soil type, suggesting that some termite species may be distributed according to the soil type. Parcels closest to the river were the most unique, both in terms of termite species composition and abundance patterns, with some species restricted to the P1 and others absent. Of the ten environmental variables measured, termite species richness was correlated with altitude, clay and silt concentration in the soil, and vegetation stratification between 1 and 5 m, among. For the study of the genetic structure of Heterotermes tenuis, 84 sequences of this species were used from the 12 monitoring modules, six from colonies from the Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna), three from GeneBank (from Manaus, French Guiana and Ecuador), and one of H. longiceps as outgroup. In the initial analysis, relatively strong genetic structure within the samples was found: all phylogenetic analysis (maximum parsimony and likelihood, and Bayesian inference), and haplotype networks, consistently clustered two groups of haplotypes, but without any spatial relationships. Thus was assumed that there were two cryptic species (here called Ht. A and Ht. B), and all the analysis to test whether the Madeira River was a biogeographic barrier were conducted separately for each putative species. However, it was not possible to detect any influence of the river to genetic flow between the populations from either side of the river.

This dissertation explores the ways in which Janice Honeyman’s 2007 Swashbuckling Adventure, Peter Pan, The Pantomime represents notions of nation and identity in post-apartheid South Africa. In order to accomplish this, this study argues that despite the carnivalesque elements of the genre of pantomime and its potential to subvert the status quo, Honeyman’s translation of Peter Pan reinforces the imperialist ideology embedded in the source texts of Barrie’s 1904 and Disney’s 1953 Peter Pan. Through an exploration of colonialism and imperialism, and postcolonial studies with specific reference to the works of Bhabha (1990, 1994), Anderson (1991) and Said (1979, 1994), this discussion follows an examination of white Victorian British masculinity and imperialist ideology as it applies to Peter Pan to support the argument that through a process of translation, achieved through the techniques of Disneyfication and double localisation, the Barrie and Disney texts have been translated from their original contexts into the South African postcolonial and post-apartheid context. The argument concludes that in doing so, Honeyman has neglected to provide counter-discourses to the imperialist ideologies in the source texts and has reinforced the racial and gender stereotypes found therein, supporting the colonial power axis of the original text and colonial re-presentations of identity and nation. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Drama / unrestricted

When youth novels were first written, Afrikaans speaking adolescents spent their time reading the original and absorbing youth novels then available. These suited their psychological and environmental development and they could identify with the language and style used in these novels. The contents were a representation of a world which they knew and in which they could feel secure. Although authors often dealt with issues relevant to the adolescent world, the plot reflected a secure and nurturing world where the readers and their life experiences were taken into account. In recent years the adolescent world has changed dramatically from a secure environment to a more exposed one, posing the question whether contemporary Afrikaans youth novels have retained the same traits mentioned earlier and answer to the same norms. The value of literature should never be underestimated; it can develop the imaginative skills and moral values of adolescent readers. Also, it has become clear that adolescents have a great need for reading material that deals with relevant issues. The main focus of this study is characterization and development of identity in selected youth novels by Barrie Hough, viz. My kat word herfs, Vlerkdans and Skilpoppe as revealed in textual analysis and empirical research. The literature study focuses on developmental psychology and the reading expectations of the adolescent, character development according to some narrative theories, e.g. reader response criticism and intertextuality theories. The main objective of this study is to analyze, interpret and evaluate the above three youth novels in order to establish whether or not the contemporary adolescent can identify with these specific stories. It has been found that the adolescent reader in the early years of the twenty first century is able to identify with the contemporary youth novels such as those by Barrie Hough. Although young readers do not want to steer clear of contentious themes and issues in youth novels, it seems that they still prefer evergreen classical topics and themes. This suggests that the modern adolescent is still positive about life and aspires to attain goodness and moral strength. / Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006

There are certain issues - such as violence, sexuality, politics and religion - which are problematic but have to be dealt with in society. In this dissertation types of controversial issues present in recent Afrikaans youth literature, the portrayal of those issues, and the ways in which solutions are offered for these issues are investigated. The argument follows from the assumption that the literature which the adolescent reads, has a directive value. Quite often the reader will choose to read material about a certain situation with which the reader is also faced in real life. It may be easy for the reader to identify with a character in similar circumstances or facing the same dilemma. Through the actions of the character, the reader can then explore certain avenues or possibilities which have the potential to be helpful in the solution of the problem or issue. For this dissertation research was done about certain controversial issues and related aspects in literature in general, which are then applied to three youth novels: Skilpoppe (1998) by Barrie Hough, Daar's vis in die punch (2002) by Jackie Nagtegaal and Nie vir kinders nie (2005) by Francois Bloemhof. These three texts were chosen because all three of them have generated public discussion, specifically in the media, about the presence of controversial issues. The results indicate the portrayal of the controversial issues to be unbiased and from a non-judgemental authoring perspective. The presence of the text internal corrective, which refers to the portrayal of a certain issue thereby giving it an outcome (positive or negative) or an alternative, is noticeable and is discussed in this dissertation. / Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.