Falls constitute a health care safety concern, specifically among the geriatric population institutionalized in health care facilities. From the pattern of observed falls at the project site, a discrepancy between fall prevention measures and expected outcomes was noted. Knowledge deficiency, inadequate practice skills, and insufficient organizational support were found to be the major obstacles to improving fall prevention. The purpose of this systematic literature review project was to identify evidence-based actions to reduce falls. The project was guided by Taylor's personality theory and Watson's theory of care. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method was used to evaluate and analyze 4 of the 47 screened publications. The evidence supported 5 interventions: furthering implementation facilitators, removing barriers, improving strategies, integrating personality, and using a fall risk assessment tool. The systematic review addressed practice gaps, organizational support, and barriers to curb recurrent falls. By contributing to the improvement of individual and population health, the project might lead to a positive socioeconomic change by reducing falls and their complications.

Bakgrund: Många patienter som söker sjukvård i Sverige talar olika språk som kan begränsa deras förmåga till kommunikation med sjukvårdspersonal. Detta kan leda till att sjuksköterskor möter patienter med olika språk och kulturer som skiljer sig från deras egna. Brist på ett gemensamt språk mellan patienter och sjuksköterskor kan bli ett hinder för att möta patienters problem och behov samt kan göra det svårt för sjuksköterskornas dagliga arbete.   Syfte:Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av vårdande kommunikation vid språkliga barriärer. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med beskrivande syntes baserade på tolv kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat:I studiernas analys framkom det att relation, förståelse och gemenskap mellan sjuksköterskor och patienter var viktigt. Sjuksköterskorna ansvarade för att skapa en god relation och ingjuta en upplevelse av hopp hos patienter. Samtidigt var respekt, förtroende och motivation egenskaper som visade patienterna att sjuksköterskorna genuint brydde sig om dem.Slutsats:Samspelet i kommunikation kan vara ömsesidigt exempelvis med hjälp av kroppsrörelser, ansiktsuttryck, lättförståelig information och att sjuksköterskorna är öppna och ger utrymme för patienter att berätta sina upplevelser. Vid språkliga barriärer kan exempelvis sjuksköterskornas positiva inställning, vilja att hjälpa, önskan att skapa relation och visa respekt påverka patienternas välmående och lindra lidandet. / Background:Many patients seeking medical care in Sweden speak different languages that can limit their ability to communicate with healthcare professionals. This can lead to nurses meeting patients with different languages and cultures that differ from their own. Lack of a common language between patients and nurses can be an obstacle to meeting patients ' problems and needs and can make it difficult for nurses daily work. Aim: To describe nurses´ experiences of caring communication in language barriers. Method: A systematic literature study with descriptive synthesis based on twelve qualitative scientific articles. Results: In the study's analysis it emerged that relationship, understanding and community between nurses and patients was important. The nurses were responsible for creating a good relationship and instilling a sense of hope in the patient. At the same time, respect, trust and motivation were characteristics that showed the patients that the nurses genuinely cared for them. Conclusion:The interaction in communication can be mutual for example by means of body movements, facial expressions, easy-to-understand information and that the nurses are open and give space for patients to tell their experiences. In the case of language barriers, for example, the nurses 'positive attitude, the willingness to help, the desire to create relationship and show respect can affect the patients' well-being and alleviate the suffering.

Against the background of evidence that parent involvement benefits learners, parents, schools and communities, a need has arisen for effective parent involvment strategies to be developed particularly in rural and disadvantaged communities. A literature study investigated models of parent involvementand the provision of education in North West Province. Barriers to parent involvement in schools were also investigated. A qualitative methodology was used to investigate parent involvement in three rural schools in North West Province. Data were gathered by means of observation, semi-structures focus group interviews with parents and educators and semi-structures in-depth interviewswith principals of participating schools. Thus parents and educators blame each other for lack of participation. Other findings relate to the lack of resources and facilities in schools. Guidelines for proper parent involvement were proposed. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Comparative Education)

Against the background of evidence that parent involvement benefits learners, parents, schools and communities, a need has arisen for effective parent involvment strategies to be developed particularly in rural and disadvantaged communities. A literature study investigated models of parent involvementand the provision of education in North West Province. Barriers to parent involvement in schools were also investigated. A qualitative methodology was used to investigate parent involvement in three rural schools in North West Province. Data were gathered by means of observation, semi-structures focus group interviews with parents and educators and semi-structures in-depth interviewswith principals of participating schools. Thus parents and educators blame each other for lack of participation. Other findings relate to the lack of resources and facilities in schools. Guidelines for proper parent involvement were proposed. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Comparative Education)