Consolidated bioprocessing is a one-step process that allows the direct microbial conversion of cellulosic substrates to ethanol and hydrogen. The fermentation was initially performed in batch cultures, in a pH and temperature controlled reactor using Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405. With an objective of increasing the production of ethanol and hydrogen, various types of fed-batch fermentations were investigated: variable volume (VV) fed-batch, fixed volume (FV) fed-batch, and semi-continuous fermentation. Semi-continuous processes were carried out at low (10-15 g/L) and high (20-25 g/L) cellulose concentrations. The maximum ethanol production obtained in batch, VV, FV, semi-continuous with low concentrations and high concentrations were 554 mmol, 336 mmol, 477 mmol, 695 mmol and 741 mmol respectively. In the same order, the total hydrogen production was 288 mmol, 364 mmol, 231 mmol, 434 mmol, and 387 mmol. Overall, the semi-continuous fermentation showed more promise in terms of large-scale deployment compared to batch, VV, and FV fed-batch. / October 2015

Dissolved carbon dioxide driven repeated batch fermentation has been performed under four glucose concentrations: ~150, ~200, ~250 and ~300 g glucose l-1, with three dissolved carbon dioxide (DCO2) control conditions: without DCO2 control, with DCO2 control at 750 and 1000 mg l-1 levels. No residual glucose was observed under all performed fermentation conditions, and the repeated batch fermentation system could be operated by a computer as self-cycling system. The collected fermentation results presented that, under the same feeding concentration, ethanol concentration in the presence of DCO2 control was significantly lower than that in the absence of DCO2 control; and a higher biomass concentration in the presence of control was observed in this comparison as well. A higher biomass concentration resulted in a shorter fermentation time, which contributed to a higher ethanol production rate. The highest final ethanol concentration was observed as 113.5 g l-1 at 1000 mg DCO2 l-1 control level under ~300 g glucose l-1 condition, where the lowest ethanol production rate of 1.18 g l-1 h-1 was observed. The highest ethanol production rate was 4.57 g l-1 h-1 and its corresponding ethanol concentration was 66.7 g ethanol l-1 at 1000 mg l-1 DCO¬2 control level under ~200 g glucose l-1 condition. For all fermentation conditions, the viabilities of yeast at the end of fermentation were maintained at near 90% where their corresponding final ethanol concentrations were lower than 100 g l-1. As soon as the final ethanol concentration at the end of each cycle was greater than 110 g l-1, its corresponding viability decreased to ~70%. The ethanol conversion efficiency was maintained at ~90% and ~65% in the absence and presence of DCO2 control, respectively. Based on the changing of biomass concentration profiles in the stabilized cycles, two cell growth phases could be identified in the absence of DCO2 control, and only one cell growth phase was noticeable in the presence of DCO2 control cases. Meanwhile, a sudden decline of DCO2 readings at the end of fermentation was constantly observed in both of in the absence and in the presence of DCO2 control cases, which resulted in developing two control algorithms to determine self-cycling time. Comparison of carbon balance analysis between in the absence and in the presence of DCO2 control suggested that the availability of DCO2 control might alter the metabolic flow during fermentation; and the figure of ethanol concentration against fermentation time illustrated that the changing of DCO2 control level did not affect fermentation results, significantly. Moreover, comparisons of ethanol production rate between different processes and different initial glucose concentrations concluded that the ethanol production rate in the presence of DCO2 control was generally higher than that in the absence of DCO2 control under the same glucose concentration; and the ethanol production rate was decreased with the increasing of glucose concentration under the same DCO2 control condition. The experiment results were scaled up to 106 L as a sample analysis in production scale, which suggested that the fermentation with ~200 g glucose l-1 feeding concentration in the absence of DCO2 controlled would provide best profits in the all fermentation conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:17:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_laf_me_araiq.pdf: 881872 bytes, checksum: 1ed668293818af00e17546ddfe67a5f2 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os resultados descritos neste trabalho para a produção de etanol utilizando-se a levedura IQ-AR/45-1, forneceram informações sobre os melhores suplementos nutricionais e melhor tamanho de inóculo para a fermentação em batelada alimentada. Dadas as variações na composição do melaço e o uso de uma nova levedura, faz-se necessário o estudo de suas exigências nutricionais em processos fermentativos. Experimentos preliminares em batelada simples mostraram que a adição de DAP diminuiu o tempo de fermentação, estimulou o acúmulo da biomassa e produção de etanol enquanto o ZnSO4.7H2O diminuiu o tempo da fermentação, e aumentou o acúmulo de etanol elevando a produtividade. A adição de MgSO4.7H2O produziu mais etanol, melhorou o rendimento alcoólico e a produtividade. Estes resultados obtidos em batelada simples foram transferidos para o sistema em batelada alimentada. A melhor vazão do melaço 20 % em ART foi de 0,40 mL.min-1 para um volume final de trabalho de 100,0 mL. O aumento da temperatura de fermentação de 34 ºC para 37 ºC em meio suplementado com DAP e ZnSO4.7H2O ou DAP e MgSO4.7H2O diminuiu o tempo da fermentação e a biomassa produzida, porém, com menor rendimento e maior produtividade de etanol. O tamanho do inóculo foi estudado com meio suplementado a 34ºC. As melhores condições foram obtidas no processo em batelada alimentada a 34ºC no qual foi utilizado melaço clarificado com ácido sulfúrico e uma quantidade de inóculo de (23,7±0,1) g.L-1 que levou a um tempo de fermentação de 5 horas. Nestas condições, o rendimento alcoólico foi de (79,1±0,7) % e a produtividade de (16,17±0,56) g.L-1 .h-1 / The results of the fermentative processes for ethanol production using the yeast IQ-AR/45-1, provided information about the best nutritional supplementation and inoculum size for the batch fermentation. Due to the differences in the sugarcane molasses and the use of a new yeast strain, it was necessary to study the nutritional requirements of the new yeast. Previous experiments in batch fermentation showed that the DAP addition reduced the fermentation time, enhanced the biomass and ethanol production while the ZnSO4.7H2O reduced the fermentation time and increased both the ethanol production and productivity. The addiction of MgSO4.7H2O to the molasses increased the ethanol yield and enhanced the productivity. These results obtained in batch cultures were assayed in fed-batch fermentation. Using 20 % molasses (TRS), the best flow was 0.40 mL.min-1 for a final working volume of 100.0 mL. When molasses supplemented with DAP and ZnSO4.7H2O or DAP and MgSO4.7H2O was used in the fed-batch experiments, the raise in the temperature from 34 ºC to 37 ºC led to decreases in the fermentation time, production of biomass, and ethanol yield followed by increases in ethanol productivity. The best inoculum size to the ethanol fermentation was (23.7±0.1) g.L-1 which led to a yield of (79.1±0.7) % and productivity of (16.17±0.56) g.L-1 .h-1

Resumo: Os resultados descritos neste trabalho para a produção de etanol utilizando-se a levedura IQ-AR/45-1, forneceram informações sobre os melhores suplementos nutricionais e melhor tamanho de inóculo para a fermentação em batelada alimentada. Dadas as variações na composição do melaço e o uso de uma nova levedura, faz-se necessário o estudo de suas exigências nutricionais em processos fermentativos. Experimentos preliminares em batelada simples mostraram que a adição de DAP diminuiu o tempo de fermentação, estimulou o acúmulo da biomassa e produção de etanol enquanto o ZnSO4.7H2O diminuiu o tempo da fermentação, e aumentou o acúmulo de etanol elevando a produtividade. A adição de MgSO4.7H2O produziu mais etanol, melhorou o rendimento alcoólico e a produtividade. Estes resultados obtidos em batelada simples foram transferidos para o sistema em batelada alimentada. A melhor vazão do melaço 20 % em ART foi de 0,40 mL.min-1 para um volume final de trabalho de 100,0 mL. O aumento da temperatura de fermentação de 34 ºC para 37 ºC em meio suplementado com DAP e ZnSO4.7H2O ou DAP e MgSO4.7H2O diminuiu o tempo da fermentação e a biomassa produzida, porém, com menor rendimento e maior produtividade de etanol. O tamanho do inóculo foi estudado com meio suplementado a 34ºC. As melhores condições foram obtidas no processo em batelada alimentada a 34ºC no qual foi utilizado melaço clarificado com ácido sulfúrico e uma quantidade de inóculo de (23,7±0,1) g.L-1 que levou a um tempo de fermentação de 5 horas. Nestas condições, o rendimento alcoólico foi de (79,1±0,7) % e a produtividade de (16,17±0,56) g.L-1 .h-1 / Abstract: The results of the fermentative processes for ethanol production using the yeast IQ-AR/45-1, provided information about the best nutritional supplementation and inoculum size for the batch fermentation. Due to the differences in the sugarcane molasses and the use of a new yeast strain, it was necessary to study the nutritional requirements of the new yeast. Previous experiments in batch fermentation showed that the DAP addition reduced the fermentation time, enhanced the biomass and ethanol production while the ZnSO4.7H2O reduced the fermentation time and increased both the ethanol production and productivity. The addiction of MgSO4.7H2O to the molasses increased the ethanol yield and enhanced the productivity. These results obtained in batch cultures were assayed in fed-batch fermentation. Using 20 % molasses (TRS), the best flow was 0.40 mL.min-1 for a final working volume of 100.0 mL. When molasses supplemented with DAP and ZnSO4.7H2O or DAP and MgSO4.7H2O was used in the fed-batch experiments, the raise in the temperature from 34 ºC to 37 ºC led to decreases in the fermentation time, production of biomass, and ethanol yield followed by increases in ethanol productivity. The best inoculum size to the ethanol fermentation was (23.7±0.1) g.L-1 which led to a yield of (79.1±0.7) % and productivity of (16.17±0.56) g.L-1 .h-1 / Orientador: Cecília Laluce / Coorientador: Reinaldo Marchetto / Banca: Leinig Antonio Perazolli / Banca: Douglas Wagner Franco / Mestre

Orientador: Francisco Maugeri Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T15:05:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_GeraldoNazarenodeOliveira_M.pdf: 4283132 bytes, checksum: e53eb2f80fe4d082c698366125715321 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O mercado global de alimentos funcionais é estimado em 33 bilhões de dólares anuais. Um grande número de alimentos funcionais tem sido introduzido no mercado. Maior atenção tem sido dada aos carboidratos dietéticos, em especial aos frutooligossacarídeos (FOS), por possuírem características vantajosas tais como baixas calorias e estimular o aumento da população de bifidobactérias do cólon. As frutosiltransferases são as enzimas responsáveis pela produção microbiana de FOS, e a imobilização de enzimas apresenta-se como um método eficaz e econômico para a produção destas substâncias. Como a produção e aplicação de FOS ganharam grande importância comercial devido às suas propriedades funcionais favoráveis, a busca de novas fontes potenciais de frutosiltransferases passa a ser de grande importância do ponto de vista de mercado. Por este motivo, investigou-se a possibilidade de produção de frutosiltransferase, realizando-se fermentações em batelada simples por Rhodotorula sp., isolada e selecionada no Laboratório de Engenharia de Bioprocessos da FEA, UNICAMP, utilizado meios industrias pré-tratados com carvão ativado. Para isso, foram realizados dois planejamentos experimentais. Primeiramente um planejamento do tipo Plackett Burman (Screening Design) para a seleção das variáveis mais importantes do processo, seguido de um delinemaneto composto central rotacional através do qual foi possível a otimização da produtividade enzimática, obtendo-se valores de 2000 U/L.h em um meio contendo melaço com 60 g/L de ART, 70 g/L de água de maceração de milho a uma temperatura de 30 °C, 650 rpm de agitação, 1,5 vvm de aeração e um pH inicial de 4,5. Em fermentações realizadas com controle de pH (valores de pH fixos em 4,5, 5, 6 e 7) constatou-se que esta variável desempenhou um papel importante na manutenção de altos valores de atividade enzimática, uma vez que, após ocorrer uma máxima produção da enzima, não houve redução nos valores de atividade enzimática mantendo-se o valor de pH constante / Abstract: The global functional food market is estimated at 33 billion dollars per year and a great number of new functional foods have been introduced continuously to the market. A lot of attention has been given to dietary carbohydrates, in special to the fructooligosaccharides (FOS). FOS present advantageous characteristics such as low calories and stimulating effects to bifid bacterium growth, present in human gut. Fructosyltransferases (FTase) are the enzymes responsible for FOS production. An efficient and economical method for industrial production is immobilization of this enzyme. The production and application of FOS has gained great commercial importance due to its favorable functional properties. The search of new potential sources of fructosyltransferase starts to be of great importance in a market point of view. For this reason, the possibility of fructosyltransferase production, by conducting several batch fermentations with Rhodotorula sp., isolated and selected in the Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering at FEAUNICAMP was investigated. Fermentations were realized using industrial by-products pretreated with activated carbon. In order to analyze the obtained results, two experimental designs were carried out. Firstly, a Plackett Burman screening design led to election of the most important process variables, followed by a second analysis with a central composite rotatable design which permitted the optimization of the enzyme production. The highest productivity was about 2000 U/L_h. utilizing the following medium composition and conditions: molasses at 60 g/L of total reducing sugars, 70 g/L of corn steep liquor, temperature of 30°C, agitation at 650 rpm, 1.5 vvm of aeration and initial pH 4.5. pHcontrolled fermentations (at pH 4.5, 5, 6 and 7) showed that the pH plays an important role in maintaining high values of enzymatic activity. After reaching a maximum enzyme production, no decrease of enzymatic activity was seen while the pH was kept constant / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

No description available.

<p>The aim of this work was to develop a production process for the enzyme xyloglucan <i>endo</i>-transglycosylase from <i>Populus tremula x tremuloides</i> (<i>Ptt</i>XET16-34). The natural transglycosylating activity of this enzyme has previously been employed in a XET-Technology. This chemo enzymatic method is useful for biomimetic modification of cellulose surfaces and holds great potential for industrial applications. Thus, it requires that the XET-enzyme can be produced in larger scale.</p><p>This work also shows how the wildtype <i>Ptt</i>XET16-34 was modified into a glycosynthase. By mutation of the catalytic nucleophile into an alanine, glycine or serine residue, enzymes capable of synthesising defined xyloglucan fragments were obtained. These defined compounds are very valuable for further detailed studies of xyloglucan active-enzymes, but are also useful in molecular studies of the structurally important xyloglucan-cellulose interaction.</p><p>A heterologous production system for <i>Ptt</i>XET16-34 was previously developed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. A methanol-limited fed-batch process was also previously established, but the yield of active XET was low due to proteolysis problems and low productivity. Therefore, two alternative fed-batch techniques were investigated for the production of <i>Ptt</i>XET16-34: a temperature-limited fed-batch (TLFB) and an oxygen-limited high-pressure fed-batch (OLHPFB).</p><p>For the initial recovery of XET after the fermentation process, two different downstream processes were investigated: expanded bed adsorption (EBA) and cross-flow filtration (CFF).</p>

Over recent years microbial oil has attracted much attention due to its potential to replace traditional oil sources in the production of biofuels and nutraceuticals. Its advantages arise from its independence of the food supply chain and its ease of production compared to conventional plant oils. Also, as concerns for the environment grow, microbially-synthesized oil emerges as potential competitor for the sustainable production of biodiesel. However, the high cost of its production currently hinders its large scale application. The bottlenecks to industrial microbial oil production are the cost of substrate and cultivation. Current research is focusing on process improvements to make microbial oil more competitive and worthwhile to produce. Several types of microorganisms have been explored so far and waste substrates have been utilised as cheap feedstocks. The overall cost is affected by the fermentation stage, therefore it is imperative to design cultivations with little operating requirements and high yields. Consequently, the present thesis aims to contribute to the field by developing and investigating a simple process for oleaginous yeast cultivation, focusing mainly on enhancing the yields during the bioreactor stage. Oleaginous yeasts were screened for their ability to grow on glycerol and the most promising strain was selected for further research. Then, the necessary conditions for its growth and oil accumulation were defined. Shake-flask cultivations showed that the specific growth rate and glycerol consumption of Rh. glutinis were higher at lower glycerol concentrations (smaller or equal to40 g/L), while higher C/N elemental ratios enhanced oil content. Experimental data were used to construct an unstructured kinetic model to describe and predict the system's behaviour. The Monod-based model took into account double substrate growth dependence and substrate inhibition. Following that, bioreactor cultivations extended the range of parameters studied, to include the influence of aeration rate and oxygen supply on cellular growth and microbial oil production. Cultivations at different air flow rates were performed in a 2 L bioreactor and showed that a low aeration rate of 0.5 L/min gave the best glycerol and nitrogen uptake rates, resulting in a concentration of biomass of 5.3 g/L with oil content of 33% under simple batch operation. This was improved by 68% to 16.8 g/L (cellular biomass) with similar oil content (34%) by applying a fed-batch strategy. Finally, different glycerol feeding schemes were evaluated in terms of their effect on oil accumulation. The concept of targeting first a cell proliferation stage, limited by the availability of nitrogen, followed by a lipid accumulation stage, fuelled by glycerol was tested. Continual feeding and pulsed feedings, delivering the same total amount of nitrogen (and glycerol), resulted in similar elevated values of both cellular biomass (~25 g/L) and oil content (~40%). Addition of glycerol at higher rates but giving the same total amount of nitrogen led to a further increase in oil content to 53%, resulting in an overall oil yield of more than 16 g/L (the highest achieved throughout the project). With comparable yields to those reported in the literature but achieved with a much poorer medium, there is every reason to be optimistic that microbial oil production from glycerol could be commercially viable in the future.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a utilizaÃÃo de glicerol oriundo da indÃstria do biodiesel (glicerol bruto) como substrato em ensaios fermentativos para a produÃÃo de etanol. Os ensaios foram realizados em mesa agitadora com velocidade de 200 rpm, nas temperaturas de 30 e 37 ÂC, respectivamente para os microrganismos Saccharomyces sp. 1238 e Escherichia coli 224 ATCC 25922. Nos experimentos realizados com a levedura Saccharomyces sp., variaram-se as concentraÃÃes de glicerol adicionado ao meio fermentativo em 0,5; 1,0 e 5,0 % v/v e fixou-se o volume de inÃculo em 1 % m/v. Observou-se que o microrganismo Saccharomyces sp. nÃo utilizou glicerol como fonte de carbono para produÃÃo de etanol, porÃm em ensaios teste com glicose P.A., observou-se que este substrato foi rapidamente consumido pelo microrganismo apresentando uma produÃÃo de etanol de 5,5 g/L. Nas fermentaÃÃes com a bactÃria Escherichia coli, variou-se a concentraÃÃo de glicerol adicionado ao meio fermentativo em: 1, 10, 15 e 20 g/L. Pela avaliaÃÃo da influÃncia da concentraÃÃo de substrato no meio atravÃs dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a melhor condiÃÃo para a produÃÃo de etanol com esse microrganismo foi a concentraÃÃo inicial de 10 g/L de glicerol. O consumo de glicerol pela bactÃria Escherichia coli foi afetado pela variaÃÃo deste substrato. Observou-se que o etanol foi produzido a partir de 8 h de cultivo nas fermentaÃÃes tanto com glicerol bruto quanto P.A. nas concentraÃÃes de 10, 15 e 20 g/L adicionado ao meio de cultivo. Observou-se tambÃm a formaÃÃo de Ãcido acÃtico nas primeiras horas da fermentaÃÃo. A produÃÃo de Ãcido acÃtico foi baixa, atingindo a concentraÃÃo de 0,15 g/L na fermentaÃÃo utilizando 10 g/L de glicerol bruto. Analisando os dois microrganismos estudados, verificou-se que apenas a bactÃria Escherichia coli 224 ATCC 25922 mostrou-se adequada ao objetivo desta pesquisa, jà que com a levedura nÃo foi produzido etanol em quantidade significativa. / The aim of this work was to investigate the use of glycerol from biodiesel industry (raw glycerol) as a substrate in fermentation assays for production of ethanol. The assays were performed in shaker with agitation of 200 rpm, at temperatures of 30 and 37 ÂC, respectively for the microorganisms Saccharomyces sp. 1238 and 224 Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. In experiments with yeast Saccharomyces sp., it was varied concentrations of glycerol from fermentation medium at 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 % v/v and the inoculum was set to 1% w/v. It was observed that the microorganism Saccharomyces sp. could not use glycerol as carbon source for ethanol production, but in assays using glucose, this substrate was rapidly consumed by the microorganism achieving an ethanol production of 5.5 g/L. It was varied the concentration of glycerol added to the fermentation medium: 1, 10, 15 and 20 g/L when Escherichia coli was used. By analyzing the influence of substrate concentration in fermentations, it can be concluded that the best condition for ethanol production, with this microorganism, was initial concentration of glycerol of 10 g/L. The consumption of glycerol by Escherichia coli was affected by the change of substrate concentration. It was observed that ethanol was produced after 8 h of fermentation with both raw and PA glycerol at 10, 15 and 20 g/L. It also observed the formation of acetic acid in the first hours of fermentation. The production of acetic acid was low, reaching a concentration of 0.15 g/L in fermentation using 10 g/L of raw glycerol. Analyzing the two microorganisms studied, it was found that only 224 bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was adequate to the aim of this research, since the yeast was not produced ethanol in significant amounts.

The aim of this work was to develop a production process for the enzyme xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase from Populus tremula x tremuloides (PttXET16-34). The natural transglycosylating activity of this enzyme has previously been employed in a XET-Technology. This chemo enzymatic method is useful for biomimetic modification of cellulose surfaces and holds great potential for industrial applications. Thus, it requires that the XET-enzyme can be produced in larger scale. This work also shows how the wildtype PttXET16-34 was modified into a glycosynthase. By mutation of the catalytic nucleophile into an alanine, glycine or serine residue, enzymes capable of synthesising defined xyloglucan fragments were obtained. These defined compounds are very valuable for further detailed studies of xyloglucan active-enzymes, but are also useful in molecular studies of the structurally important xyloglucan-cellulose interaction. A heterologous production system for PttXET16-34 was previously developed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. A methanol-limited fed-batch process was also previously established, but the yield of active XET was low due to proteolysis problems and low productivity. Therefore, two alternative fed-batch techniques were investigated for the production of PttXET16-34: a temperature-limited fed-batch (TLFB) and an oxygen-limited high-pressure fed-batch (OLHPFB). For the initial recovery of XET after the fermentation process, two different downstream processes were investigated: expanded bed adsorption (EBA) and cross-flow filtration (CFF). / <p>QC 20101108</p>