The motivation that originated this work was the desire to create an invasion team sports simulator capable of applying user defined strategies to guide the behavior of the agents in the simulation. With this objective in mind we created a formal strategy model to describe complex team behavior and developed methods of using that model to calculate collective plans. We defined both the strategy model and the planning methods in a broad manner that can be applied in many different domains. Then we defined a basketball simulation domain and implemented our methodology to develop a simulator. We also present a control system architecture that is compatible with our proposed planner and show how we implemented it to create the basketball simulator. The formal strategy model we developed can be used to represent team behavior, analyze real world events and create simulations. We developed a strategy design tool that allows the end user to create and visualize team strategies for basketball. Finally, we developed a system that interprets the user generated strategies and creates a basketball match simulation of the described behavior. We also proposed a methodology for the development of simulation systems involving multiple intelligent agents. Our recommended control system architecture separates the many layers of control, which simplifies the development process and results in a naturally expansible system. In this thesis we have provided a novel approach to collective behavior simulation utilizing user input as a guide to the strategy planning. Both the theory and methods developed have been tested through the implementation of a basketball simulator and the results were satisfactory. We believe this is a seminal work that will lead to many interesting developments, both in the realm of sports and in broader domains. / A motivação que deu origem a esse trabalho foi um desejo de criarmos um simulador de esportes de invasão coletivos capaz de aplicar estratégias definidas pelo usuário para guiar o comportamento de agentes na simulação. Com esse objetivo em mente nós criamos um modelo formal de estratégia para descrever comportamentos complexos em equipe e desenvolvemos métodos para usar esse modelo no cálculo de planos coletivos. Definimos o modelo e os métodos de planejamento de uma forma abrangente que pode ser aplicada em muitos domínios diferentes. Definimos um domínio para a simulação de partidas de basquete e implementamos nossa metodologia para desenvolver um simulador. Também apresentamos uma arquitetura de controle que é compatível com o planejador proposto e mostramos como implementá-la na criação de um simulador de basquete. O modelo formal que desenvolvemos pode ser usado para representar comportamento coletivo, analisar eventos reais e criar simulações. Desenvolvemos um desenhador de estratégia que permite que o usuário final desenhe e visualize estratégias de equipes de basquete. Finalmente, desenvolvemos um sistema que interpreta o conteúdo gerado pelo usuário e cria uma simulação de basquete usando o comportamento descrito. Propusemos também uma metodologia para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de simulação envolvendo múltiplos agentes inteligentes. Nossa arquitetura de controle separa as várias camadas de controle, simplificando o processo de desenvolvimento e resultando em um sistema naturalmente expansível.

No description available.

A map is a description of an environment allowing an agent--a human, or in our case a mobile robot--to plan and perform effective actions. From a single location, an agent’s sensors can not observe the whole structure of a complex, large environment. For this reason, the agent must build a map from observations gathered over time and space. We distinguish between large-scale space, with spatial structure larger than the agent’s sensory horizon, and small-scale space, with structure within the sensory horizon. We propose a factored approach to mobile robot map-building that handles qualitatively different types of uncertainty by combining the strengths of topological and metrical approaches. Our framework is based on a computational model of the human cognitive map; thus it allows robust navigation and communication within several different spatial ontologies. Our approach factors the mapping problem into natural sub-goals: building a metrical representation for local small-scale spaces; finding a topological map that represents the qualitative structure of large-scale space; and (when necessary) constructing a metrical representation for large-scale space using the skeleton provided by the topological map. The core contributions of this thesis are a formal description of the Hybrid Spatial Semantic Hierarchy (HSSH), a framework for both small-scale and large-scale representations of space, and an implementation of the HSSH that allows a robot to ground the largescale concepts of place and path in a metrical model of the local surround. Given metrical models of the robot’s local surround, we argue that places at decision points in the world can be grounded by the use of a primitive called a gateway. Gateways separate different regions in space and have a natural description at intersections and in doorways. We provide an algorithmic definition of gateways, a theory of how they contribute to the description of paths and places, and practical uses of gateways in spatial mapping and learning. / text

The motivation that originated this work was the desire to create an invasion team sports simulator capable of applying user defined strategies to guide the behavior of the agents in the simulation. With this objective in mind we created a formal strategy model to describe complex team behavior and developed methods of using that model to calculate collective plans. We defined both the strategy model and the planning methods in a broad manner that can be applied in many different domains. Then we defined a basketball simulation domain and implemented our methodology to develop a simulator. We also present a control system architecture that is compatible with our proposed planner and show how we implemented it to create the basketball simulator. The formal strategy model we developed can be used to represent team behavior, analyze real world events and create simulations. We developed a strategy design tool that allows the end user to create and visualize team strategies for basketball. Finally, we developed a system that interprets the user generated strategies and creates a basketball match simulation of the described behavior. We also proposed a methodology for the development of simulation systems involving multiple intelligent agents. Our recommended control system architecture separates the many layers of control, which simplifies the development process and results in a naturally expansible system. In this thesis we have provided a novel approach to collective behavior simulation utilizing user input as a guide to the strategy planning. Both the theory and methods developed have been tested through the implementation of a basketball simulator and the results were satisfactory. We believe this is a seminal work that will lead to many interesting developments, both in the realm of sports and in broader domains. / A motivação que deu origem a esse trabalho foi um desejo de criarmos um simulador de esportes de invasão coletivos capaz de aplicar estratégias definidas pelo usuário para guiar o comportamento de agentes na simulação. Com esse objetivo em mente nós criamos um modelo formal de estratégia para descrever comportamentos complexos em equipe e desenvolvemos métodos para usar esse modelo no cálculo de planos coletivos. Definimos o modelo e os métodos de planejamento de uma forma abrangente que pode ser aplicada em muitos domínios diferentes. Definimos um domínio para a simulação de partidas de basquete e implementamos nossa metodologia para desenvolver um simulador. Também apresentamos uma arquitetura de controle que é compatível com o planejador proposto e mostramos como implementá-la na criação de um simulador de basquete. O modelo formal que desenvolvemos pode ser usado para representar comportamento coletivo, analisar eventos reais e criar simulações. Desenvolvemos um desenhador de estratégia que permite que o usuário final desenhe e visualize estratégias de equipes de basquete. Finalmente, desenvolvemos um sistema que interpreta o conteúdo gerado pelo usuário e cria uma simulação de basquete usando o comportamento descrito. Propusemos também uma metodologia para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de simulação envolvendo múltiplos agentes inteligentes. Nossa arquitetura de controle separa as várias camadas de controle, simplificando o processo de desenvolvimento e resultando em um sistema naturalmente expansível.

When interpreting how an animal "learns" discrimination tasks, strain capabilities must be considered, and it should be shown that they comprehend the task in a manner consistent with the given interpretation. A novel visual-discrimination (VD) task for relative-size-relations was used to examine visual cue use in C57BL/6J mice, which are shown to have biologically good vision and neurologically intact memory for VD tasks. Results suggest C57BL/6J strain may not be fully capable of relative cue-size associations or even object recognition-based on a water maze VD task. This is in contrast to previous studies suggesting this mice strain is quite strong in visual skills and on VD tasks. Additionally, cue size and/or cue-pairings do appear to influence specific directional preferences or stereotyped behaviors as trainings continued, and these strategies shifted during novel probes. Future studies should assess how mice discriminate between objects and test rat's capabilities on this task. / by Eric D. Buerger. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2008. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2008. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

In the simulation of human crowd behavior including evacuation planning, transportation management, and safety engineering in architecture design, the development of pedestrian model for higher behavior fidelity is an important task. To construct plausible facsimiles of real crowd movements, simulations should exhibit human behaviors for navigation, pedestrian decision-making, and social behaviors such as grouping and crowding. The research field is quite mature in some sense, with a large number of approaches that have been proposed to path finding, collision avoidance, and visually pleasing steering behaviors of virtual humans. However, there is still a clear disparity between the variety of approaches and the quality of crowd behaviors in simulations. Many social science field studies inform us that crowds are typically composed of multiple social groups (James, 1953; Coleman and James, 1961; Aveni, 1977). These observations indicate that one component of the complexity of crowd dynamics emerges from the presence of various patterns of social interactions within small groups that make up the crowd. Hence, realism in a crowd simulation may be enhanced when virtual characters are organized in multiple social groups, and exhibit human-like coordination behaviors. Motivated by the need for modeling groups in a crowd, we present a multi-agent model for large crowd simulations that incorporates socially plausible group behaviors. A computational model for multi-agent coordination and interaction informed by well- established Common Ground theory (Clark, 1996; Clark and Brennan, 1991) is proposed. In our approach, the task of navigation in a group is viewed as performing a joint activity which requires maintaining a state of common ground among group members regarding walking strategies and route choices. That is, group members communicate with, and adapt their behaviors to each other in order to maintain group cohesiveness while walking. In the course of interaction, an agent may present gestures or other behavioral cues according to its communicative purpose. It also considers the spatiotemporal conditions of the agent-group's environment in which the agent interacts when selecting a kind of motions. With the incorporation of our agent model, we provide a unified framework for crowd simulation and animation which accommodates high-level socially-aware behavioral realism of animated characters. The communicative purpose and motion selection of agents are consistently carried through from simulation to animation, and a resulted sequence of animated character behaviors forms not merely a chain of reactive or random gestures but a socially meaningful interactions. We conducted several experiments in order to investigate the impact of our social group interaction model in crowd simulation and animation. By showing that group communicative behaviors have a substantial influence on the overall distribution of a crowd, we demonstrate the importance of incorporating a model of social group interaction into multi-agent simulations of large crowd behaviors. With a series of perceptual user studies, we show that our model produces more believable behaviors of animated characters from the viewpoint of human observers. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Orientador: Siome Klein Goldenstein / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T21:25:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Saboia_PriscilaCorrea_M.pdf: 2582894 bytes, checksum: 1645aa6b8b779ee7180adbbb04d23981 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Atualmente, estima-se que a população mundial seja de cerca de seis bilhões e oitocentos milhões de habitantes (6.800.000.000), dos quais metade mora em aglomerados urbanos. Nestes centros, é corriqueiro o fen¿omeno da movimentação de multidões. Tecnicamente, entende-se multidão como um grande grupo de indivíduos em um mesmo ambiente físico, compartilhando um objetivo comum e podendo agir diferentemente do que quando estão sozinhos. Compreender a movimentação destas multidões é de vital import¿ancia para o planejamento e a melhoria dos locais públicos, não só no sentido de facilitar e agilizar o deslocamento dos cidadãos, mas também garantir-lhes segurança, especialmente em condições de perigo iminente, onde pode haver a necessidade de evacuação de tais locais. Além disso, existem várias áreas do conhecimento que têm potencial para se beneficiar do estudo do comportamento de multidões. Na indústria de entretenimento, por exemplo, simulações de multidões podem ser utilizadas na produção de animações e jogos de computador. No treinamento policial e militar, simulações podem ser usadas para demonstração e controle de rebeliões. Na área de engenharia de segurança, simulações podem ser utilizadas para estudo de desocupação emergencial de construções, navios e aviões. Em todas as áreas citadas, observa-se que a necessidade por simulações de multidões advém de duas situações que podem ocorrer no mundo real. Primeiramente, pode ser perigoso para os indivíduos realizar as ações objetivadas (como cair de um prédio em um filme, ou evacuar uma sala de cinema em chamas, por exemplo), bem como é antiético submetê-los a tais condições. Segundo, é muito complexo e oneroso lidar com um grande número de indivíduos no mundo real. Ambas as situações podem ser evitadas pela simulação computacional da situação real. Nestes termos, o objetivo desta dissertação é modelar a movimentação de multidões, tendo em vista a simulação em computador. Para tanto, sistemas multiagentes brownianos são introduzidos como uma alternativa tecnológica 'a implementação dos modelos encontrados na literatura, bem como 'a implementação de um novo modelo de movimentação de multidões, híbrido por reunir conceitos de modelos que lançam mão das chamadas forças sociais, com conceitos de modelos baseados na estratégia Lattice-Gas. Como resultado prático, um novo simulador de sistemas multiagentes construído para a tarefa de simulação de movimentação de multidões é apresentado / Abstract: Currently, it is estimated that world population is about six billion and eight hundred million inhabitants (6.8 billion), of whom half live in urban areas. In these centers, it is common the phenomenon of moving crowds. Technically, a crowd can be seen as a large group of individuals put in the same physical environment, sharing a common goal and acting differently than when they are alone. Understanding the movement of these crowds is very important for planning and improving public places, not only in order to facilitate and expedite the movement of citizens, but also in order to guarantee their safety, especially in conditions of imminent danger, where it can be necessary the evacuation of such sites. Furthermore, there are several areas of knowledge that can gain benefits from the study of crowd behavior. In the entertainment industry, for example, crowd simulations can be used to produce animations and computer games. In Police and military training, simulations can be used for demonstration and control of riots. In the area of safety engineering, simulations can be used to study the urgent evacuation of buildings, ships and aircrafts. In all mentioned areas, it is observed that the need for crowd simulations comes from two situations, taking into consideration the real world. First, it can be dangerous for individuals to perform the desired actions (like falling from a building in a movie, or evacuating the room on fire of a failing movie session). It is also unethical to expose them to such conditions. Second, it is very complex and expensive to handle a large number of individuals in the real world. Both situations can be dealt by simulating the real world into a computer. Thus, this dissertation aims to model the movement of crowds, always having in mind the computer simulation. For this, Brownian multi-agent systems are introduced as a technological alternative to implement the models found in literature, as well as to implement a new hybrid movement model, that gathers together concepts from solutions based on social forces, and solutions based on Lattice- Gas. As a practical result, a new simulator for multi-agent systems is presented, built for the task of simulating moving crowds / Mestrado / Sistemas de Informação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Orientadores: Leo Pini Magalhães, Soraia Raupp Musse / Acompanha 1 CD-ROM / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T12:44:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bicho_AlessandrodeLima_D.pdf: 3153035 bytes, checksum: 02699fbfe11ede429a8d387c957cfb0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um método para simulação de multidões baseado no algoritmo de colonização do espaço. Este algoritmo foi originalmente proposto para modelar padrões de nervuras em folhas vegetais e de ramificações em árvores. A técnica baseia-se na competição por espaço entre nervuras ou ramificações durante o crescimento vegetal. Adaptado à simulação de multidões, o algoritmo de colonização do espaço visa simular a competição por espaço durante o movimento dos pedestres. Vários comportamentos observados em multidões reais, tais como evitar colisões, variar a velocidade de deslocamento do pedestre em função da densidade populacional e formar vias (lanes) de pedestres, nas quais o pedestre seguirá aquele imediatamente a sua frente, cuja direção e sentido são similares, são propriedades do algoritmo. O modelo de simulação de multidões proposto também caracteriza-se pela simplicidade de implementação, robustez e eficência computacional, permitindo, de acordo com o ambiente de simulação adotado, o controle interativo da multidão simulada. / Abstract: This work presents a method for crowd simulation based on the biologically-motivated space colonization algorithm. This algorithm was originally introduced to model leaf venation patterns and the branching architecture of trees. It operates by simulating the competition for space between growing veins or branches. Adapted to crowd modeling, the space colonization algorithm focuses on the competition for space among moving agents. Several behaviors observed in real crowds, including collision avoidance, relationship of crowd density and speed of agents, and the formation of lanes in which people follow each other, are properties of the algorithm. The proposed crowd modeling method is simple to implement, robust, computationally efficient, and suited to the interactive control of simulated crowds. / Doutorado / Engenharia de Computação / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Beim Entwurf von Bauwerken herrschen nach wie vor große Modellunsicherheiten aufgrund von Unterbemessungen. Trotz der Anwendung hoher Sicherheitsfaktoren wird die Erfüllung der Sicherheitsanforderungen an Bauwerke wegen steigender Sicherheitsbedürfnisse der Gesellschaft und daraus resultierender Vorschriften immer aufwändiger. Eine Reduktion der Sicherheitsfaktoren und damit materielle und zeitliche Einsparungen bei Bauwerken sowie Konstruktions- und Überwachungsprozessen erfordert neue Methoden für eine zuverlässigere Vorhersage des Bauwerksverhaltens. Das seit Langem bekannte Verfahren der Systemidentifikation durch Parameterstudien ist hierbei aufgrund fehlender Werkzeugunterstützung und daraus resultierendem hohen manuellen Aufwand bisher nicht geeignet, um ein hinreichend genaues Ergebnis zur Reduktion der Sicherheitsfaktoren bei gleichbleibendem nachweisbaren Sicherheitsniveau zu liefern. Die hier entwickelte Automatisierung des Prozesses der neuartigen simulationsbasierten Systemidentifikation ermöglicht die Durchführung von Parameterstudien mit einer ausreichend großen Anzahl von Modellvarianten, um realitätsnahe Systeme für hinreichend genaue Verhaltensvorhersagen bereitzustellen. Für die simulationsbasierte Systemidentifikation wird ein neues generisches Software-gestütztes Prozessmodell konzipiert, das an wechselnde Anforderungen adaptiert und in komplexe Optimierungsverfahren integriert werden kann. Die Simulations- und Hilfsprozesse sind in Building Information Modeling (BIM) eingebettet, wobei mit Hilfe der Multimodellmethode ein gemeinsamer Datenraum für einen komplexen Digital Twin (DT) geschaffen wird. Als Basisarchitekturkonzept für die Umsetzung des entwickelten Prozessmodells im Rahmen eines DT dient das integrated Virtual Engineering Laboratory (iVEL). Dieses definiert Merkmale sowie Anforderungen für die konkrete Umsetzung eines integrierten DT in einer Software-Plattform. Zur Maximierung der Adaptierbarkeit bei der Erstellung bzw. Anpassung iVEL-basierter DT an unterschiedliche Aufgabenstellungen wird das BIMgrid-Framework entwickelt und in Java formalisiert. Dieses kapselt elementare Funktionen in Services, die anwendungsfallspezifisch zur Lösung komplexer Aufgaben kombiniert und durch Workflows gesteuert werden. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei die Erforschung einer grundlegenden Prozessinfrastruktur zur automatisierten Durchführung simulationsbasierter Systemidentifikationen, eine BIM-basierte Datenverwaltung auf der Grundlage von Multimodellen sowie die Anwendung moderner Web-Prinzipien zur Unterstützung kollaborativer Projekt-Teams. Eine Referenzimplementierung des Frameworks demonstriert die Umsetzbarkeit des Konzeptes und dient als Ausgangspunkt zur Implementierung eigener iVEL-basierter DT.:Vorwort iii Kurzfassung iv Abstract v 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Motivation und Grundlagen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Zielsetzung und Forschungshypothesen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Lösungsansatz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 Abgrenzung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5 Aufbau der Arbeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 Stand der Forschung 10 2.1 BIM Plattformen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 Microservice-basierte Systemarchitektur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3 Modellierung und Automatisierung komplexer Prozesse . . . . . . . 16 2.4 Digital Twins im Bauingenieurwesen und Maschinenbau . . . . . . 21 2.5 Multimodellbasierte Datenverwaltung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.6 Methoden zur Systemidentifikation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.7 Das Virtuelle Energielabor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.8 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3 Generischer Prozess für simulationsbasierte Systemidentifikationen 32 3.1 Simulationsbasierte Systemidentifikationen im Bauwesen . . . . . . 32 3.2 Variantendefinition und Variantengenerierung . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.2.1 Reduktion der Modellkandidaten durch Sensitivitätsanalyse . 36 3.2.2 Strategien zur Variantengenerierung . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.3 Anforderungen an das IT-gestützte Prozessmodell . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.4 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4 Adaptierbares Prozessmodell für IT-gestützte Simulationsaufgaben 42 4.1 Logische und technische Abstraktionsstufen von Prozessen . . . . . 42 4.2 Ein generisches Prozessmodell für simulationsbasierte Systemidentifikationen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.3 Bewertung des Prozessmodells hinsichtlich der gestellten Anforderungen 46 4.4 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 5 BIM-basierte Verwaltung von Digitalen Zwillingen mit Multimodellen 50vii 5.1 Evolution integrierter Digitaler Zwillinge im Gebäudelebenszyklus . 50 5.2 Anwendungsbeispiel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.3 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6 Ein generisches IT-Framework für Digitale Zwillinge auf Basis virtueller Labore 57 6.1 Das Virtuelle Labor zur Simulation von Ingenieursystemen . . . . . 58 6.1.1 GeoTech Control-Plattform zur Sicherheitsüberwachung des Bauprozesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 6.1.2 Virtuelles Energielabor zur Optimierung der Energiebilanz von Gebäuden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6.1.3 Gegenüberstellung der Referenzimplementierungen eines Virtuellen Labors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6.1.4 Das Konzept des integrierten Virtuellen Ingenieurlabors . . . 62 6.2 Das BIMgrid Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 6.2.1 Funktionalität des BIMgrid Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . 64 6.2.2 Architektur des BIMgrid Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 6.2.3 Orchestration Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 6.2.4 Workflow Engine Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 6.2.5 Business Core Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 6.2.6 Multimodel Engine Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 6.3 Schichtenmodell für die Verwaltung von Digitalen Zwillingen . . . 75 6.4 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 7 Detaillierung und Implementierung eines integrierten Digitalen Zwillings auf Basis des BIMgrid Frameworks 80 7.1 Vorbereitende strategische Schritte zur Instanziierung des Frameworks 81 7.2 Referenzimplementierung des Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 7.2.1 Eingesetzte Technologien und Frameworks . . . . . . . . . 83 7.2.2 REST-basierte Kommunikation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 7.2.3 Ressourcenverwaltung und Skalierbarkeit . . . . . . . . . . 89 7.2.4 Workflow Engine Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 7.2.4.1 Konfiguration anwendungsspezifischer Workflows 91 7.2.5 Business Core Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 7.2.6 Multimodel Engine Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 7.2.7 Frontend des Digitalen Zwillings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 7.2.8 Service-Orchestrierung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7.3 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 8 Evaluation des BIMgrid Frameworks anhand zweier Implementierungen unterschiedlicher funktionaler Anwendungen 103 8.1 Ein Digitaler Zwilling für Optimierungen in der Bauphase . . . . . 104 8.1.1 GeoProduction Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 8.1.2 GeoProduction Digitaler Zwilling auf Basis des BIMgrid Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 8.1.3 Multimodellbasierte Datenverwaltung des Digital Twin . . . 111 8.1.3.1 Fazit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 8.2 Ein virtuelles Labor zur Brückenüberwachung . . . . . . . . . . . . 114viii 8.2.1 cyberBridge Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 8.2.2 cyberBridge Digitaler Zwilling auf Basis des BIMgrid Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 8.2.3 Multimodell des Digital Twin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 8.2.4 Fazit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 8.3 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 9 Diskussion und Ausblick 126 9.1 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 9.2 Diskussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 9.3 Ausblick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 9.3.1 Einsatz Künstliche Intelligenz (KI)-basierter Methoden zur Steigerung der Automatisierung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 9.3.2 Automatisierung der Link-Erzeugung in multimodellbasierten Digital Twins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 9.3.3 Weiterentwicklung des iVEL-Konzeptes zur automatisierten Steuerung von Abläufen und Geräten . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 9.3.4 Berücksichtigung juristischer Aspekte bei kollaborativen Nutzung verteilter Daten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 A Implementierung eines integrierten Digitalen Zwillings auf Basis des BIMgrid Frameworks 137 Literaturverzeichnis 141 Eigene Publikationen 150 / When designing buildings, there are still major model uncertainties because of undersizing. Despite the application of high safety factors, meeting security requirements for buildings is becoming more and more difficult due to the increasing security needs of society and the resulting regulations. A reduction in safety factors and therefore material and time savings in buildings, as well as construction and monitoring processes requires new methods for more reliable prediction of structural behavior. The method of system identification through parameter studies, which has been known for a long time, was not suitable for a sufficiently accurate result due to the lack of tool support and the resulting high manual effort to reduce the safety factors while maintaining the same verifiable safety level. Automating the process of the novel simulation-based system identification enables parametric studies to be performed with a large enough number of model variants to provide realistic systems for sufficiently accurate behavioral predictions. A softwaresupported process model is created for the simulation-based system identification, which can be adapted to changing requirements and integrated into complex optimization processes. The simulation and auxiliary processes are embedded in BIM, whereby a common data space for a complex DT is created with the help of the multimodel method. The iVEL serves as a basic architectural concept for the implementation of the developed process model as part of a DT. It defines features and requirements for the concrete implementation of an integrated DT in a software platform. In order to maximize adaptability when creating or adapting iVEL-based DT to different application scenarios, the BIMgrid framework is developed and formalized in Java. Elementary functions are encapsulated in services, which are combined in a specific application to solve complex tasks and which are controlled by workflows. The focus is on researching a basic process infrastructure for the automated execution of simulationbased system identifications, BIM-based data management based on multimodels and the application of modern web principles to support collaborative project teams. A reference implementation of the framework demonstrates the feasibility of the concept and serves as a starting point for implementing your own iVEL-based DT.:Vorwort iii Kurzfassung iv Abstract v 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Motivation und Grundlagen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Zielsetzung und Forschungshypothesen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Lösungsansatz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 Abgrenzung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5 Aufbau der Arbeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 Stand der Forschung 10 2.1 BIM Plattformen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 Microservice-basierte Systemarchitektur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3 Modellierung und Automatisierung komplexer Prozesse . . . . . . . 16 2.4 Digital Twins im Bauingenieurwesen und Maschinenbau . . . . . . 21 2.5 Multimodellbasierte Datenverwaltung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.6 Methoden zur Systemidentifikation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.7 Das Virtuelle Energielabor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.8 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3 Generischer Prozess für simulationsbasierte Systemidentifikationen 32 3.1 Simulationsbasierte Systemidentifikationen im Bauwesen . . . . . . 32 3.2 Variantendefinition und Variantengenerierung . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.2.1 Reduktion der Modellkandidaten durch Sensitivitätsanalyse . 36 3.2.2 Strategien zur Variantengenerierung . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.3 Anforderungen an das IT-gestützte Prozessmodell . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.4 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4 Adaptierbares Prozessmodell für IT-gestützte Simulationsaufgaben 42 4.1 Logische und technische Abstraktionsstufen von Prozessen . . . . . 42 4.2 Ein generisches Prozessmodell für simulationsbasierte Systemidentifikationen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.3 Bewertung des Prozessmodells hinsichtlich der gestellten Anforderungen 46 4.4 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 5 BIM-basierte Verwaltung von Digitalen Zwillingen mit Multimodellen 50vii 5.1 Evolution integrierter Digitaler Zwillinge im Gebäudelebenszyklus . 50 5.2 Anwendungsbeispiel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.3 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6 Ein generisches IT-Framework für Digitale Zwillinge auf Basis virtueller Labore 57 6.1 Das Virtuelle Labor zur Simulation von Ingenieursystemen . . . . . 58 6.1.1 GeoTech Control-Plattform zur Sicherheitsüberwachung des Bauprozesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 6.1.2 Virtuelles Energielabor zur Optimierung der Energiebilanz von Gebäuden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6.1.3 Gegenüberstellung der Referenzimplementierungen eines Virtuellen Labors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6.1.4 Das Konzept des integrierten Virtuellen Ingenieurlabors . . . 62 6.2 Das BIMgrid Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 6.2.1 Funktionalität des BIMgrid Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . 64 6.2.2 Architektur des BIMgrid Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 6.2.3 Orchestration Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 6.2.4 Workflow Engine Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 6.2.5 Business Core Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 6.2.6 Multimodel Engine Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 6.3 Schichtenmodell für die Verwaltung von Digitalen Zwillingen . . . 75 6.4 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 7 Detaillierung und Implementierung eines integrierten Digitalen Zwillings auf Basis des BIMgrid Frameworks 80 7.1 Vorbereitende strategische Schritte zur Instanziierung des Frameworks 81 7.2 Referenzimplementierung des Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 7.2.1 Eingesetzte Technologien und Frameworks . . . . . . . . . 83 7.2.2 REST-basierte Kommunikation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 7.2.3 Ressourcenverwaltung und Skalierbarkeit . . . . . . . . . . 89 7.2.4 Workflow Engine Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 7.2.4.1 Konfiguration anwendungsspezifischer Workflows 91 7.2.5 Business Core Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 7.2.6 Multimodel Engine Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 7.2.7 Frontend des Digitalen Zwillings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 7.2.8 Service-Orchestrierung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7.3 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 8 Evaluation des BIMgrid Frameworks anhand zweier Implementierungen unterschiedlicher funktionaler Anwendungen 103 8.1 Ein Digitaler Zwilling für Optimierungen in der Bauphase . . . . . 104 8.1.1 GeoProduction Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 8.1.2 GeoProduction Digitaler Zwilling auf Basis des BIMgrid Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 8.1.3 Multimodellbasierte Datenverwaltung des Digital Twin . . . 111 8.1.3.1 Fazit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 8.2 Ein virtuelles Labor zur Brückenüberwachung . . . . . . . . . . . . 114viii 8.2.1 cyberBridge Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 8.2.2 cyberBridge Digitaler Zwilling auf Basis des BIMgrid Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 8.2.3 Multimodell des Digital Twin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 8.2.4 Fazit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 8.3 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 9 Diskussion und Ausblick 126 9.1 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 9.2 Diskussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 9.3 Ausblick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 9.3.1 Einsatz Künstliche Intelligenz (KI)-basierter Methoden zur Steigerung der Automatisierung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 9.3.2 Automatisierung der Link-Erzeugung in multimodellbasierten Digital Twins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 9.3.3 Weiterentwicklung des iVEL-Konzeptes zur automatisierten Steuerung von Abläufen und Geräten . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 9.3.4 Berücksichtigung juristischer Aspekte bei kollaborativen Nutzung verteilter Daten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 A Implementierung eines integrierten Digitalen Zwillings auf Basis des BIMgrid Frameworks 137 Literaturverzeichnis 141 Eigene Publikationen 150