In the thesis the aim is to investigate different aspects of what teachers value when grading in Swedish physical education (PE) and to analyses how sociological background factors impact students’ grades. Grades in PE have included aspects other than those prescribed in the grading criteria, for instance motivation and effort. Teachers sometimes find their value-setting difficult to articulate and refer to a “gut feeling”. In order to explore both explicit and implicit forms of value-setting, the Repertory Grid interview technique is employed. The thesis includes four sub-studies, three interview studies with Swedish PE teachers and a fourth study based on registry data from the Swedish National Agency for Education. The data of all students leaving nine-year compulsory school in 2014 (n=95317) is analysed to explore how sociological background factors, such as migration background, parents’ education, school provider and gender, affect PE grades. The results reveal aspects of grading that are not detectable in the official description of the grading assignment and highlight problems that teachers need to address when grading. Four themes are discerned in the teachers’ grading practices: motivation, knowledge, confidence and social skills. The implementation of a new national curriculum with specified knowledge requirements seems to improve the alignment with the national criteria, but there is still a gap between policy and practice. The knowledge requirements for movement are often interpreted as performances in competitive sports, even if the teachers try to find other interpretations. The odds ratio for getting a higher grade in PE is greater for the variables migration background and parents’ education than for the other investigated variables. The concepts formulated by Bernstein are applied to explore the relations between teachers’ grading practices and cultural and political influences and to discuss how the tensions between different interests could affect teachers’ grading. The conclusion is that the gap between policy and practice confirmed in this study is related to tensions between the interests and purposes of different agents, all of whom strive to influence steering documents and practice. Cultural and political influences need to be considered and facilitate discussions about how to understand which knowledge is valued in PE and who has better possibilities to assimilate it. / Forskningslinjen Utbildning

Cette recherche analyse la pénétration des Cultural Studies dans les curricula de deux départements de sociologie francophones : celui de l’Université de Montréal et celui de l’Université du Québec à Montréal. À partir des entretiens conduits auprès de professeurs, mais aussi de l’analyse des curricula inspirée de la théorie développée par B. Bernstein, cette recherche questionne tous les enjeux relatifs à l’introduction d’un nouveau cours ou d’une nouvelle façon de penser dans un département. Il ne s’agit donc pas de conclure sur la forte – ou faible – présence des Cultural Studies dans les programmes, mais plutôt d’expliquer ces variations de présence à partir des caractéristiques sociales, politiques, économiques et même géographiques, propres à chaque département. L’analyse conduite va aussi plus loin en constatant que les Cultural Studies, même si elles ne se sont pas développées à grande échelle au Québec, ont eu un impact sur la façon dont sont abordés les objets sociologiques. / This research analyzes the penetration of cultural studies in the curricula of two French departments of sociology, one at the UdeM and in the other one at the UQAM. From interviews conducted with teachers, but also from the analysis of curricula inspired by the theory developed by B. Bernstein, this research examines all issues related to the introduction of a new course or a new way of thinking in a department. The purpose is not to conclude on the high–or low–presence of cultural studies in the programs, but rather to explain these variations of presence from the social, political, economic and even geographic characteristics that are specific to each department. The conducted analysis goes even further by noting that cultural studies, even if they have not been developed at a large scale in Quebec, have had an impact on how the objects are sociologically discussed.

Este estudo buscou como objetivo mostrar como os professores da escola pesquisada construíram suas práticas pedagógicas a partir de uma proposta político-pedagógica diferenciada em sua organização, em seu discurso e em sua forma de transmissão do conhecimento. A análise realizada através dos conceitos de classificação e de enquadramento do sociólogo Basil Bernstein indicou qual é o tipo de controle que o professor exerceu na prática pedagógica, e se existia ou não, um processo dialógico entre o transmissor e o adquirente. A análise destes aspectos na escola revelou um contexto social caracterizado por uma identidade própria quanto à distribuição, reprodução e mudança no código educacional: do de coleção para o de integração. Esta dissertação mostra uma prática pedagógica marcada pela permanente reflexão de como melhor construir o contexto escolar, pensando-se em professores que ensinam e aprendem, pensando-se em alunos que aprendem e ensinam, num dinamismo educacional onde as trocas cognitivas e sociais ocorreram numa rede de interações significativas visando à inclusão e à participação. / This study aims at showing that the teachers of the researched school have built their pedagogic practice departing from a new political pedagogic proposal different in its organization, discourse and in its way of knowledge transmission. The analysis accomplished through the concepts of classification and framing of the sociologist Basil Bernstein pointed out to the type of control the teacher exerced in the pedagogic practice and wheather or not these was a dialogical process between transmitter and acquirer. The analysis of there aspects in the school revealed a social context featured by a particular identity as to the distribution, reproduction and change in the educational code: from one characterized as colection to that one of integration. This dissertation shows a pedagogie practice marked by permanent reflection as to better construct the school context, aiming at teachers who both teach and learn, and students who do the same, in an educational dynamism where the social and cognitive interchanges took place in a web of remarkable interactions intending inclusion and paticipation.

Cette recherche analyse la pénétration des Cultural Studies dans les curricula de deux départements de sociologie francophones : celui de l’Université de Montréal et celui de l’Université du Québec à Montréal. À partir des entretiens conduits auprès de professeurs, mais aussi de l’analyse des curricula inspirée de la théorie développée par B. Bernstein, cette recherche questionne tous les enjeux relatifs à l’introduction d’un nouveau cours ou d’une nouvelle façon de penser dans un département. Il ne s’agit donc pas de conclure sur la forte – ou faible – présence des Cultural Studies dans les programmes, mais plutôt d’expliquer ces variations de présence à partir des caractéristiques sociales, politiques, économiques et même géographiques, propres à chaque département. L’analyse conduite va aussi plus loin en constatant que les Cultural Studies, même si elles ne se sont pas développées à grande échelle au Québec, ont eu un impact sur la façon dont sont abordés les objets sociologiques. / This research analyzes the penetration of cultural studies in the curricula of two French departments of sociology, one at the UdeM and in the other one at the UQAM. From interviews conducted with teachers, but also from the analysis of curricula inspired by the theory developed by B. Bernstein, this research examines all issues related to the introduction of a new course or a new way of thinking in a department. The purpose is not to conclude on the high–or low–presence of cultural studies in the programs, but rather to explain these variations of presence from the social, political, economic and even geographic characteristics that are specific to each department. The conducted analysis goes even further by noting that cultural studies, even if they have not been developed at a large scale in Quebec, have had an impact on how the objects are sociologically discussed.

The aim of this study is to describe the recontextualisation of the official pedagogical field, in the form of the National Curriculum Statement (NCS), in the Further Education and Training (FET) band. The study's focus concentrates specifically on the in-service training programme devised by the KZN FET Directorate for teachers of Grade 10's in 2005, beginning with the creation of the FET curriculum statements at national level and tracking the dissemination of this information to provincial level, then through regional and district level and into the schools. The researcher was able to analyse the documents created at national level, observe and/or interview role-players at each level of the continuum: national, provincial, regional, district and school (including parents of school-going teenagers). This evidence, supplemented with video-recordings and posters produced at five different venues was selectively described using Berasteinian terminology and his theoretical framework of the pedagogic device. Research findings in answer to the questions posed, viz. to what extent the social transformation process was understood by the role-players in the process (concentrating on English Home and First Additional Language teachers), indicate that in some cases the official pedagogical field is carried over with minimal change, and in others it is evident that careful monitoring and retraining may be the only means to concretise the intended change in thinking in the minds of South Africa's teachers. / Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

The overall purpose of this thesis is to critically contextualise the organization of content in Swedish upper-secondary vocational education by highlighting its social and political implications in relation to social class. Policy documents concerning the content of vocational education in Sweden from 1971 to 2011 serve as the main empirical source, with particular attention given to the reform of 2011 (Gy11). The thesis is comprised of four studies that each represents a different context that reveals social and political implications of the selection and organisation of content in Gy11. The content structure of Gy11 is thus analysed in relation to (a) the school’s role of fostering democratic citizens and the overarching societal function of education, (b) knowledge distribution among social classes, (c) a class context, including key historical and contemporary reforms, and (d) a modern historical context, focusing on how two previous structural reforms (1971 and 1994) organised power and control over educational content. The study results show that, in terms of its content structure and underlying principles, Gy11 represents a historical break with previous reforms in many respects. Fundamental organising principles of past reforms, such as students’ preparation for active citizenship, critical thinking and entry to higher education, have been given less importance while the content is more context-bound than in previous reforms. The Gy11 reform can thus be seen as a part of a broader policy trend that is detracting from earlier efforts to give all social classes equal access to an equivalent education and reduce social imbalances in education. This new way of shaping vocational education is, it is argued, likely to exacerbate class inequalities by both reducing social mobility and rendering knowledge distribution in society more asymmetric.

Esta tese tem como objeto de estudo uma proposta de turismo pedagógico embasada na teoria sociológica. Faz parte do projeto de pesquisa Perspectivas de ensino na educação básica: prática pedagógica e formação de professores, sob a coordenação da Professora Doutora Maria Helena Degani Veit, socióloga, pertencente à Linha de Pesquisa O sujeito da educação: conhecimento, linguagem e contextos, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação (PPGEdu) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Através de uma pesquisaação, foi acompanhada a implantação de um projeto piloto de turismo pedagógico na Rede Municipal de Ensino de Balneário Pinhal, uma cidade do Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul. O estudo teve o objetivo de verificar o potencial de experiências de turismo pedagógico na qualificação do processo de ensino e aprendizagem, como uma alternativa de concretização de uma modalidade de pedagogia mista com integração curricular. O projeto piloto de turismo pedagógico teve as seguintes etapas: (a) encontros de formação – estudo de conceitos teóricos para o embasamento do planejamento da prática pedagógica; (b) encontros de planejamento da prática pedagógica; (c) realização de atividades de preparação das visitas de estudo do meio (etapa denominada de Despertando a Curiosidade); (d) realização de uma Aula-Passeio; (e) realização de atividades de avaliação do trabalho (etapa denominada de Compartilhando as Experiências); e (f) avaliação do projeto piloto pelos sujeitos da pesquisa, as professoras das turmas participantes. O trabalho foi embasado na contribuição teórica de Basil Bernstein (1996, 1998), a respeito de currículo, pedagogia e avaliação; em Ana Maria Morais et al. (2001, 2003, 2004) quanto à prática pedagógica mista; e em Jurjo Torres Santomé (1996), James Beane (2003) e Aires (2011), com relação à integração curricular; e em Ivani Fazenda (1997, 2003, 2008), com respeito a reflexões sobre interdisciplinaridade. O projeto de turismo pedagógico foi considerado pelas professoras participantes uma possibilidade viável, interessante e envolvente de integração curricular, propiciando uma aprendizagem efetiva e prazerosa aos alunos. Assim, o Turismo Pedagógico se configura em uma alternativa de integração do currículo, uma possibilidade de despertar o encantamento do aluno pelo seu lugar no mundo e, por consequência, o respeito, a curiosidade e a admiração por todos os lugares do mundo. / This thesis has as its object of study a proposal of pedagogical tourism based on sociological theory. It is part of the research project, Perspectivas de ensino na educação básica: prática pedagógica e formação de professores, coordinated by Professor Maria Helena Degani Veit, a sociologist. It belongs to the research line, O Sujeito da Educação, conhecimento, linguagem e contextos of the Programa de Pós- Graduação em Educação (PPGEDU) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Through an action-research, the implementation of a pilot project on pedagogical tourism was accompanied in Balneário Pinhal´s municipal schools. Balneário Pinhal is a city located on the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul. This study aimed at verifying the potential for experiences in pedagogical tourism in the improvement of the teaching-learning process as an alternative for the realization of a mixed pedagogy with curriculum integration. The pilot project on pedagogical tourism followed the following steps: (a) training meetings – study of theoretical concepts in order to support the planning of teaching practices; (b) planning meetings of the teaching practices; (c) carrying out activities in preparation for the visits to study the environment (step called Arousing Curiosity); (d) taking an educational outing; (e) performing activities of assessment of the work (step called Sharing Experiences); (f) evaluation of the pilot project by the research subjects, the teachers of the participating classes. The work was based on the theoretical works of: Basil Bernstein (1996, 1998) about curriculum, pedagogy and evaluation; Ana Maria Morais et al. (2001, 2003, 2004) about mixed pedagogic practice; Jurjo Torres Santomé (1996), James Beane (2003) and Aires (2011) about curriculum integration; and Ivani Fazenda (1997, 2003, 2008) about interdisciplinarity. The pedagogical tourism project was considered by the participant teachers as an interesting, engaging and feasible possibility of curriculum integration, providing an enjoyable and effective learning for students. Thus, the Pedagogical Tourism is set as an alternative mode of curriculum integration, an opportunity to awaken the student's enchantment by its place in the world and, therefore, to develop respect, curiosity and admiration for all the places in the world.

Este estudo buscou como objetivo mostrar como os professores da escola pesquisada construíram suas práticas pedagógicas a partir de uma proposta político-pedagógica diferenciada em sua organização, em seu discurso e em sua forma de transmissão do conhecimento. A análise realizada através dos conceitos de classificação e de enquadramento do sociólogo Basil Bernstein indicou qual é o tipo de controle que o professor exerceu na prática pedagógica, e se existia ou não, um processo dialógico entre o transmissor e o adquirente. A análise destes aspectos na escola revelou um contexto social caracterizado por uma identidade própria quanto à distribuição, reprodução e mudança no código educacional: do de coleção para o de integração. Esta dissertação mostra uma prática pedagógica marcada pela permanente reflexão de como melhor construir o contexto escolar, pensando-se em professores que ensinam e aprendem, pensando-se em alunos que aprendem e ensinam, num dinamismo educacional onde as trocas cognitivas e sociais ocorreram numa rede de interações significativas visando à inclusão e à participação. / This study aims at showing that the teachers of the researched school have built their pedagogic practice departing from a new political pedagogic proposal different in its organization, discourse and in its way of knowledge transmission. The analysis accomplished through the concepts of classification and framing of the sociologist Basil Bernstein pointed out to the type of control the teacher exerced in the pedagogic practice and wheather or not these was a dialogical process between transmitter and acquirer. The analysis of there aspects in the school revealed a social context featured by a particular identity as to the distribution, reproduction and change in the educational code: from one characterized as colection to that one of integration. This dissertation shows a pedagogie practice marked by permanent reflection as to better construct the school context, aiming at teachers who both teach and learn, and students who do the same, in an educational dynamism where the social and cognitive interchanges took place in a web of remarkable interactions intending inclusion and paticipation.

Este estudo buscou como objetivo mostrar como os professores da escola pesquisada construíram suas práticas pedagógicas a partir de uma proposta político-pedagógica diferenciada em sua organização, em seu discurso e em sua forma de transmissão do conhecimento. A análise realizada através dos conceitos de classificação e de enquadramento do sociólogo Basil Bernstein indicou qual é o tipo de controle que o professor exerceu na prática pedagógica, e se existia ou não, um processo dialógico entre o transmissor e o adquirente. A análise destes aspectos na escola revelou um contexto social caracterizado por uma identidade própria quanto à distribuição, reprodução e mudança no código educacional: do de coleção para o de integração. Esta dissertação mostra uma prática pedagógica marcada pela permanente reflexão de como melhor construir o contexto escolar, pensando-se em professores que ensinam e aprendem, pensando-se em alunos que aprendem e ensinam, num dinamismo educacional onde as trocas cognitivas e sociais ocorreram numa rede de interações significativas visando à inclusão e à participação. / This study aims at showing that the teachers of the researched school have built their pedagogic practice departing from a new political pedagogic proposal different in its organization, discourse and in its way of knowledge transmission. The analysis accomplished through the concepts of classification and framing of the sociologist Basil Bernstein pointed out to the type of control the teacher exerced in the pedagogic practice and wheather or not these was a dialogical process between transmitter and acquirer. The analysis of there aspects in the school revealed a social context featured by a particular identity as to the distribution, reproduction and change in the educational code: from one characterized as colection to that one of integration. This dissertation shows a pedagogie practice marked by permanent reflection as to better construct the school context, aiming at teachers who both teach and learn, and students who do the same, in an educational dynamism where the social and cognitive interchanges took place in a web of remarkable interactions intending inclusion and paticipation.

Esta tese tem como objeto de estudo uma proposta de turismo pedagógico embasada na teoria sociológica. Faz parte do projeto de pesquisa Perspectivas de ensino na educação básica: prática pedagógica e formação de professores, sob a coordenação da Professora Doutora Maria Helena Degani Veit, socióloga, pertencente à Linha de Pesquisa O sujeito da educação: conhecimento, linguagem e contextos, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação (PPGEdu) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Através de uma pesquisaação, foi acompanhada a implantação de um projeto piloto de turismo pedagógico na Rede Municipal de Ensino de Balneário Pinhal, uma cidade do Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul. O estudo teve o objetivo de verificar o potencial de experiências de turismo pedagógico na qualificação do processo de ensino e aprendizagem, como uma alternativa de concretização de uma modalidade de pedagogia mista com integração curricular. O projeto piloto de turismo pedagógico teve as seguintes etapas: (a) encontros de formação – estudo de conceitos teóricos para o embasamento do planejamento da prática pedagógica; (b) encontros de planejamento da prática pedagógica; (c) realização de atividades de preparação das visitas de estudo do meio (etapa denominada de Despertando a Curiosidade); (d) realização de uma Aula-Passeio; (e) realização de atividades de avaliação do trabalho (etapa denominada de Compartilhando as Experiências); e (f) avaliação do projeto piloto pelos sujeitos da pesquisa, as professoras das turmas participantes. O trabalho foi embasado na contribuição teórica de Basil Bernstein (1996, 1998), a respeito de currículo, pedagogia e avaliação; em Ana Maria Morais et al. (2001, 2003, 2004) quanto à prática pedagógica mista; e em Jurjo Torres Santomé (1996), James Beane (2003) e Aires (2011), com relação à integração curricular; e em Ivani Fazenda (1997, 2003, 2008), com respeito a reflexões sobre interdisciplinaridade. O projeto de turismo pedagógico foi considerado pelas professoras participantes uma possibilidade viável, interessante e envolvente de integração curricular, propiciando uma aprendizagem efetiva e prazerosa aos alunos. Assim, o Turismo Pedagógico se configura em uma alternativa de integração do currículo, uma possibilidade de despertar o encantamento do aluno pelo seu lugar no mundo e, por consequência, o respeito, a curiosidade e a admiração por todos os lugares do mundo. / This thesis has as its object of study a proposal of pedagogical tourism based on sociological theory. It is part of the research project, Perspectivas de ensino na educação básica: prática pedagógica e formação de professores, coordinated by Professor Maria Helena Degani Veit, a sociologist. It belongs to the research line, O Sujeito da Educação, conhecimento, linguagem e contextos of the Programa de Pós- Graduação em Educação (PPGEDU) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Through an action-research, the implementation of a pilot project on pedagogical tourism was accompanied in Balneário Pinhal´s municipal schools. Balneário Pinhal is a city located on the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul. This study aimed at verifying the potential for experiences in pedagogical tourism in the improvement of the teaching-learning process as an alternative for the realization of a mixed pedagogy with curriculum integration. The pilot project on pedagogical tourism followed the following steps: (a) training meetings – study of theoretical concepts in order to support the planning of teaching practices; (b) planning meetings of the teaching practices; (c) carrying out activities in preparation for the visits to study the environment (step called Arousing Curiosity); (d) taking an educational outing; (e) performing activities of assessment of the work (step called Sharing Experiences); (f) evaluation of the pilot project by the research subjects, the teachers of the participating classes. The work was based on the theoretical works of: Basil Bernstein (1996, 1998) about curriculum, pedagogy and evaluation; Ana Maria Morais et al. (2001, 2003, 2004) about mixed pedagogic practice; Jurjo Torres Santomé (1996), James Beane (2003) and Aires (2011) about curriculum integration; and Ivani Fazenda (1997, 2003, 2008) about interdisciplinarity. The pedagogical tourism project was considered by the participant teachers as an interesting, engaging and feasible possibility of curriculum integration, providing an enjoyable and effective learning for students. Thus, the Pedagogical Tourism is set as an alternative mode of curriculum integration, an opportunity to awaken the student's enchantment by its place in the world and, therefore, to develop respect, curiosity and admiration for all the places in the world.