Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 536018 bytes, checksum: b50bb7d23d5b30de21ba7e5b15e30059 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), is ans important drawbacks for coffee plantations in Brazil. In Espírito Santo state it is considered the most serious pest of coffee plantations, however, studies on damage caused by H. hampei are scarce. In order to evaluate the damage caused by H. hampei in green and processed coffee and loose of quality of C. canephora, an experiment was carried out in three places in north of Espírito Santo state: Marilandia, Sooretama and São Gabriel da Palha. The coffee fruits were collected in plants infested with H. hampei, in 2008. The samples were divided in two groups: bored berries and no bored berries. The samples were dried in open place to obtain 12% of humidity. The treatments consisted of 1200 coffee fruits with nine levels of infestation: 0, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, e 100 %. To obtain those treatments bored berries bored and no bored beries were mixed. The data were obtained by weighting the samples before and after procesing coffee. There was a significative reduction in the mass of coffee, in the three regions studied. A linear reduction of mass was observed when the levels of infestation were increased. The processed coffee differed in the three places. The highest means were in Sooretama field and the loses in the grain mass were estimated in 22,7% of the nominal value of the fruit infestation level while in São Gabriel da Palha and Marilândia this value was 19,3% and 17,9% respectively. The number of defects of the grain increased linearly, were for each level of fruit infestation there was an increase of 4.78 defects in the samples of São Gabriel da Palha and 3.65 defects in the fields of Marilândia and Sooretama. The coffee type was not altered until 5% of the fruit infestation in relation with the control. After 10% of the fruit infestation there were significant depreciation on the coffee type, causing from 1 to 6.8% de depreciation of the value of coffee. In conclusion, the wastes in the field with high infestations of coffee berie borer could be very important, mainly due the the looses of mass from the processed coffee. / A broca do café, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), representa sério problema para a cafeicultura brasileira, e no Espírito Santo é considerada a pior praga para esta cultura. Apesar da importância atribuída a este inseto, existem poucos estudos que revelam os danos causados por H. hampei ao café conilon (Coffea canephora). Assim este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os prejuízos causados pela broca do café relacionados a perda de massa do café em coco e beneficiado e na classificação do café quanto ao tipo, para a espécie C. canephora. Em lavouras de três municípios do norte capixaba, Marilândia, Sooretama e São Gabriel da Palha, no período de colheita da safra 2008 foram coletados frutos em plantas que apresentavam infestação por H. hampei. Os frutos foram separados em brocados e não brocados e posteriormente colocados para secar em terreiro de cimento até teor de água de 12% (+ou- 0,3). Os tratamentos consistiram de amostras de 1200 frutos com níveis de infestação de 0, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, e 100% de brocados. Para alcançar estes valores os frutos brocados foram misturados aos n~ao brocados em proporções equivalentes a cada tratamento. Os dados foram obtidos através da pesagem das amostras antes e depois do beneficiamento. Houve perdas de massa significativas do café em coco e beneficiado, nas três regiões onde o trabalho foi realizado, nos diferentes níveis de infestação, havendo um aumento linear de perdas de massa de C. canephora à medida que os níveis de infestação por H. hampei aumentam. As perdas de massa ocorridas no café beneficiado foram diferenciadas nas três regiões avaliadas, sendo que na lavoura de Sooretama, com maiores médias, as perdas estimadas de massa dos grãos representaram 22,7% quando 100% dos frutos estavam infestados por H. hampei, enquanto que em São Gabriel da Palha e Marilândia este valor chegou a 19,3% e 17,9% respectivamente. O número de defeitos dos grãos aumentou de forma linear, sendo que para cada nível de infestação dos frutos, houve um aumento de 4,78 defeitos nas amostras da lavoura de São Gabriel da Palha e 3,65 defeitos nas lavouras de Marilândia e Sooretama. O tipo de café não alterou até o nível de 5% de infestação dos frutos com relação a testemunha. A partir de 10% de infestação dos frutos houve depreciações significativas no tipo de café, causando de 1 a 6,8% de desvalorização no preço dos grãos de café. Pode-se concluir que os prejuízos que ocorrem em lavouras com altos níveis de infestação podem ser bastante expressivos, principalmente devido a perda de massa do café beneficiado.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1211467 bytes, checksum: df384f69e6fa1dea3855cb9baf71e46c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The larger quality problem of table grape is related to the ease berry drop or abscission of berries after harvest of clusters, due to the development of the abscission zone. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene), on postharvest conservation under different storage conditions of Isabel‟ grape, produced in the Sirijí Valley (PE/PB), conducted in three experiments. In The first experiment Isabel‟ grapes produced at Natuba, Sirijí Valley-PB, Brazil, were treated postharvest with calcium chloride (CaCl2) and modified atmosphere (MA) aiming to evaluate the quality maintenance during storage at 12±1 °C and 85±2% RH. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme 5 x 2 x 5 with three replications, with five doses of CaCl2 (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 and 4,0%), two types of atmosphere (room and modified) and five evaluations. The evaluations were soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, pH, ascorbic acid, decay incidence, rachis appearance, and berry drop index. TA, ratio SS/TA, pH, incidence of decay, and mass loss were influenced by both MA and CaCl2. Berry drop index was not affected by treatments. However, rachis appearance was maintained by MA. The application of CaCl2 associated with MA reduced the mass loss and incidence of decay, and kept ascorbic acid content. In the second experiment Isabel‟ grapes from a commercial orchard in the Sirijí Valley - PB were harvested at commercial maturity with the aim of evaluating the effect of doses 1-MCP applied during 12 hours in sealed plastic boxes under room conditions (25 ± 2 ° C and 75 ± 2% RH) during storage under modified atmosphere at room temperature. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in factorial scheme 4 x 7, with three replications, with four doses of 1-MCP (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppb) and seven evaluations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days). The evaluations were soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, pH, ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, coloration (Lightness, a *, b *, chroma and ° H), incidence of decay, mass loss, firmness, rachis appearance, and berry drop index. The SS, AT, SS/TA, L, Chroma, and incidence of decay were not affected by 1- MCP. The doses of 1-MCP influenced on pH, retention of ascorbic acid, increase of anthocyanins, rachis appearance, lower mass loss, and maintenance of firmness. The berry drop index decreased as the doses of 1-MCP applied increased. In the third experiment, Isabel‟ grapes produced in the Sirijí Valley (PE/PB) were treated postharvest with four doses of 1-MCP (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppb) and kept under modified atmosphere and refrigeration (8 ± 1 ° C and 85 ± 2% RH), and followed 18 days transferred to room conditions (25 ± 2 ° C and 75 ± 2% RH), to simulate transport conditions to the market. The experimental design was a completely randomized, with three replications where each experimental unit consisted of three clusters, two factorial schemes were applied: a) 4 x 7, with four doses of 1-MCP and seven evaluation periods during refrigeration (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 days), and b) 4 x 4, with four doses of 1-MCP and four evaluation, after transference to room conditions (18, 18+2; 18+4, and 18+6 days). The evaluations were soluble solids (SS), titratabe acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, pH, ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, coloration, incidence of decay, mass loss, firmness, rachis appearance, and berry drop index. During stored under refrigeration, 1-MCP doses did not influence SS, TA, SS/TA, ascorbic acid, coloration (L, a *, C, °H), and incidence of decay. The pH, anthocyanins, firmness, and berry drop index was influenced by the levels of a 1-MCP during the storage under refrigeration. After the transference of clusters to room temperature the doses of 1-MCP influenced the SS, ascorbic acid, firmness, anthocyanins, and berry drop index. Higher doses of 1-MCP promoted the maintenance of anthocyanins, lower rates of mass loss, and reduced berry drop index under room conditions. / Um dos principais problemas de qualidade da uva de mesa está relacionado com a facilidade de degrane, ou queda das bagas, depois da colheita dos cachos, devido ao desenvolvimento da zona de abscisão. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2) e 1-MCP (1-metilciclopropeno) na conservação pós-colheita em diferentes condições de armazenamento de uva Isabel‟ produzidas na região do Vale do Sirijí (PE/PB), conduzido em três experimentos. O primeiro experimento avaliou uvas Isabel‟ produzidas no município de Natuba-PB, aplicando cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2) na pós-colheita associado à atmosfera modificada (AM) visando avaliar a manutenção da qualidade no armazenamento refrigerado à 12±1°C e 85±2% de UR. O delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 x 5, com 3 repetições, sendo cinco doses de CaCl2 (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 e 4,0%), dois tipos de atmosferas (ambiente (AA) e modificada (AM)) e cinco avaliações. As avaliações foram acidez titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS), relação SS/AT, pH, ácido ascórbico, incidência de podridão, perda de massa, aparência do engaço e índice de degrane. A AT, relação SS/AT, pH, incidência de podridão e perda de massa foram afetados tanto pela AM quanto pelo CaCl2. Os índices de degrane não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. No entanto, a aparência do engaço foi reduzida pela AM. A aplicação de CaCl2 associado à AM reduziu a perda de massa e a incidência de podridão e manteve o teor de ácido ascórbico. No segundo experimento uvas Isabel‟ provenientes de pomar comercial no Vale do Sirijí-PB foram colhidas em estádio de maturação comercial com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de doses 1-MCP aplicadas durante 12 horas em caixas plásticas hermeticamente fechadas sob condições ambientes (25±2°C e 75±2% de UR) durante armazenamento sob atmosfera modificada em temperatura ambiente. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 7, com 3 repetições, sendo quatro doses de 1-MCP (0; 500; 1000; e 2000 ppb) e sete avaliações (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 dias). As avaliações foram acidez titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS), relação SS/AT, pH, ácido ascórbico, antocianinas, coloração (Luminosidade, a*,b*,croma e °H), incidência de podridão, perda de massa, firmeza, aparência do engaço e índice de degrane. SS, AT e incidência de podridão não sofreram influência do 1-MCP. Não foram verificados efeitos das doses testadas sobre SS/AT, luminosidade, croma e incidência de podridão. As doses de 1-MCP influenciaram no pH, manutenção do ácido ascórbico, aumento das antocianinas, aparência do engaço, perda de massa e manutenção da firmeza. O índice de degrane foi menor a medida que aumentaram as doses de 1-MCP aplicadas. O terceiro experimento avaliou-se uvas Isabel‟ produzidas no Vale do Sirijí-PB tratadas pós-colheita com quatro doses de 1-MCP (0; 500; 1000; e 2000 ppb) e mantidas sob atmosfera modificada em refrigeração (8±1°C e 85±2% de UR) e após 18 dias transferidas para a condição ambiente (25±2°C e 75±2% de UR), para simular condições de transporte e comercialização. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições onde cada unidade experimental era constituída de três cachos, em dois esquemas fatoriais: a) 4 x 7, onde os fatores analisados foram as doses de 1-MCP utilizadas e os períodos de análise durante o armazenamento sob refrigeração (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 18 dias); e b) 4 x 4, com os fatores doses de 1-MCP e os períodos de análise durante a manutenção sob a condição ambiente (18; 18+2; 18+4; e 18+6 dias). As avaliações foram acidez titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS), relação SS/AT, pH, ácido ascórbico, antocianinas, coloração, incidência de podridão, perda de massa, firmeza, aparência do engaço e índice de degrane. Durante o armazenamento sob refrigeração, não houve influência das doses de 1-MCP para os SS, AT, SS/AT, ácido ascórbico, coloração (luminosidade, a*, °H), incidência de podridão e aparência do engaço. O pH, antocianinas, firmeza e o índice de degrane foram influenciadas pelas doses de 1-MCP durante o armazenamento refrigerado. Após a transferência dos cachos para a condição ambiente as doses de 1-MCP influenciaram nos SS, ácido ascórbico, firmeza e índice de degrane. Doses maiores de 1-MCP promoveram a manutenção dos teores de antocianinas, menores taxas de perda de massa e reduziram o degrane das bagas na condição ambiente.

L’évaluation de l’effet cytotoxique de différents jus de fruits naturellement riches en polyphénols vis-à-vis de quatre lignées de cancer colorectal a montré que le jus de la canneberge est particulièrement actif. En effet, les polyphénols de la canneberge induisent l’apoptose associée à une surexpression des deux facteurs de transcription pro-apoptotiques p73 et FOXO3a. Cette mort programmée est aussi associée à une diminution de l’expression de SIRT1 le déacétylateur de protéines non histone telles que p73, KU70, ou FOXO. D’autres événements précoces comme la production de ROS et les dommages à l’ADN connus pour réguler l’expression de SIRT1 ont été confirmés. Une deuxième étude avait pour objectif de valider le potentiel anticancéreux in vivo chez la souris Balb/C injectée de cellules d’adénocarcinome colique murin. Pour cela nous avons choisi le jus d’aronie noire qui a montré in vitro un profil de cytotoxicité intéressant. L’analyse des tumeurs a montré que l’administration de jus d’aronie entraine une réduction de la prolifération des cellules tumorales. Enfin, l’augmentation significative de la mobilité de LC3 suggère l’activation d’une mort cellulaire autophagique. Afin d’évaluer l’utilisation clinique des polyphénols, nous avons évalué les effets cytotoxiques des polyphénols de myrtille sur des lymphocytes, de patients atteints de LLC. Nos résultats montrent que l’extrait polyphénolique induit une apoptose dépendante du stress oxydant et impliquant aussi des protéines pro-apoptotiques dans des cellules de patients atteints de LLC mais pas dans les cellules de sujets sains. / The evaluation of the cytotoxic effect of different fruit juices, naturally rich in polyphenols, on four different colorectal cancer cell lines proved that cranberry juice was the most active. Indeed, cranberry polyphenols induce apoptosis associated with the overexpression of two important proapoptotic transcription factors, p73 and FOXO3a on one hand. Furthermore, it has been also correlated with a decrease in the expression of SIRT1, the deacetylase of several non-histone proteins such as p73, KU70 and FOXO. Other early events such as ROS production and DNA damage, which are known to regulate the expression of SIRT1 were confirmed. The second study aims at validating the potential anticancer effects in an in vivo model of colorectal cancer in BALB/c mice injected subcutaneously of murine colon adenocarcinoma cells. Accordingly, we chose the black chokeberry juice, which showed an interesting cytotoxic profile in vitro. The analysis of tumors demonstrated that the administration of chokeberry juice leads to a reduction in tumor cell proliferation. Finally, the significant increase in the mobility of LC3 suggests the activation of autophagic cell death. To validate the clinical use of polyphenols, we evaluated the cytotoxic effects of blueberry polyphenols on lymphocytes of CLL patients. Our results show that the polyphenolic extract induces an oxidative stress-dependent apoptosis that involve various pro-apoptotic proteins in cells of patients with CLL but not in healthy subjects.

1. Os serviços de controle de pragas têm papel fundamental para a sustentabilidade da agricultura, porém ainda pouco se sabe sobre como a estrutura da paisagem, tanto em termos de composição (tipos de uso e cobertura das terras) quanto de configuração (proximidade a fragmentos florestais, grau de fragmentação, entre outros), regula a provisão destes serviços em paisagens fragmentadas. 2. Nesse estudo, testamos a capacidade de formigas promoverem o controle da broca-do-café (CBB), a principal praga do café em termos econômicos, e testamos ainda se a provisão desse serviço varia em função da estrutura da paisagem. Medimos o controle de CBB em plantações de café a pleno sol em dez paisagens do Sudeste do Brasil, que representavam um gradiente de cobertura florestal e de café. Utilizamos experimentos de exclusão de formigas, dispostos a diferentes distâncias dos fragmentos florestais, e comparamos o nível de controle de pragas dentro e fora dos experimentos. Testamos como o controle de CBB é afetado pelas interações da exclusão de formigas com parâmetros da estrutura da paisagem, incluindo a proximidade a fragmentos florestais, a cobertura florestal (em raios de 2 km e 300 m) e a cobertura de café (em raios de 300 m). Consideramos três indicadores de controle de pragas: presença de CBB, grau de infestação por CBB e o dano aos grãos de café por CBB. 3. Os resultados mostram que as formigas diminuem fortemente a presença de CBB e o dano aos grãos de café por CBB. Além disso, o controle de CBB ocorre, independentemente da sua proximidade aos fragmentos florestais, mas aumenta após 25 m, sugerindo que as formigas que prestam esse serviço estão adaptadas às condições ambientais das plantações de café a pleno sol. 4. A existência de pelo menos 35% de cobertura florestal, num entorno de 2 km, reduz a infestação de CBB e o dano aos grãos de café. Os resultados sugerem ainda que a expansão da cobertura de café aumenta a presença de CBB, mas diminui o dano aos grãos de café. 5. Síntese e aplicações. Esse estudo apresenta novas evidências que as formigas provêm controle de CBB e esse serviço é modulado pela estrutura da paisagem. Este estudo fornece assim dados importantes para planejar paisagens de cultivo de café que ao mesmo tempo permitam maior controle de CBB e conservação de habitats naturais / 1. Pest control services play a fundamental role in agriculture sustainability. However, little is known on how they are regulated by landscape composition (i.e. land-use and land cover change) and configuration (i.e. proximity to forest fragments and fragmentation intensity). 2. We measured whether landscape structure influences the ability of ants to control coffee berry borer (CBB), coffee\'s most economically influential pest, in sun coffee agroecosystems in Southeastern Brazil. We measured pest control among 10 landscapes that represented a gradual difference in forest and coffee cover. We manipulated ants through exclusion experiments (set at varied distances from forest fragments) and compared pest control inside and outside exclusion experiments. We tested whether CBB control is influenced by interactions of ant exclusions with landscape structure metrics, including distance to forest fragments, forest cover (2 km and 300 m-levels), and coffee cover (300 m-level). We considered three indicators of pest control: CBB presence, CBB infestation, and CBB bean damage. 3. Results show ants provide CBB control, strongly reducing CBB presence and bean damage. Also, CBB control is maintained regardless from its proximity to forest fragments, but increases after 25 m (hinting ants who provide this pest control service are adapted to habitat conditions in sun coffee farms). 4. Existence of at least 35% of forest cover in radii of 2 km reduces CBB infestation and bean damage. Results suggest further that expanding coffee cover increases CBB presence, but decreases bean damage. 5. Synthesis and application. This study presents new evidence of ants as efficient providers of CBB control in sun coffee agroecosystems and how this service is influenced by landscape structure. This study provides important data useful to adequately plan coffee landscapes with both enhanced CBB control as well as potential for conservation of natural habitats

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Simone Maria Costa de Oliveira Moreira.pdf: 1289049 bytes, checksum: 9344c925a8f9e3e24da8a85c9fd2b648 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-03 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Interest in the use of entomopathogenic microorganisms in agriculture have increased significantly in recent years, faced with problems of inadequate use of pesticides, the accumulation of waste on the environment and ecological imbalances. Currently, the research institutions are concerned to identify a greater number of microorganisms with potential use in biological control of pests that are adapted to the local ecosystem. On economic issues, has increased the demand for technologies that contribute to sustainable agriculture and in response, microbial control, more precisely with entomopathogenic fungi is a promising alternative. Cacao is the main crop of the Trans Territory and Xingu, Pará, and the municipality of Medicilândia the largest Brazilian producer. The coffee is a crop that had great expression in the region, especially Coffea canephora cv. Conilon, and has the potential to become important culture due to availability of culturable areas. In this context, the study aimed to identify naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungi that could be used in biocontrol of insect pests of cultivated plants, seeking the lowest imbalance to the environment. The specific objectives aimed to: i) collect, isolate, identify and characterize the occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi in insect pest of coffee and cocoa, ii) evaluate the effectiveness of microbial agents identified as the pathogenicity and virulence under controlled conditions and iii) testing the production of chitinase enzymes, pectinases, amylases, cellulases and lipases in the isolates obtained and identify them by molecular and classical methods. The work began with several hits on pastures, barns and crops of cocoa and coffee in the municipalities of Altamira, Brazil and New Medicilândia. The parasitized insects were coffee borers (H. hampei) one insect of the order Hemiptera, unidentified, and M. annulipes (monalônio) in cocoa, all colonized by fungi. Where were found parasitized insects, soil was collected for possible identification of entomopathogenic isolates, except where it was found monalônio. We found 14 isolates of fungi colonizing insects, being the main species Verticillium spp., Penicillium citrinum, Hiphopichia burtonii and Fusarium sp. and soil Rhinocladiella sp., Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Verticillium sp. and Pseudallescheria boydii. The analysis of enzymatic activity observed that soil isolates showed the largest degradation of substrates. In bioassay performed against coffee berry borer, with 7 isolates, which have shown highest mortality two H. burtonii, and Icaf 5 were the most pathogenic. Monalônio against the isolated Fusarium sp, colonized 96% of the insects in the ten-day trial. Thus, it is considered that the strains showed significant potential to be introduced in biocontrol programs, with prospects promising results for microbial control of insect pests and enzyme activity. / O interesse pelo uso de microrganismos entomopatogênicos na agricultura vêm aumentando significativamente nos últimos anos, diante dos problemas inerentes à inadequada utilização de agrotóxicos, pelo acúmulo de resíduos no ambiente e desequilíbrios ecológicos. Atualmente, as instituições de pesquisa estão preocupadas em identificar um maior número de microrganismos com potencial de utilização no controle biológico de pragas que sejam adaptados ao ecossistema local. Por questões econômicas, tem aumentado a procura por tecnologias que contribuam para uma agricultura sustentável e como resposta, o controle microbiano, mais precisamente com fungos entomopatogênicos é uma alternativa promissora. O cacaueiro é a principal cultura do Território da Transamazônica e Xingu, Pará, sendo o município de Medicilândia o maior produtor brasileiro. O cafeeiro é uma cultura que teve grande expressão na região, especialmente Coffea canephora cv. Conilon, e apresenta potencial para se tornar grande cultura devido a disponibilidade de áreas. Neste contexto, o trabalho teve como objetivo a identificação de fungos entomopatogênicos de ocorrência natural que poderão ser utilizados no biocontrole de insetos-praga de plantas cultivadas, visando o menor desequilíbrio ao meio ambiente. Como objetivos específicos propôs-se a: i) coletar, isolar, identificar e caracterizar fungos entomopatogênicos de ocorrência em insetos-praga das culturas do cafeeiro e cacaueiro; ii) avaliar a eficácia de agentes microbianos identificados quanto à patogenicidade e virulência em condições controladas e; iii) testar a produção de enzimas quitinases, pectinases, amilases, celulases e lipases nos isolados obtidos e identificá-los por métodos clássico e molecular. O trabalho teve inicio com várias visitas em áreas de pastagens, capoeiras e lavouras de cacaueiros e cafeeiros nos municípios de Altamira, Brasil Novo e Medicilândia. Os insetos parasitados encontrados foram brocas-do-café (Hypothenemus hampei), no cafeeiro, um inseto da ordem Hemiptera, não identificado, e monalonium (Monalonium annulipes), no cacaueiro, todos colonizados por fungos. Nos locais onde foram encontrados os insetos parasitados, coletou-se solos para possível identificação de isolados entomopatogênicos, exceto onde foi encontrado o monalônio. Foram encontrados 14 isolados de fungos colonizando insetos, sendo as principais espécies Verticillium spp., Penicillium citrinum, Hiphopichia burtonii e Fusarium sp. e no solo Rhinocladiella sp., Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Verticillium sp. e Pseudallescheria boydii. Na análise da atividade enzimática observou-se que os isolados do solo apresentaram as maiores degradações dos substratos testados. No bioensaio realizado contra broca-do-café, com 7 isolados, os que apresntaram maior índice de mortalidade foram H. burtonii, e Icaf 5, com 96, 94 e 62%, respectivamente, sendo os mais patogênicos. Contra o monalônio, o isolado Icac 3, Fusarium sp, colonizou 96% dos insetos nos dez dias de avaliação. Assim, considera-se que os isolados estudados demonstraram potencial importante para serem introduzidos em programas de biocontrole, com perspectivas de resultados promissores para controle microbiano de insetos-praga e atividade enzimática.

A cafeicultura representa uma das atividades agrícolas de maior importância para o Brasil e para a Colômbia e ultimamente tem sido impactada negativamente, devido às condições climáticas desfavoráveis com desvios da normalidade da precipitação pluviométrica e de altas temperaturas do segundo semestre do 2015 no caso do Brasil e na Colômbia, na safra 2015-2016, foi altamente impactada pelos efeitos do evento climático El Niño que aumentou os níveis de infestação da brocado- café e com a seca prolongada, que tem afetado a qualidade do grão. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer o zoneamento de Hypothenemus hampei e Leucoptera coffeella, pragas no cafeeiro em Brasil e na Colômbia, com base nas suas exigências térmicas. Os resultados obtidos para H. hampei, mostraram que a praga se desenvolve na faixa térmica de 15 a 32°C; a 25°C foram observados os maiores valores de taxa liquida de reprodução (Ro) e da razão finita de aumento (λ); sendo que Ro foi maior nesta temperatura, pois, a cada geração a população de H. hampei aumentou 127,8 vezes. O estudo das exigências térmicas de H. hampei indicaram que o limite térmico de desenvolvimento ou temperatura base (Tb) é de 13°C e a constante térmica (K) de 312 GD. Com a determinação das exigências térmicas de H. hampei e mediante a utilização de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica, foi possível obter mapas de distribuição do desenvolvimento deste inseto para o estado de São Paulo no Brasil e para a região produtora de café na Colômbia. Assim, para o estado de São Paulo, podem ocorrer de 4,56 a 9,25 gerações/ano, levando-se em consideração as exigências térmicas desta praga. A maior incidência da praga deve coincidir com o aumento da temperatura e com a disponibilidade de frutos de café aptos a serem infestados. Para a Colômbia, o número de gerações/ano pode ser de 5,85 a 13,55; sendo que 93% da cafeicultura deste pais, pode apresentar a broca-do-café o ano todo. O bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro, L. coffeella, se desenvolve na faixa térmica de 15 a 32°C; a 28°C foram observados os maiores valores de taxa liquida de reprodução (Ro) e da razão finita de aumento (λ); o valor de Ro foi visivelmente maior nesta temperatura, pois, a cada geração a população de L. coffeella aumentou 22,23 vezes. O estudo das exigências térmicas de L. coffeella, mostrou que o limite térmico de desenvolvimento ou temperatura base (Tb) é de 13°C e a constante térmica (K) de 259 GD. Com a determinação, em condições de laboratório, das exigências térmicas de L. coffeella e mediante a utilização de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), foi possível obter mapas de distribuição do desenvolvimento deste inseto para o estado de São Paulo no Brasil. Assim, podem ocorrer de 5,12 a 14,17 gerações/ano, levando-se em consideração as exigências térmicas desta praga. Os dados obtidos no presente trabalho poderão auxiliar na estimativa do número de gerações mensais e anuais para o fortalecimento dos programas de manejo integrado destes insetos. / Coffee culture is one of the main agriculture activities for Brazil and Colombia, with recently negative impacts due to unfavorable climatic conditions as the result of subnormal rain period and increased temperatures during the second half of 2015. In both the mentioned countries, 2015 -2016 yields has been affected by the dry climatic effect of the \"el Niño\" phenomena favoring the coffee berry borer infestation and the the grain quality decrease. The present research aimed to establish the climatic zoning for Hypothenemus hampei and Leucoptera coffeella based on their thermal requirements. Results showed for H. hampei developed into the thermal range between 15 and 32°C; at 25°C were observed the higher liquid net reproduction rate (Ro) and increase finite rate (λ), being the Ro 127,8 times. Thermal requirements estimated for H. hampei showed the temperature threshold (Tt) as 13°C and the thermal constant (K) as 312 DD. Estimation of the thermal requirements for H. hampei in laboratory and with the use of Geographic Information System tool (GIS), were obtained insect lifetime distribution maps at the Sao Paulo state and the coffee production region at Colombia. In this way, at Sao Paulo state 4,56 to 9,25 generations/year can be obtained. Higher pest incidence should be coincident with both temperature increases and coffee fruit availability to be infested. At the Colombian coffee crop region, 5,85 to 13,55 generations/year can be obtained between 18 to 24°C temperature range, with that 93% of the coffee crop can be infested with the coffee berry borer whole of the year. The leaf miner L. coffeella, develops at thermal requirements between 15 to 32°C, being the 28°C temperature with the higher net reproduction rate (Ro) and increase finite rate (λ ); showing a population increase per generation of 22,23 times. Thermal requirements for L. coffeella showed the temperature threshold (Tt) is 13°C and the thermal constant (K) of 259 DD. Using the before mentioned variables in laboratory and using the Geographic Information System tool, insect lifetime distribution maps were obtained at the Sao Paulo state in Brazil. 5,12 to 14,17 generations/ year can occur. Data obtained could contribute in the monthly and yearly generation pest generations determination for the integrated pest management programs of these pests.

The essay is a phenomenological study of Don Berry’s novel Trask (1960), demonstrating that experiential priority is given in the text to what Erwin Straus and Otto Bollnow call presential [präsentisch] space. The investigation analyses the difference between two forms of such space. On the one hand presential space is constituted automatically. This happens for the mountain man through the relentless momentum of long-distance trekking. On the other hand presential space is constituted as a mystical terminus of a tribal quest preceded by years of extreme self- discipline. Although such tribal ‘Searching’ is designed to lead to a sublime space- experience devoid of human agency and control, only agency and control make that happen. The essay proposes that, in the text, this structural contradiction makes traditional-cultural attainment of presential space less subtle than the automatic constitution of presential space that happens effortlessly on long mountain trails, without the consciousness-engineering of shamanistic choreography. By lacking any interest in ‘the Searching,’ and thus not programming himself for mystical enlightenment, the rapturous end of Trask’s half-hearted ‘Searching’ adventure comes across as a miracle rather than as reward for socially approved self-discipline. When mystical clairvoyance in this way finally comes to Trask, without him ever really having sought it, its perfectly gratuitous materialization becomes an extension of presential moments given with equal gratuitousness on the mountain trail. In the last analysis, mystical enlightenment in Trask is not the outcome of any striving but something that emerges effortlessly from sustained walking and from the stillness in which it pauses to renew its momentum.

To overcome the hurdles associated with space management and security controls in a housing system, research was projected to study and analyze the necessary factors of accomplishment. Over time, different processes were observed and reviewed to make this a possible deal. Various residents were interviewed on the daily constraints in parking and managing their vehicles within their housing premises. The reported daunting concern was majorly the gate access and personal hunts for the space to keep the individual resident’s cars. Every resident would always have to stop and hoot at the housing gate for the assigned personnel to check and open the gate. While this would waste every resident’s time, the visitors even face more delay often time. Hitherto, car access and parking constraint become a thing of worry that no one would want to engage the housing service anymore. The interest has got dwindled. And to re-awaken the high patronage of the housing system, a gap must be bridged with an immediate solution to space management with a gating system. These were subsequently given a classical thought, while a prototype solution was demonstrated and reviewed with the various residents of some selected housing. This received a high welcoming embracement and was beckoned to be made real by the logical heuristic. At this point, nothing was further considered than using the Internet of things (IoT) technology to implement Vehicular Access Management for the control and integration of intended space provisioning in any housings. Consequently, the number plate of every vehicle becomes the automatic access tag and would be used for security control within the housing location. Vehicles’ numbers would be captured and used to manage the residents passing through the automated gating system. With it, records would be made for all permitted residents and the visitors that own a car. Thus, a proper arrangement would be allotted accordingly, as provisioned by the gating system administrator. However, to allegories the above-proffered solution, this project work is divided into six sections. The introductory section introduces the project rationale, lists the objectives, explores related works, and introduces how IoT and vehicular systems can be merged. The second section delves into these vehicular systems. It introduces the Automatic License Plate Recognition System (ALRP) and the Raspberry Pi and highlights the merits of the Integrated Vehicular Access Security System. Open-CV and machine learning are also introduced. Section three covers the solution design, while section four is the implementation phase. Section five covers the testing and implementation of the solution. The final section summarizes the project. The project successfully models an automated solution for the security of tenants and vehicle users against unauthorized access to residential estates and buildings.

Recently, different studies on Weyl semimetals have shown some great potential for applications in spintronics. Indeed, spin-chiral Weyl nodes are perfect sources or sinks of the Berry curvature, which give new transport properties due to their topological nature, such as the chiral anomaly, and a large anomalous Hall response. Moreover, type-II Weyl semimetals, such as WTe2, have a specific band structure with tilted Weyl cones and overlapping electron/hole bands that can result in a perfect charge compensation and an extremely large magnetoresistance (XMR) . Yet, in WTe2 , Weyl nodes are usually located about 50 meV above the Fermi energy, a situation that questions the observation of both a large positive XMR and a negative magnetoresistance attributed to the chiral anomaly in some studies. In this work, we investigate the magneto-transport properties of WTe2 nanos- tructures obtained by different methods (mechanical exfoliation, chemical vapor transport), considering both the real electronic band structure and scattering by dis- order. Although the XMR amplitude also depends on charge mobilities, it is shown that the subquadratic response is not strongly influenced by the degree of disorder. Taking carrier densities infered from quantum oscillations into account, a three-band model explains this behavior by a large difference in hole mobilities, as confirmed by numerical simulations. At low temperatures and for small magnetic fields, an isotropic negative magneto-resistance is observed and attributed to a topological property of the band structure far away from the Weyl nodes. This new mechanism, different from the chiral anomaly, allows us to reproduce the experimental results by numerical calculations based on the real band structure of WTe2. / In den vergangenen Jahren haben verschiedene Untersuchungen von Weyl Halb- metallen gezeigt, dass sich diese sehr gut als Spintronische Geräte eignen. In der Tat sind die Spin-chiralen Weyl Quasiteilchen perfekte Quellen und Abflüsse der Berrykrümmung, was auf Grund ihrer topologischen Natur neue Transporteigen- schaften hervorruft, wie beispielsweise die chirale Anomalie und einen großen, anomalen Hall Effekt. Außerdem haben Typ II Weyl Halbmetalle wie WTe2 eine spezifische Bandstruktur mit gekippten Weylkegeln und überlappenden Elektronen-/Lochbändern, die dazu führen können, dass die Ladungsträgerkompensation ideal wird und ein sehr starker Magnetowiderstand (XMR) entsteht. Dennoch befinden sich die Weylknoten in WTe2 ca. 50 meV über dem Ferminiveau, eine Beobachtung die sowohl den starken positiven Magnetowiderstand, als auch den negativen Mag- netowiderstand, der meist mit der chiralen Anomalie in Verbindung gebracht wird, in Frage stellt. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir die Magnetotransporteigenschaften von WTe2 Nanostrukturen, die durch verschiedene Wachstumsarten hergestellt werden (mech- anische Exfoliation, chemische Gasphasenabscheidung), um sowohl die reale Band- struktur, als auch Streuung an Störstellen in Betracht ziehen zu können. Es wird gezeigt, dass der extrem große Magnetowiderstand nicht direkt vom Grad der Un- ordnung abhängt und dass das typisch subquadratische Verhalten im Rahmen eines Multibandmodells, was über das Zweibandmodell hinaus geht, verstanden wer- den kann und sich auch mit numerischen Simulationen bestätigt lässt. Bei tiefen Temperaturen und für kleine Magnetfelder kann ein isotropisch negativer Magne- towiderstand beobachtet werden, der der topologischen Eigenschaft der Bandstruk- tur weit weg von den Weylknoten geschuldet ist. Dieser neue Mechanismus, der sich von der chiralen Anomalie unterscheidet, erlaubt es uns die experimentellen Ergebnisse mit numerischen Berechnungen, die auf der realen Bandstruktur basieren, zu reproduzieren. / Récemment, différentes études sur les semimétaux de Weyl ont montré leur large potentiel pour des applications en spintronique. En effet, les noeuds de Weyl avec leur chiralité de spin sont des sources ou puits parfaits de la courbure de Berry, ce qui peut conduire à de nouvelles propriétés de transport, dues à la nature topologique de la structure de bande, comme l’anomalie chirale et une large réponse liée à l’effet Hall anormal dit intrinsèque. De plus, les semimétaux de Weyl de type II, comme WTe2, ont une structure de bande particulière avec des cônes de Weyl inclinés et un chevauchement des bandes de trous et d’électrons qui résulte en une forte compensation de charge et une magnétorésistance extrêmement large (XMR) associée. Cependant, dans WTe2, les noeuds de Weyl se trouvent environ 50 meV au-dessus de l’énergie de Fermi, ce qui remet en cause la possibilité d’observer à la fois une XMR positive à fort champ et une magnétorésistance négative à champ faible due à l’anomalie chirale. Dans ce travail, nous étudions les propriétés de magnéto-transport de nanostructures WTe2 obtenues par différentes méthodes (exfoliation mécanique, transport en phase vapeur), avec des degrés de désordre microscopique différents, en considérant à la fois la structure de bande réelle du matériau et les processus de diffusion liés au désordre. Il est montré que la XMR présente un comportement subquadratique, qui peut être compris dans le cadre d’un modèle multi-bandes, au-delà de deux bandes, comme confirmé par des simulations numériques. A très basse température et faible champ magnétique, une magnétorésistance négative et isotrope est observée et attribuée à une propriété topologique de la structure de bandes loin des noeuds de Weyl. Ce nouveau mécanisme, différent de celui de l’anomalie chirale, nous permet de reproduire nos résultats expérimentaux par des simulations numériques basées sur la structure de bande réelle de WTe2.

Diploma thesis deals with the characterization of chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) and saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia) fruits. The theoretical part focuses on the botanical classification, chemical composition, curative effects and the use of chokeberry and saskatoon berry in the food industry. Further, the attention is also devoted to a review of methods for the determination of important antioxidants, specialized on the determination of polyphenols, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid and total antioxidant activity. The experimental part of the work deals with the determination of selected parameters in different varieties of chokeberry and serviceberry, harvested in 2012 and 2013 using spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques with an emphasis on effect of solvent (50% ethanol, destilled water, DMSO). Specifically total content of polyphenols and anthocyanins, color characteristics using the CIE L*a*b* system and the ability of the sample to reduce the iron are determined using the UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy. Further ascorbic acid concentration in individual extracts is quantified by High performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector and the total antioxidant activity is characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance involving •DPPH and ABTS•+ assays.