Neste trabalho apresentamos um modelo teórico que busca descrever aspectos do movimento bidirecional apresentado por objetos intracelulares (vesículas, organelas, vírus etc, aos quais iremos nos referir simplesmente como (\"vesículas\"), observado, sobretudo em experimentos in vivo. Este movimento nao-difusivo e caracterizado por inversões rápidas em sua direção e é capaz de gerar gradientes de concentração do objeto transportado. Os fenômenos de transporte intracelular são sabidamente mediados por proteínas motoras (como as kinesinas e dinenas) cujo movimento unidirecional sobre _lamentos protéicos e bem caracterizado (kinesinas se movem em direção a extremidade mais enquanto as dinenas se movem em direção a extremidade-menos dos microtúbulos) e é normalmente entendido através de modelos estocásticos que descrevem o comportamento de uma partícula browniana na presença de um potencial assimétrico que varia no tempo (ver Astumian [26], Adjari e Prost [22], Magnasco [23]). Mais recentemente, surgiram na literatura trabalhos que tentam descrever o movimento de partículas motoras interagentes, uma vez que se percebeu que efeitos coletivos que surgem nestas situações podem ser relevantes para os fenômenos de transporte sobre microtúbulos. Uma abordagem para a descrição do comportamento destes sistemas de partículas motoras interagentes é aquela baseada nos modelos para os sistemas difusivos dirigidos\". Em particular, a versão contínua dos modelos do tipo totally asymmetric exclusion processes\" (TASEP) e asymmetric exclusion processes\" (ASEP) tem sido utilizada para o estudo do comportamento da densidade de motores sobre os microtúbulos, através da analise de soluções estacionarias da equação de Burgers correspondente (Parmeggiani et al. [33]). Até agora, entretanto, não existem na literatura tentativas de abordar, com estes modelos, o transporte bidirecional de vesículas mediado por estes motores interagentes. A idéia que apresentamos aqui é associar este estranho tipo de movimento ao movimento de ondas de choque presentes nas soluções transientes da equa_c~ao de Burgers para algumas condições iniciais. Deste modo, as vesículas acompanhando (\"surfando\") os choques fariam o papel de suas correspondentes microscópicas partículas de segunda classe\", introduzidas h_a um bom tempo na literatura [36], [37], [38] para o estudo da dinâmica microscópica dos choques que estão presentes também na versão discreta dos modelos TASEP e ASEP. Neste sentido, é natural que as condições iniciais consideradas, que seriam perturbações no estado estacionário das partículas, possam ser causadas, no sistema real, pela própria interação com a vesícula. É o caso, portanto, de se propor que a geometria deste objeto tenha um papel importante na determinação da direcional de seu próprio movimento no meio intracelular. Esta parece ser, por exemplo, uma alternativa interessante para explicar aspectos do movimento de vírus no interior das células. / In this work we present a theoretical model to describe aspects of the bidirectional movement performed by intracellular structures (vesicles, organelles, viruses etc, to which we refer here simply as \"vesicles\"), observed essentially at in vivo experiments. This nondifusive movement is characterized by rapid inversions in direction and is capable of creating concentration gradients of the transported cargo. The phenomenon of intracellular transport is known to be mediated by motor proteins (such as kinesins and dyneins) whose own unidirectional motion along protein laments is well characterized (kinesins moves to the plus-end direction while dyneins moves to the minus-end direction of the microtubules) and is usually modeled by a stochastic dynamics describing the behavior of a Brownian particle in the presence of a time dependent asymmetrical potential held (see Astumian [26], Adjari and Prost [22], Magnasco [23]). More recently, it appeared in the literature works attempting to describe the movement of interacting motor proteins, since it was realized that collective e_ects emerging from this situation may be relevant to the transport phenomena along microtubules. An approach to describe the behavior of such interacting motor particles is based on existing models for \\driven di_usive systems\". In particular, the continuum versions of the totally asymmetric exclusion processes\" (TASEP) or the asymmetric exclusion processes\" (ASEP) have been used to study the behavior of motors density along microtubules by analyzing the steady state solutions to the corresponding Burgers equation (Parmeggiani et al. [33]). Up to now, however, there are no attempts in the literature to approach in this context the questions related to the bidirecionality of vesicles transported by these interacting motors. The idea we present here is to associate this odd movement to the movement of shock waves presented by the transient solutions of Burgers equation for certain initial conditions. Accordingly, the vesicles accompanying (sur_ng) the shocks fronts would play the role of their microscopic analogous \\particles of second class\" introduced long ago in the literature [36], [37], [38] to study the kinetics of the shocks that are also present in the discrete versions of the TASEP and ASEP. In this regard, it is natural to think that the considered initial conditions, namely perturbations to the motor density with respect to a steady state, can be created in the real systems simply by the interaction with the vesicle. It might then be the case also to propose that the geometry of the vesicle plays an important role to direct its own movement within intracellular environment. This seems to be, for example, an attractive alternative for explaining aspects of virus movement inside the cell.

abstract: 本研究旨在讨论融资租赁公司与承租的中小企之间的匹配因素。研究从融资租赁的实际业务流程切入，研究1对H公司进行了案例分析，得到基本的影响因素结果，继而研究2和研究3分别在中小企客户和融资租赁公司两类资料中独立展开分析，并比较这些因素的影响程度。研究结果发现了影响双向匹配的四个维度，以及在各自影响力的不同。研究最后分别对融资租赁公司和承租中小企提出了建议，以期提高双方匹配并达成业务的概率。 / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine interference between concurrently performed speaking and driving tasks. Participants included 60 adults, 30 males and 30 females, with no history of communication disorders. They were divided into three different age groups of 20 participants each: younger (20s), middle-aged (40s), and older (60s). The participants were given a list of topics to consider and were instructed to select eight topics that they could talk about; they completed five practice trials of the driving simulator prior to the experimental recording to eliminate practice effects. Each participant completed the speaking task and driving task both separately and concurrently. The speaking task consisted of producing a monologue about the topics that they had selected. Dependent measures for speech included metrics relating to intensity, fundamental frequency, and the ratio of speaking to pausing time. The simulated driving task involved maintaining a constant speed and lane position on a freeway. Dependent measures for driving included metrics relating to speed, lane position, steering wheel position, and a count of steering wheel turns. Results indicated significant divided attention effects in speaking time ratio, intensity, speed, and steering wheel control. There was a significant age effect for intensity and fundamental frequency as the younger group had less variation with these variables compared to the other age groups. There was a significant age effect for lane position, steering wheel position, and speed as the younger group had less variation in lane and position compared to the other groups and the older group had more variation in speed and steering wheel position compared to the other groups. There was a significant gender effect for intensity and lane position as the females had less variation in intensity and more variation in lane position compared to the males. These findings suggest that divided attention conditions impact both speech and driving performance. The results also shed some light on the effects of age on concurrently performed speech and driving tasks. These findings imply that divided attention conditions should be incorporated in treatment to help patients generalize the skills learned in therapy to everyday communication.

If an organism is explicitly taught an A->B association, then might it also spontaneously learn the symmetrical B->A association? There is only a small amount of evidence that attests to the detection of emergent symmetry in nonhuman animals (e.g., one chimpanzee and two pigeons). This report examines the necessary and sufficient conditions for finding emergent symmetry in pigeons while attempting to control for the problems of spatial and temporal location found in previous symmetry and stimulus equivalence experiments. Using a successive go/no go matching-to-sample procedure, which showed all of the training and testing stimuli in one location, four experimental manipulations were examined. In Experiment 1 temporal location was controlled without the inclusion of identity matching intermixed with arbitrary matching; Experiment 2 contained identity matching with stimuli different from arbitrary matching; in Experiment 3 identity matching was trained to criterion and then intermixed with arbitrary matching; and in Experiment 4 two sets of arbitrary matching were trained (e.g., AB and CD) but only one of those stimulus sets was trained in identity matching (e.g., AB). No evidence of emergent symmetry was found in Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiment 3, two pigeons showed moderate evidence of emergent symmetry, one pigeon showed suggestive evidence of emergent symmetry, and one pigeon did not show any evidence of emergent symmetry. In Experiment 4, two pigeons showed moderate evidence of emergent symmetry with the AB Stimulus Set (one of those pigeons also showed suggestive evidence of emergent symmetry with the CD Stimulus Set) and one pigeon did not show any evidence of emergent symmetry with either stimulus set. These data suggest that intermixing identity matching with the same stimuli used in arbitrary matching is a necessary, but not sufficient condition to obtaining emergent symmetry in pigeons.

<p>This thesis examines some of the best known algorithms for solving the shortest point-to-point path problem, and evaluates their performance on real metropolitan area networks. The focus has mainly been on Dijkstra‟s algorithm and different variations of it, and the algorithms have been implemented in C# for the practical tests. The size of the networks used in this study varied between 358 and 2464 nodes, and both running time and representative operation counts were measured.</p><p>The results show that many different factors besides the network size affect the running time of an algorithm, such as arc-to-node ratio, path length and network structure. The queue implementation of Dijkstra‟s algorithm showed the worst performance and suffered heavily when the problem size increased. Two techniques for increasing the performance were examined: optimizing the management of labelled nodes and reducing the search space. A bidirectional Dijkstra‟s algorithm using a binary heap to store temporarily labelled nodes combines both of these techniques, and it was the algorithm that performed best of all the tested algorithms in the practical tests.</p><p>This project was initiated by Netadmin Systems i Sverige AB who needed a new path finding module for their network management system NETadmin. While this study is primarily of interest for researchers dealing with path finding problems in computer networks, it may also be useful in evaluations of path finding algorithms for road networks since the two networks share some common characteristics.</p>

<p>I den här rapporten så visas hur realtidsrendering av fågelfjäder kan implementaras. Ett lindenmayersystem (L-system) används för att skapa geometri med hjälp av ett fåtal bézierkurvor. Naturliga variationer hos fjädrar modelleras genom att introducera externa krafter som ackumuleras slumpmässigt när L-systemet genererar geometrin. Bidirectional texture functions (BTF) används för färgsättning och effektiv modellering av fjäderns finstruktur. BTF är en sexdimensionell struktur som kan representera verkliga material genom att innehålla, förutom de två vanliga texturkoordinaterna, koordinater för betraktnings- och belysningsvinklar. För att kunna använda BTF-texturer på grafikhårdvara så kompakteras dess representation så att den ryms i en tredimensionell textur. Anpassningar görs också för att stödja texturfiltrering och mip-mappning. För att ta fram informationen som BTF-texturen innehåller så modelleras finstrukturen i ett externt animationsverktyg, där ljuskälla och kamera animeras över de samplingspunkter som definierats. Strålföljning används sedan för att generera hur materialet ser ut vid dessa olika vinklar.</p>

Today, mankind faces a new challenge in energetic terms: a new Industrial Revolution is imperative, already called by some as an Energetic Revolution. This corresponds to a conversion to clean, environmentally friendly and renewable energy sources. In this context, hydrogen arises as a valid alternative, since its combustion produces a considerable amount of energy and releases solely water as a by-product. In the present thesis, two model cyanobacteria, namely Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 and Anabaena/Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120, were used to examine the hydrogen metabolism. The efforts were focused on to understand the transcription regulation of the hox genes, encoding the structural elements of the bidirectional hydrogenase enzyme. Here, it is shown that such regulation is operated in a very distinct and intricate way, with different factors contributing to its delicate tuning. While in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 the hox genes were shown to be transcribed as a single operon, in Anabaena/Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 they were shown to be transcribed as two independent operons (possibly three). Two transcription factors, LexA and AbrB-like protein, were identified and further characterized in relation to the hydrogen metabolism. Furthermore, different environmental conditions were demonstrated to operate changes on the transcription of the bidirectional hydrogenase genes. In addition, functional studies of three open reading frames found within the hox operon of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 suggest that this may be a stress responsive operon. However, based on the gained knowledge, it is still not possible to connect the signal transduction pathways, from the environmental signal, through the response regulator, to the final regulation of the hox genes. Nevertheless, the crucial importance of studying the transcription regulation of the different players involved in the hydrogen metabolism is now established and a new era seems to be rising.

<p>Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) use neuronal activity to control external actuators. As such, they show great promise for restoring motor and communication abilities in persons with paralysis or debilitating neurological disorders.</p><p>While BMIs aim to enact normal sensorimotor functions, so far they have lacked afferent feedback in the form of somatic sensation. This deficiency limits the utility of current BMI designs and may hinder the translation of future clinical BMIs, which will need a means of delivering sensory signals from prosthetic devices back to the user. </p><p>This dissertation describes the development of brain-machine-brain interfaces (BMBIs) capable of bidirectional communication with the brain. The interfaces consisted of efferent and afferent modules. The efferent modules decoded motor intentions from the activity of populations of cortical neurons recorded with chronic multielectrode recording arrays. The activity of these ensembles was used to drive the movements of a computer cursor and a realistic upper-limb avatar. The afferent modules encoded tactile feedback about the interactions of the avatar with virtual objects through patterns of intracortical microstimulation (ICMS).</p><p>I first show that a direct intracortical signal can be used to instruct rhesus monkeys about the direction of a reach to make with a BMI. Rhesus monkeys placed an actuator over an instruction target and obtained, from the target's artificial texture, information about the correct reach path. Initially these somatosensory instructions took the form of vibrotactile stimulation of the hands. Next, ICMS of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in one monkey and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in another was substituted for this peripheral somatosensory signal. Finally, the monkeys made direct brain-controlled reaches using the activity of ensembles of primary motor cortex (M1) cells, conditional on the ICMS cues. The monkey receiving ICMS of S1 was able to achieve the same level of proficiency with ICMS as with the stimulus delivered to the skin of the hand. The monkey receiving ICMS of PPC was unable to perform the task above chance. This experiment indicates that ICMS of S1 can form the basis of an afferent prosthetic input to the brain for guiding brain-controlled prostheses.</p><p>I next show that ICMS of S1 can provide feedback about the interactions of a virtual-reality upper-limb avatar and virtual objects, enabling active touch. Rhesus monkeys initially controlled the avatar with the movements of their arms and used it to search through sets of up to three objects. Feedback in the form of temporal patterns of ICMS occurred whenever the avatar touched a virtual object. Monkeys learned to use this feedback to find the objects with particular artificial textures, as encoded by the ICMS patterns, and select those associated with reward while avoiding selecting the non-rewarded objects. Next, the control of the avatar was switched to direct brain-control and the monkeys continued to move the avatar with motor commands derived from the extracellular neuronal activity of M1 cells. The afferent and efferent modules of this BMBI were temporally interleaved, and as such did not interfere with each other, yet allowed effectively concurrent operation. Cortical motor neurons were measured while the monkey passively observed the movements of the avatar and were found to be modulated, a result that suggests that concurrent visual and artificial somatosensory feedback lead to the incorporation of the avatar into the monkey's internal brain representation.</p><p>Finally, I probed the sensitivity of S1 to precise temporal patterns of ICMS. Monkeys were trained to discriminate between periodic and aperiodic ICMS pulse trains. The periodic pulse-trains consisted of 200 Hz bursts at a 10 Hz secondary frequency. The aperiodic pulse trains had a distorted periodicity and consisted of 200 Hz bursts at a variable instantaneous secondary frequency. The statistics of the aperiodic pulse trains were drawn from a gamma distribution with equal mean inter-burst intervals to the periodic pulse trains. The monkeys were able to distinguish periodic pulse trains from aperiodic pulse trains with coefficients of variation of 0.25 or greater. This places an upper-bounds on the communication bandwidth that can be achieved with a single channel of temporal ICMS in S1.</p><p>In summary, rhesus monkeys were augmented with a bidirectional neural interface that allowed them to make reaches to objects and discriminate them by their textures--all without making actual movements and without relying on somatic sensation from their real bodies. Both action and perception were mediated by the brain-machine-brain interface. I probed the sensitivity of the afferent leg of the interface to precise temporal patterns of ICMS. Moreover, I describe evidence that the BMBI controlled avatar was incorporated into the monkey's internal brain representation. These results suggest that future clinical neuroprostheses could implement realistic feedback about object-actuator interactions through patterns of ICMS, and that these artificial somatic sensations could lead to the incorporation of the prostheses into the user's body schema.</p> / Dissertation

The thesis is composed of two topics: A SOC design for one-time implantable spinal cord stimulation system ¡]SCS¡^, and the design of an inter-chip capacitance coupling circuit. In the first topic, the SOC design using wireless power and data transmission techniques for the SCS system is presented in this work. The proposed SOC can control 4 electrodes to generate different patterns of stimulation waves. It has multiple modes to drive whole the SCS system. Notably, the SOC contains a novel ASK demodulator which converts the ASK signals into digital signals reliably. The SOC is implemented using a typical 0.18-£gm 1P6M CMOS process. The chip area is only 1.71 * 1.41 mm2. Besides, the volume of the implantable SCS pulse generator utilizing this SOC is less than 24 cm3, and the power consumption is only 59.4 mW. In the second topic, a high-speed inter-chip capacitance coupling circuit is presented. Digital signals between two chips can be transceived through capacitive coupling of the proposed circuit. Notably, the transceivers are designed below the capacitors to attain the area reduction. It is an advanced application for high-speed wafer testing and 3D IC communication. A prototype chip is presented to achieve 2 Gbps on silicon using a typical 0.18 £gm 1P6M CMOS process. The chip area is 1045 ¡Ñ 894 £gm2. Besides, it only costs 21.47 mW in terms of power consumption. This capacitive coupling technique for high-speed digital circuit has great potential in the coming future.

Two novel distyryl-boradiazaindacene dyes with dimethylaminophenyl and pyridyl appendages, display opposite spectral shifts on protonation with trifluoroacetic acid in organic solvents. This bidirectional switching of the dyes can be shown to be directly related to ICT donor and acceptor characteristics of the dyes. Thus, it has been demonstrated that the switching behavior of the red to NIR emitting dyes can be altered by simple structural modifications.