Biological brains exhibit many interesting and complex behaviours. Understanding of the mechanisms behind brain behaviours is critical for continuing advancement in fields of research such as artificial intelligence and medicine. In particular, synchronisation of neuronal firing is associated with both improvements to and degeneration of the brain's performance; increased synchronisation can lead to enhanced information-processing or neurological disorders such as epilepsy and Parkinson's disease. As a result, it is desirable to research under which conditions synchronisation arises in neural networks and the possibility of controlling its prevalence. Stochastic ensembles of FitzHugh-Nagumo elements are used to model neural networks for numerical simulations and bifurcation analysis. The FitzHugh-Nagumo model is employed because of its realistic representation of the flow of sodium and potassium ions in addition to its advantageous property of allowing phase plane dynamics to be observed. Network characteristics such as connectivity, configuration and size are explored to determine their influences on global synchronisation generation in their respective systems. Oscillations in the mean-field are used to detect the presence of synchronisation over a range of coupling strength values. To ensure simulation efficiency, coupling strengths between neurons that are identical and fixed with time are investigated initially. Such networks where the interaction strengths are fixed are referred to as homogeneously coupled. The capacity of controlling and altering behaviours produced by homogeneously coupled networks is assessed through the application of weak and strong delayed feedback independently with various time delays. To imitate learning, the coupling strengths later deviate from one another and evolve with time in networks that are referred to as heterogeneously coupled. The intensity of coupling strength fluctuations and the rate at which coupling strengths converge to a desired mean value are studied to determine their impact upon synchronisation performance. The stochastic delay differential equations governing the numerically simulated networks are then converted into a finite set of deterministic cumulant equations by virtue of the Gaussian approximation method. Cumulant equations for maximal and sub-maximal connectivity are used to generate two-parameter bifurcation diagrams on the noise intensity and coupling strength plane, which provides qualitative agreement with numerical simulations. Analysis of artificial brain networks, in respect to biological brain networks, are discussed in light of recent research in sleep theory.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude de la dynamique de quelques problèmes de proie-prédateur de type Leslie-Gower avec des systèmes d’équations différentielles ordinaires et des équations de réaction-diffusion. L’objectif principal est de faire l’analyse mathématique, la simulation numérique des modèles construits. La thèse est divisée en trois parties : La première partie est consacrée à un système proie-prédateur avec récolte de proie, le modèle est donné par un système d’équation différentielle ordinaire. Le but de cette partie est d’étudier l’impact de la récolte sur le comportement du système. Dans la deuxième partie, nous introduisons la dimension spatiale dans le modèle dynamique considéré sans récolte, modélisant une chaîne alimentaire de deux espèces avec diffusion sur un domaine circulaire et une fonction de réponse de Holling type II. Nous effectuons une analyse théorique complète de la dynamique spatio-temporelle du modèle construit ainsi que l’étude du système sur le domaine circulaire. Une étude mathématique similaire est menée dans le cadre de la réponse fonctionnelle de Benddington-DeAngelis. Nous étudions, aussi le comportement qualitatif d’une chaîne alimentaire de trois espèces avec une réponse fonctionnelle de Holling type II. Dans la dernière partie, nous introduisons des termes de diffusions croisées dans le modèle dynamique considéré dans le but d’avoir l’effet de ce dernier sur le comportement du système. / This thesis is devoted to the study of the dynamics of some problems Leslie Gower-type predator-prey with ordinary differential equations and reaction-diffusion equations. The main objective is to make mathematical analysis, numerical simulation of constructed models. The thesis is divided in three parts : The first part is devoted to a predator-prey system with prey harvesting, the model is given by an ordinary differential equation system. The aim of this part is to study the impact of harvesting on the system behavior. In the second part, we introduce the spatial dimension in the dynamic model considered without harvesting, modeling a food chain of two species with diffusion on the circular area and Holling Type II response function. We perform a complete theoretical analysis of the spatiotemporal dynamics model built and the system study on the circular area. A similar mathematical study is conducted as part of the functional response of Benddington-DeAngelis.We study, also the qualitative behavior of a food chain of three species with a Holling type II response function. In the last party, we introduce of cross-diffusion terms in the considered dynamic model in order to have the effect of the latter on the system behavior.

On considère l'écoulement non stationnaire d'un fluide visqueux à l'intérieur d'un tube mince à parois élastiques. Le problème dépend de deux paramètres Ɛ qui mesure le rapport entre le diamètre et la longueur du tube, ainsi que ƴ qui mesure la rigidité des parois. Ce développement est justifié par des estimations d'erreur et des estimations a priori. Les termes principaux de la solution asymptotique sont comparés à ceux de la solution d'un écoulement de Poiseuille dans un tube à parois rigides. Dans le cas critique ƴ=3, pour le déplacement, on obtient une équation différentielle non classique du sixième ordre. L'idée principale de la M.A.P.D.D. consiste à construire une solution asymptotique pour le problème d'écoulement afin de décrire et de justifier l'application de la M.A.P.D.D. Cette analyse confirme la localisation des effets de couches limites au voisinage des zones de transition ainsi que la convergence de la solution asymptotique vers une solution à l'intérieur des tubes. La justification numérique proposée ici, est l'application de cette méthode pour simuler un procédé d'écoulement non newtonien. En effet, la méthode consiste à résoudre le problème initial d'écoulement sur une petite partie du domaine (correspondant généralement à un voisinage ou les couches limites apparaissent) et de simplifier le problème sur un sous domaine en utilisant la forme particulière de la solution asymptotique / We consider the nonstationary flow of a viscous fluid inside a thin tube with elastic walls. The problem depends on two parameters Ɛ which measures the ratio between the diameter and length of the tube, and ƴ which measures the stiffness of the walls. This development is justified by estimates of error and a priori estimates. The principal terms of the asymptotic solution are compared with the solution of a Poiseuille flow in a tube with rigid walls. In the critical case ƴ = 3 for the displacement, we obtain a differential equation of sixth order non-classical. The main idea of the M.A.P.D.D. is to construct an asymptotic solution to the problem of flow to describe and justify the application of M.A.P.D.D. This analysis confirms the location of boundary layer effects near the transition zones and the convergence of the asymptotic solution to a solution inside the tubes. The proposed numerical justification here is the application of this method to simulate a process of non-Newtonian flow. Indeed, the method is to solve the initial problem of flow over a small part of the domain (generally corresponding to a neighborhood or boundary layers appear) and simplify the problem on a subdomain using the particular form of the asymptotic solution

Orientador: Marco Antonio Teixeira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T09:35:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AchireQuispe_JesusEnrique_D.pdf: 1199686 bytes, checksum: 2c263eb351ad3dfa30b13e0fecc5282b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Recentemente, a Teoria de campos descontínuos (Non-Smooth Dynamic Systems) tem-se desenvolvido rapidamente, motivado principalmente pelas aplicações na física e nas engenharias, e também pela atraente beleza matemática. Neste trabalho, consideraremos campos de vetores suaves por partes, denominados campos de Filippov, e usamos o método convexo de Filippov para definir órbita solução deste tipo de campo. Assim, órbitas soluções passando por um ponto qualquer sempre existem. Há duas principais diferenças com o clássico caso diferenciável: a primeira é que as órbitas neste caso são curvas suaves por partes, enquanto que no caso diferenciável são curvas suaves. A segunda é que as órbitas soluções não tem a propriedade da unicidade, ou seja, podem existir duas ou mais órbitas passando pelo mesmo ponto. São esses fatos que fazem essa teoria um pouco diferente da teoria clássica de campos diferenciáveis. Estamos interessados em estudar qualitativamente os campos de Filippov, especialmente os que são genéricos e estruturalmente estáveis. Assim, nesta tese descrevemos propriedades genéricas necessárias para um campo de Filippov ser estruturalmente estável. Particularmente analisamos estabilidade estrutural local de singularidades tangenciais tais como o rabo de andorinha, a dobradobra,e dobra-cúspide, e adicionalmente pseudoequilíbrios e órbitas fechadas / Abstract: Recently, the Theory of Non-smooth Dynamic Systems has been developed, motivated mostly by their applications in physics and engineering, and also by its attractive mathematical beauty. In this work, we consider piecewise-smooth vector fields, called Filippov's vector fields, and we use the Filippov's convex method to define orbits solutions of this type of vector fields. Thus, orbit solution through any point always exists. But, there are two main differences with the classic differentiable case: the first is that orbits in this case are piecewise smooth curves while that in the differentiable case they are smooth curves. The second is that there is not uniqueness of solutions, this is, it may exist two or more than two orbits passing through a point. We are interested in to study qualitatively the Filippov's vector fields, especially those thatare generic and structurally stable. Thus, in this text we describe generic properties necessaryfor a vector field to be structurally stable. In particular, we analyze local structural stability attangential singularities, such as swallowtail-regular, fold-fold, fold-cusp, and additionally pseudoequilibriumsand closed orbits / Doutorado / Matematica / Doutor em Matemática

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第22863号 / 情博第742号 / 新制||情||127(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科数理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 矢ヶ崎 一幸, 教授 中村 佳正, 准教授 柴山 允瑠, 教授 國府 寛司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

The theory of deterministic chaos has generated a lot of interest and continues to be one of the much-focused research areas in the field of dynamics today. This is due to its prevalence in essential parts of human lives such as electrical circuits, chemical reactions, the flow of blood through the human system, the weather, etc. This thesis presents a study of the Lorenz equations, a famous example of chaotic systems. In particular, it presents the analysis of the Lorenz equations from stability to chaos and various bifurcation scenarios with numerical and graphical interpretations. It studies concepts of non-linear dynamical systems such as equilibrium points, stability, linearization, bifurcation, Lyapunov function, etc. Finally, it discusses how the Lorenz equations serve as a model for the waterwheel (in detail), and the convection roll for fluid.

abstract: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) comprise of diverse communicable diseases that affect mostly the developing economies of the world, the “neglected” populations. The NTDs Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) and Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis (STH) are among the top contributors of global mortality and/or morbidity. They affect resource-limited regions (poor health-care literacy, infrastructure, etc.) and patients’ treatment behavior is irregular due to the social constraints. Through two case studies, VL in India and STH in Ghana, this work aims to: (i) identify the additional and potential hidden high-risk population and its behaviors critical for improving interventions and surveillance; (ii) develop models with those behaviors to study the role of improved control programs on diseases’ dynamics; (iii) optimize resources for treatment-related interventions. Treatment non-adherence is a less focused (so far) but crucial factor for the hindrance in WHO’s past VL elimination goals. Moreover, treatment non-adherers, hidden from surveillance, lead to high case-underreporting. Dynamical models are developed capturing the role of treatment-related human behaviors (patients’ infectivity, treatment access and non-adherence) on VL dynamics. The results suggest that the average duration of treatment adherence must be increased from currently 10 days to 17 days for a 28-day Miltefosine treatment to eliminate VL. For STH, children are considered as a high-risk group due to their hygiene behaviors leading to higher exposure to contamination. Hence, Ghana, a resource-limited country, currently implements a school-based Mass Drug Administration (sMDA) program only among children. School staff (adults), equally exposed to this high environmental contamination of STH, are largely ignored under the current MDA program. Cost-effective MDA policies were modeled and compared using alternative definitions of “high-risk population”. This work optimized and evaluated how MDA along with the treatment for high-risk adults makes a significant improvement in STH control under the same budget. The criticality of risk-structured modeling depends on the infectivity coefficient being substantially different for the two adult risk groups. This dissertation pioneers in highlighting the cruciality of treatment-related risk groups for NTD-control. It provides novel approaches to quantify relevant metrics and impact of population factors. Compliance with the principles and strategies from this study would require a change in political thinking in the neglected regions in order to achieve persistent NTD-control. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Applied Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences 2020

Deterministic models for the transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS and trichomonas vaginalis (TV) in a human population are formulated and analysed. The models which assumed standard incidence formulations are shown to have globally asymptotically stable (GAS) disease-free equilibria whenever their associated reproduction number is less than unity. Furthermore, both models possess a unique endemic equilibrium that is GAS whenever the associated reproduction number is greater than unity. An extended model for the co-infection of TV and HIV in a human population is also designed and rigorously analysed. The model is shown to exhibit the phenomenon of backward bifurcation, where a stable disease-free equilibrium (DFE) co-exists with a stable endemic equilibrium whenever the associated reproduction number is less than unity. This phenomenon can be removed by assuming that the co-infection of individuals with HIV and TV is negligible. Furthermore, in the absence of co-infection, the DFE of the model is shown to be GAS whenever the associated reproduction number is less than unity. This study identifies a sufficient condition for the emergence of backward bifurcation in the model, namely TV-HIV co-infection. The endemic equilibrium point is shown to be GAS (for a special case) when the associated reproduction number is greater than unity. Numerical simulations of the model, using initial and demographic data, show that increased incidence of TV in a population increases HIV incidence in the population. It is further shown that control strategies, such as treatment, condom-use and counselling of individuals with TV symptoms, can lead to the effective control or elimination of HIV in the population if their effectiveness level is high enough. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / DST-NRF SARChI Chair in Mathematical Models and Methods in Biosciences and Bioengineering (M3B2) / Mathematics and Applied Mathematics / MSc / Unrestricted

In 2007, Modolo and colleagues derived a population density equation for a population of Izhekevich neurons. This population density equation can describe oscillations in the brain that occur in Parkinson’s disease. Numerical simulations of the population density equation showed bursting behaviour even though the individual neurons had parameters that put them in the tonic firing regime. The bursting comes from neuron interactions but the mechanism producing this behaviour was not clear. In this thesis we study numerical behaviour of the population density equation and then use a combination of analysis and numerical simulation to analyze the basic qualitative behaviour of the population model by means of a simplifying assumption: that the initial density is a Dirac function and all neurons are identical, including the number of inputs they receive, so they remain as a point mass over time. This leads to a new ODE model for the population. For the new ODE system, we define a Poincaré map and then to describe and analyze it under conditions on model parameters that are met by the typical values adopted by Modolo and colleagues. We show that there is a unique fixed point for this map and that under changes in a bifurcation parameter, the system transitions from fast tonic firing, through an interval where bursting occurs, the number of spikes decreasing as the bifurcation parameter increases, and finally to slow tonic firing. / Graduate

Turbulent collapse and recovery are both observed to occur abruptly in the atmospheric stable boundary layer (SBL). The understanding and predictability of turbulent recovery remains limited, reducing numerical weather prediction accuracy. Previous studies have shown that regime occupation is the result of the net effect of highly variable processes, from turbulent to synoptic scales, making stochastic methods a compelling approach. Idealized stable boundary layer models have shown that under some circumstances, regimes can be related to the stable branches of model equilibria, and an additional unstable equilibrium is predicted. This work seeks to determine the extent to which the SBL regime occupation can be explained using a one-dimensional stochastic differential equation (SDE). The drift and diffusion coefficients of the SDE of an input time series are approximated from the statistics of its averaged time tendencies. These approximated coefficients are fit using Gaussian Process Regression. Probabilistic estimates of the system's equilibrium points are then found and used to create an empirical bifurcation diagram without making any prior assumptions on the dynamical form of the system. This data driven bifurcation diagram is compared to modelled predictions. The analysis is repeated on several meteorological towers around the world to assess the influence of local meteorological settings. This work provides empirical insights into the nature of regime dynamics and the extent to which the SBL displays hysteresis. / Graduate