Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T22:57:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_10292_023 - Dissertaçao Martielo JM.pdf: 1311723 bytes, checksum: 8223313b6c1add75c41e1d4e814174d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-16 / A separação maternal tem sido um modelo animal amplamente utilizado, para mimetizar eventos estressores no período neonatal, podendo levar ao desenvolvimento de déficits cognitivos e ao abuso de substâncias, como o etanol. Essa substância representa um potencial risco a saúde por se tratar de uma bebida muito consumida por jovens e adolescentes, principalmente, em binge, um consumo pesado episódico de etanol. Este é capaz de provocar alterações comportamentais e em sistemas de neurotransmissores, como o dopaminérgico e o endocanabinóide. Neste estudo, nós buscamos avaliar a influência do consumo de álcool em binge por ratos adolescentes submetidos à separação maternal sobre o aprendizado, a impulsividade e o consumo voluntário de etanol na vida adulta, bem como investigar os efeitos desses tratamentos sobre o sistema endocanabinóide e dopaminérgico. Para isso, ratos Wistar machos foram separados ou não de suas mães dos dias pós-natal 2-15, por 3 horas diárias. Os animais não separados foram mantidos sob condições padrões de biotério. No 35º dia de vida, os animais foram divididos em grupos para o tratamento agudo ou crônico. Ambos os grupos foram novamente divididos em 3 subgrupos, que receberam veículo (salina) ou etanol em doses de 3,0 ou 6,0 g/kg, por gavagem. O etanol foi administrado por três dias consecutivos (binge agudo) ou uma vez por dia, dois dias consecutivos, intercaladas por dois dias sem etanol, perfazendo um total de 10 doses (binge crônico). No final deste procedimento, os animais foram submetidos aos testes comportamentais de aprendizado e impulsividade, ambos utilizando um Labirinto em T, ao teste de consumo voluntário de etanol, ou eutanasiados para obtenção das estruturas córtex pré-frontal e hipocampo. A expressão de mRNA dos componentes do sistema endocanabinóide: receptor CB1, e as enzimas: monoacilglicerol lipase, amida hidrolase de ácidos graxos, N-acilfosfatidiletanolamina especifica fosfolipase D e diacilglicerol lipase, foi avaliada em ambas as estruturas, e os receptores dopaminérgicos D1, D2 e a enzima tirosina hidroxilase foram avaliados apenas no córtex pré-frontal. Nós observamos que separação maternal aumentou o comportamento de impulsividade e o consumo voluntário de etanol, e o consumo de etanol na adolescência prejudicou a memória de curta duração, parecendo previnir as demais alterações comportamentais geradas pela separação maternal. No córtex pré-frontal a separação maternal e o etanol alteraram o sistema dopaminérgico com redução da expressão de mRNA de D1 e aumento da tirosina hidroxilase, e parecem gerar um aumento das enzimas de síntese de endocanabinóides, N-acilfosfatidiletanolamina especifica fosfolipase D e diacilglicerol lipase. No hipocampo no grupo submetido a ambos os tratamentos houve uma redução da expressão de mRNA de CB1 e da enzima N-acilfosfatidiletanolamina especifica fosfolipase D, e um aumento da expressão da diacilglicerol lipase. Em conclusão, tanto a separação maternal quanto o etanol, foram capazes de provocar alterações comportamentais e nos sistemas endocanabinóide e dopaminérgico, e a separação maternal modifica a resposta aos efeitos do etanol.

The goal of this study was to examine differential effects of amount and pattern of prenatal alcohol exposure on child outcome. Alcohol use was assessed at each prenatal visit, and IQ and behavior were measured at age 7 years. After control for confounders, the amount of exposure was unrelated to IQ score and behavior for >500 black 7-year-old children. However, children who were exposed to binge drinking were 1.7 times more likely to have IQ scores in the mentally retarded range and 2.5 times more likely to have clinically significant levels of delinquent behavior. During prenatal care, clinicians should attend not only to amount but also to the pattern of alcohol intake, because of the elevated risk for cognitive deficits and long-term behavioral abnormality.

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Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T19:14:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-12-07 / Ministério da Saúde / O consumo nocivo alcoólico entre adolescentes é um problema de saúde pública mundial. É importante detectar e compreender os principais fatores que levam o adolescente a iniciar esse consumo e também praticar padrões nocivos. Programas preventivos devem ser realizados para evitar esse consumo ou retardar ao máximo o seu início. O objetivo desse estudo foi compreender a relação entre os fatores demográficos, sociais e familiares associados ao binge drinking (BD), beber pesado (BP) ou beber frequente (BF) e a iniciação ao consumo alcoólico ou a prática de BD. Foi avaliado o efeito do programa preventivo #Tamojunto nesta iniciação. Um ensaio controlado randomizado foi realizado em 72 escolas públicas, com estudantes do 7º e 8º anos, em 6 cidades brasileiras. As escolas do grupo-intervenção receberam o programa #Tamojunto e as escolas do grupo-controle não receberam qualquer programa específico de prevenção ao uso de drogas. Os dados foram obtidos por questionários anônimos de autopreenchimento aplicados na linha de base, 9 e 21 meses depois. No primeiro artigo avaliaram-se os dados da linha de base, em corte transversal, para as associações entre BD anual e BP ou BF mensal e fatores demográficos, familiares e sociais (N=6,387). No segundo artigo, apenas os estudantes abstêmios da linha de base (N=2,649) foram analisados neste seguimento longitudinal e observaram-se os fatores associados à iniciação ao uso de álcool e à prática de binge entre eles e o efeito do programa nestes desfechos. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística ponderada e com ajustes de variância escolar. A idade média na linha de base foi 12,6 anos, sendo que 16,5% reportaram BD e 2,2% BP/BF. Os fatores associados ao BD foram: mais idade, consumo de cigarro, maconha e inalantes, notas escolares médias e baixas, agressão verbal, prática de bullying e exposição a familiar embriagado. BF e BP foram associados a consumos de cigarro e maconha, notas escolares médias ou baixas, agressão verbal e prática de bullying. Ao final do estudo, entre os abstêmios 49,7% reportaram o início do consumo alcoólico e 16% iniciaram o BD. O grupo-intervenção apresentou aumento na chance de iniciar a experimentação do álcool entre os estudantes que não moravam com a mãe, quando comparado ao grupo-controle. Os fatores preditores da primeira experimentação foram: consumo alcoólico esporádico dos pais, pai não morar na mesma casa, pertencer a melhor condição socioeconômica, ser do sexo feminino, notas escolares médias e baixas e agressão física escolar. Os preditores da iniciação da prática de BD foram a exposição a mãe embriagada, consumo esporádico do pai e do melhor amigo, ser do sexo feminino, ter mais idade, notas escolares médias e baixas, agressão verbal e prática de bullying. Os resultados apontaram uma clara necessidade de programa preventivo eficaz que, ao contrário do #Tamojunto, reduza a iniciação ao consumo de álcool. Às experimentações associaram-se comportamentos agressivos, piora do rendimento escolar e melhor condição socioeconômica. O consumo alcoólico dos pais e dos amigos podem ser fatores de risco, inclusive os consumos esporádicos. / Harmful alcoholic beverage consumption by adolescents constitutes a world public health issue. It is important to detect and understand the main factors driving adolescents on the pathway of drinking and alcohol abuse. Preventive programs are required to bar excess alcohol consumption or delay as much as possible this habit. The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between demographic, social and family factors associated with binge drinking (BD), heavy drinking (HD) or frequent drinking (FD) and the beginning of alcoholic beverage consumption or the beginning of BD. The impact of the preventive program #Tamojunto (We’re together buddy) was assessed. A randomized controlled study was conducted in 72 public schools to investigate Junior High and High School students in six Brazilian cities. The intervention group schools went through the #Tamojunto program and the control schools did not go through any preventive drug use program. Data were collected in anonymous surveys at baseline, 9 and 21 months after baseline, using self-completed questionnaire forms. In the first paper baseline cross-sectional data were assessed for the association between annual BD and monthly HD or FD and demographic, family and social factors (N=6,387). In the second paper, only the baseline non-drinking students were assessed (N=2,649) in this longitudinal segment. The factors associated with the beginning of alcohol use and binge drinking in this group and the effect of the program on the outcome were assessed. Logistic weighted regression models with school variance adjustments were used. Average age at baseline was 12.6 years and 16.5% of the respondents reported BD and 2.2% HD/FD. Potential factors associated with BD were: older age, tobacco, marijuana and inhalant use, average to low school scores, verbal aggression, bullying exposure, and exposure to a drunkard in the family. At the end of the study 49.7% non-drinkers reported to have started using alcohol and 16% to have started BD. The intervention group presented an increased chance of trying alcohol among students who did not live with their mother, when compared to the control group. The predictors of the first alcohol experience were: parents’ occasional alcoholic beverage use, father not living with the family, be part of a more privileged social class, female gender, average and low school scores and physical aggression in school. The predictors of the initiation of BD practice were exposure to a drunken mother, to father or best friend’s sporadic alcohol use, female gender, older age, average and low school scores, verbal aggression and bullying. The results of this study clearly indicated the need for an efficient preventive program, that, unlike the #Tamojunto program reduces initiation of the use of alcohol. The trials established an association between aggressive behavior, poor school performance and more privileged social class. Alcoholic parents and friends’ alcohol consumption may be risk factors, including sporadic drinking. / TED: 89-2014 / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Highly organised and differentiated neural circuits form and unite to link the cortex with the basal ganglia and thalamus to mediate movement, cognition and behaviour. Previous assertions that the basal ganglia primarily acted to filter cortical information to facilitate motor outputs only have since given way to an understanding of the basal ganglia as a relay and gating structure with functionally and structurally segregated inputs, functions and outputs. Thus, cortical – basal ganglia circuits can be segregated into three broadly separable functional domains mediating motor (primary and supplementary motor cortex (SMA) and putamen), cognitive (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and caudate), and limbic (ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum (VS)) processes. In addition, cognitive and behavioural programs that pass through the cortical – basal ganglia circuitry can be subject to filtering by the subthalamic nucleus (STN), which receives direct projections from the cortex. This work first demonstrated the functional organisation of segregated intrinsic cortical – basal ganglia circuits in humans, alongside a detailed map of functional subzones within STN, a small and technically inaccessible midbrain structure. The behavioural relevance of the defined cortical – basal ganglia circuits was investigated by examining the cognitive constructs of impulsivity and compulsivity. Waiting impulsivity, a tendency towards rapid premature responses that has been associated with compulsive drug use, was associated with connectivity between limbic regions including subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, VS and STN. However, motor impulsivity, in the form of stopping ability, was associated with motoric regions including pre-SMA and STN. Compulsivity was captured as deficits in: reversal learning, implicating lateral orbitofrontal cortex; attentional shifting, implicating dlPFC; and habit learning, implicating SMA. Neural circuit changes were also examined in individuals with alcohol dependence and binge drinkers. Waiting impulsivity was elevated in both groups and the functional connectivity, microstructural integrity and anatomical connectivity of the neural circuit underlying waiting impulsivity were associated with problematic drinking behaviours in both groups. Together, this work establishes that discrete functional subzones of small subcortical regions can be differentiated in humans and that their behavioural correlates can be similarly mapped. The definition of intrinsic network architecture underlying a particular behaviour and the demonstration its disturbance in psychiatric groups will crucially inform the development of future diagnostic and therapeutic models.

Heavy drinking behaviors have been observed in relation to fraternity and sorority membership. Some have argued that this relationship persists as a result of the drinking-conducive social environments of Greek organizations, but others have suggested that this relationship may be spurious. Using data from The Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study (n = 10,904) the link between Greek affiliation, alcohol consumption, and parental influence was examined through the lens of social learning theory. It was hypothesized that members of Greek organizations would report higher levels of drinking compared to others and that the inclusion of the variable of parental influence would effectively render this relationship spurious. The results reveal a strong relationship between Greek affiliation and drinking behaviors, but parental influence failed to sufficiently account for this relationship.

While humor has been extensively studied in commercial marketing, there is less known about how humor functions in the context of a public health campaign. This dissertation addresses that gap by exploring the use of humor in public health messaging through (1) a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature, (2) a content analysis of public-health related print ads from the Ad Council, and (3) an experiment testing the role of humor styles in the effectiveness of humorous anti-binge drinking messages. The systematic review and meta-analysis assembled all the currently known research on humor in public health messaging. Overall, the success of humor depended on many factors, including the health topic and characteristics of the audience, and humor was found to not differ drastically from other appeal types in its influence on key persuasion outcomes. The meta-analytic component of this review found that humor had a positive impact on ad liking and behavior and a negative impact on perceived self-efficacy and intention, with only self-efficacy demonstrating a statistically significant difference between the appeal types. In the content analysis, Ad Council ads spanning 70 years of public health messaging were evaluated in order to understand the utilization of important communication elements in health communication campaigns. A sample of print ads was assembled, and ads were coded for theoretical constructs, ecological level, emotional appeal, and the presence of humor. The sample included a variety of campaign topics, ranging from drunk driving to polio vaccination to child abuse. Overall, campaigns were found to most often lack response efficacy information, and the presence of specific behavioral suggestions regarding the health issue decreased over time in favor of contact information. Most campaigns targeted the individual level, with few targeting organizational, policy or other systems-level changes necessary to facilitate most (if not all) public health behaviors. The experiment examined the role of matching ad humor styles to individual humor styles in humorous anti-binge drinking ads aimed at college students. Those with detrimental humor styles were found to perceive messages matched to their humor style as more humorous than messages not matched to their humor style. Perceived humor was found to be negatively associated with message rejection and positively associated with likelihood of sharing the message. This study re-affirms the importance of ensuring humor campaigns are actually perceived as humorous by the audience. Overall, this dissertation suggests that humor should be used in well-tested public health campaigns in order to realize its potential benefits for affecting health behaviors.

The primary aim of the present study was to determine whether impairment on neuropsychological measures of decision making predicts increased alcohol use among college students. It was hypothesized that poorer performance on measures of decision making would predict linear increase on indicators of alcohol consumption across the first year of college. An additional aim was to assess whether established risk factors for college student drinking would moderate the association between decision making abilities and increased alcohol consumption, with the expectation that decision making would be more strongly associated with escalation in alcohol use for participants that are male, have a family history of alcohol abuse, report a longer history of pre-college alcohol use, hold more positive alcohol expectancies, and are more impulsive. Aims were pursued in a relatively homogeneous sample of first year college students (N = 136), using a prospective, longitudinal design in which decision making and drinking were assessed at three time-points during the first year of college. Participants additionally provided sociodemographic information and completed self-report impulsivity and alcohol expectancy questionnaires at each assessment. Results showed that drinking and associated negative consequences increased over time during the participants first year in college. However, there was generally little support for the hypotheses that poor decision making abilities are a risk factor for increased alcohol consumption, and that the association is moderated by established risk factors for drinking. Results suggest the need to consider whether drinking is indeed indicative of impaired decision making and underscore the importance of including other factors, especially perceived benefits and influence of social pressure, in models of decision making striving to predict drinking among college students.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-105).

Tidiga vuxenlivet präglas av oprövade miljöer och situationer. Detta ställer höga krav på individens perception, anpassningsförmåga och attityd. En intensiv miljö flertalet unga vuxna kommer i kontakt med för första gången är krogen. Positiv attityd till riskfyllda beteenden där kan i förlängningen resultera i negativa hälsoeffekter. Syftet med denna enkätstudie var i huvudsak att undersöka unga vuxnas attityd till Verbal aggression, Rekreationellt berusningsdrickande, Riskfyllt sex, Fysisk aggression, Ekonomiskt riskfylld modekonsumtion, Ekonomiskt riskfylld festkonsumtion, Rekreationellt drogbruk och Riskfyllt spelande om pengar. Resultatet av de 256 personer som deltog visade genom variansanalys att män hade signifikant mer positiv attityd än kvinnor till fem av åtta riskbeteenden och att största skillnaden då kön, etnicitet och studieval analyserades i kombination förelåg mellan ickesvenska män och kvinnor på studieförberedande program. Klusteranalys visade på förekomst av högriskgrupp där män var i majoritet. Eventuella preventiva insatser bör i huvudsak lämpligen riktas mot unga vuxna män.