Yes / Extracts of Erythrina addisoniae are frequently used in the traditional medicine of Western Africa, but insufficient information about active compounds is available. From the stem bark of E. addisoniae, three (1, 2, 4) and three known (3, 5, 6) flavanones were isolated: addisoniaflavanones I and II, containing either a 2″,3″-epoxyprenyl moiety (1) or a 2″,3″-dihydroxyprenyl moiety (2) were shown to be highly toxic (MTT assay: EC50 values of 5.25 ± 0.7 and 8.5 ± 1.3 μM, respectively) to H4IIE hepatoma cells. The cytotoxic potential of the other isolated flavanones was weaker (range of EC50 values between 15 and >100 μM). Toxic effects of addisoniaflavanone I and II were detectable after 3 h (MTT assay). Both compounds induced an apoptotic cell death (caspase-3/7 activation, nuclear fragmentation) in the hepatoma cells and, at high concentrations, also necrosis (membrane disruption: ethidium bromide staining). Formation of DNA strand breaks was not detectable after incubation with these compounds (comet assay). In conclusion, the prenylated flavanones addisoniaflavanones I and II may be of interest for pharmacological purposes due to their high cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic potential against hepatoma cells.

The unexpected monoamine oxidase (MAO) substrate properties of 1-cyclopropyl-4-substituted-1 ,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines have been interpreted in terms of partitioning of these tertiary cyclic allylamines between substrate turnover and ring opening inactivation processes. To evaluate further this proposal, we examined the bioactivities of the related saturated analogs. Several 1,4-disubstituted piperidine derivatives were synthesized and their interactions with MAO-A and MAO-B were characterized. These compounds displayed poor substrate properties toward MAO-A and MAO-B and led to the expected α-carbon oxidized metabolites which were fully characterized. Both the N-methyl and N-cyclopropyl derivatives were good inactivators of MAO-B, suggesting that some species other than the radical resulting from cyclopropyl ring opening is responsible for the inactivation. Both the N-methyl and N-cyclopropyl derivatives also inactivated MAO-A. In this instance, the N-cyclopropyl analogs were much more potent inactivators than the N-methyl analogs. These results suggest that the radical derived from cyclopropyl ring opening may be involved in this inactivation process. The MAO substrate/inactivator properties of these piperidine analogs are discussed in terms of current proposed mechanisms for the MAO catalyzed oxidation of amines. / Master of Science

<p>Entomophagy, which is the habit of eating insects, has become relevant in the past few years as it could potentially help reduce current and future food insecurity, due to the highly nutritious and sustainable characteristics of edible insects. In addition to the nutritional content of insects, research on the potential bioactive components of insect extracts has also gained popularity. In this study, extracts from house cricket (<i>Acheta domesticus</i>) from two farms and their corresponding feeds were obtained using a microwave-assisted extraction. Further phenolic characterization led to the identification and quantification of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, <i>p</i>-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and syringic acid as major phenolic compounds in both <i>A. domesticus </i>extracts as well as both feed extracts. Additionally, <i>in vitro</i> antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical cation (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical assays. In both <i>in vitro</i> assays, <i>A. domesticus</i> extracts showed higher antioxidant activity compared to the feeds. Antibacterial activity against <i>E. coli</i> and <i>L. innocua</i> was also evaluated using the microwell method. The <i>A. domesticus </i>extracts showed a selective inhibition (p<0.05) towards the gram-positive bacteria <i>L. innocua </i>between a period of 4 to 8 h. This inhibition is thought to have occurred as a result of the presence of phenolic acids and antimicrobial peptides, while the feed extracts did not exhibit any inhibitory activity towards any of the bacteria. The finding of the same phenolic acids in <i>A. domesticus</i> and their corresponding feed could imply the capacity of <i>A. domesticus</i> to absorb and sequester dietary phenolics that may provide additional health benefits when the insect is consumed, unveiling new benefits of entomophagy. </p>

L’élaboration de nouveaux complexes métalliques possédant des propriétés physiquesintéressantes et multiples est un cadre de recherche très actif ces dernières années.Parallèlement, les molécules dérivées d’énaminones fluoroalkylées sont modifiables à souhaitet sont reconnues pour leur utilisation en tant que ligand. Ces synthons se révèlent alorsparticulièrement adaptés pour élaborer des complexes variés via des techniques de chimie decoordination.Dans ce contexte, un programme de recherche a été récemment initié et consiste en lasynthèse de ligands de type énaminone trifluorométhylée bi, tri et tétradentes pouvant êtremodifiés en fonction des propriétés ciblées. Ainsi, la substitution du motif par des unités detype azobenzène, anthracène, tétrathiafulvalène, 1,2,3-triazole… a permis de révéler pourceux-ci une photosensibilité, une activité redox ou encore une bioactivité.De plus, au travers de leur différence de denticité, ces ligands conduisent à descomplexes métalliques de nucléarité contrôlée. Ainsi ce sont des composés mononucléairesd’une part et polynucléaires d’autre part qui sont obtenus pour lesquels une propriété redox etmagnétique est observée respectivement.Ainsi, le projet est dédié à l’élaboration d’objets moléculaires innovants etpolyfonctionnels au sein desquels cohabitent une propriété portée par le ligand organiquestructurant et une propriété issue du coeur métallique central. / The synthesis of new metal hybrid inorganic-organic metallic complexes with severalinteresting physical properties is an area of intense research. On another hand, fluoroalkylatedenaminone derivatives have been scarcely employed as useful ligands although these organicmolecules can offer very rich coordination chemistry with broad applications in materialsscience.In this context, a research program was recently initiated, dedicated to thedevelopment of bi, tri, and tetradentate trifluoromethylated enaminone ligands that can bemodified according to the targeted properties. Indeed, a photosensitivity, a redox property or abioactivity was found for these ligands with the introduction of units such as azobenzene,anthracene, tetrathiafulvalene, 1,2,3-triazole …In addition, according to their different denticity, these ligands can afford somemetallic complexes with a controlled nuclearity. In one hand, mononuclear complexes areobtained with a redox property and in antoher hand some polynuclear complexes withinteresting magnetic behaviours.The research program is thus dedicated to the elaboration of innovating andpolyfunctionnal molecular objects in which a property arising from the organic structuringligand coexists with the property of the metallic center.

A complexidade de desenvolver novas tecnologias para aplicações em reconstituição óssea se deve à necessidade de combinar várias propriedades químicas e físicas para que o material proporcione o desempenho almejado. Particularmente, em aplicações que visam osteogênese, os enxertos sintéticos devem ser bioativos, possuir porosidade com volume, geometria e interconectividade de poros controlados, além de ter boas propriedades mecânicas, dentro de limites relativamente rígidos. Por essa razão, o recobrimento de materiais bioinertes com cerâmicas bioativas se tornou o foco da presente pesquisa. O objetivo desse estudo foi desenvolver um novo método de produção de enxertos cerâmicos com macroporosidade funcionalizada, onde a formação e o revestimento dos poros são realizados em uma única etapa. Foi realizado o estudo de recobrimento com vidro bioativo e fosfato de cálcio. Para isso, agentes porogênicos na forma de grânulos (de 600 &#956m a 2 mm de diâmetro) foram sintetizados pelo método da gelificação de uma solução aquosa de alginato de sódio gotejada em solução de nitrato de cálcio (0,5 M), com incorporação de outros elementos para a formação de biovidro ou fosfato de cálcio. Esses grânulos foram conglomerados a um vidro ou alumina em pó, formando um compósito, que foi tratado termicamente para sinterização e formação de poros. No caso da matriz vítrea, a sinterização ocorreu com cristalização simultânea e concorrente. As cerâmicas resultantes foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura, sendo possível observar a formação de macroporos aproximadamente esféricos (de 600 &#956m a 2 mm de diâmetro) revestidos internamente por uma camada de material com possível composição bioativa. / A tough requirement in the manufacture of implants for medicine is to conciliate appropriate mechanical properties and the porosity necessary for bone ingrowth. It is further important to control the fraction, morphology, size, surface to volume ratio and interconnectivity of pores. The difficulty in matching these characteristics is a deterrent for practical applications. High strength materials coated with a bioactive layer can overcome this problem. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a new method for production of implants with functionalized macro porosity on ceramic. The production of a porous glass-ceramic and the internal coating of the pores with a bioactive material were performed in situ. The bioactive glass coating and calcium phosphate coating were studied. In order to achieve this goal, a porogenic agent in the form of beads (from 600 &#956m to 2 mm diameter) were prepared by the gelation of a water solution of sodium alginate into calcium nitrate solution (0.5 M), and incorporation of other components to yield the Bioglass composition or a calcium phosphate. The beads were further mixed with glass or ceramic powder and the assembly was heat treated for sintering. In the case of glass, the sintering occurred with concurrent crystallization. The obtained ceramics were characterized by optical and scanning electronic microscopy, which indicated that the porogenic beads acted successfully as a sacrificial template to produce functionalized macro pores.

O filo Cyanobacteria constitui um grupo filogeneticamente coerente, embora, apresente grande diversidade morfológica, sendo sua sistemática constantemente revisada. Esses micro-organismos são, ainda, alvos de estudos biotecnológicos em razão da produção de toxinas e na busca por substâncias de interesse farmacológico. Dentre as linhagens analisadas neste estudo, sete sequências do gene rRNA 16S foram geradas e avaliadas com sequências previamente obtidas. Ao menos dois grupos podem representar novos gêneros de cianobactérias, sendo que um grupo demonstra ser endêmico de manguezais brasileiros. Os genes de inibidores de proteases, aeuruginosina, cianopeptolina e microviridina, foram detectados e a produção de aeruginosina foi confirmada por LC-MS nos gêneros Cyanobium e Nostoc. Sequências de aminoácidos do precursor de microviridina indicaram a produção de três novas variantes em quinze linhagens de cianobactérias dos gêneros Cyanobium, Synechococcus, Cyanobacterium, Nodosilinea e Nostoc. O potencial genético para produção de cilindrospermopsina (cyrJ) foi confirmado em vinte e seis linhagens. Em cinco linhagens dos gêneros Cyanobium e Nostoc foram encontrados os genes mcyD, mcyE e mcyG, envolvidos na biossíntese de microcistina. A sequência McyG da linhagem Nostoc sp. CENA175 agrupou-se filogeneticamente com outras de linhagens produtoras de microcistina. Os genes sxtA e sxtI, envolvidos na biossíntese de saxitoxina, foram encontrados em nove linhagens dos gêneros Cyanobium, Oxynema, Leptolyngbya, Nodosilinea e Nostoc. A sequência de SxtI da linhagen Leptolyngbya sp. CENA134 apresentou similaridade >= 70 % com proteínas hipotéticas enquanto as de Nostoc sp. CENA159 e Nostoc sp. CENA160 apresentaram similaridade >= 82 % com O-carbamoiltransferase. Na análise filogenética, a sequência de SxtI da linhagem Nostoc sp. 160 agrupou-se com sequências de linhagens produtoras de saxitoxina. Nas análises químicas, a fração 3 do extrato da linhagem Oxynema sp. CENA135 revelou uma substância com características de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e a fração 2 do extrato da linhagem Nostoc sp. CENA175 apresentou uma estrutura aromática ligada a uma cadeia alifática. Outros três extratos, obtidos das linhagens Cyanobium sp. CENA157, Nodosilinea sp. CENA183 e Nostoc sp. CENA184 mostraram-se promissores quanto à presença de substâncias nitrogenadas. Os ensaios de bioatividade revelaram que 48 % dos extratos metanólicos inibiram o crescimento de ao menos um isolado de bactéria e/ou levedura. Os extratos das linhagens Cyanobium sp. CENA142 e Cyanobacterium sp. CENA169 foram eficientes contra o crescimento de seis bactérias patogênicas. Nos ensaios de inibição de células tumorais, o extrato de DCM da linhagem Cyanobium sp. CENA154 (100 ?gomL-1) inibiu moderadamente culturas de células 3LL. Os extratos etanólicos de Oxynema sp. CENA135 (20 ?gomL-1) e Cyanobium sp. CENA154 (100 ?gomL-1) inibiram as células CT-26. Em ensaios conduzidos com linhagens de células de glioma (U251), câncer de mama (MCF-7) e câncer de pulmão (NCI-H460), o extrato de DCM da linhagem Cyanobium sp. CENA136 inibiu 50 % do crescimento das respectivas células tumorais nas concentrações 7,8; 27,1 e 14,0 ?gomL-1. Desta forma, além de filogeneticamente diversas, as cianobactérias isoladas de ambiente marinho do Estado de São Paulo constituem fonte promissora de inibidores de proteases, cianotoxinas e substância bioativas com ação antibacteriana, antifúngica e antitumoral. / The phylum Cyanobacteria is a phylogenetically coherent group, although presenting great diversity, and its systematic have been constantly reviewed. These microorganisms are also targets of biotechnological studies due to the production of toxins and the search for novel substances of pharmacological interest. Among the strains analyzed in this study, sequences of the 16S rRNA gene were generated for seven and, than, analyzed with sequences previously obtained. At least two groups may represent new cyanobacterial genera, while a group of Cyanobium proves to be endemic of Brazilian mangroves. Genes of the proteases inhibitors, aeuruginosin, cyanopeptolin and microviridin, were detected and the production of aeruginosin was confirmed by LC-MS for Nostoc and Cyanobium. The amino acid sequences of microviridin precursor indicated the production of three new variants in fifteen cyanobacterial strains of the genera Cyanobium, Synechococcus, Cyanobacterium, Nostoc and Nodosilinea. The genetic potential for production of cylindrospermopsin (cyrJ) was confirmed in twenty-six strains. In five strains of the genera Nostoc and Cyanobium the mcyD, mcyE and mcyG genes, which are involved in the microcystin biosynthesis, were found. The McyG sequence of Nostoc sp. CENA175 was phylogenetically grouped with sequences of microcystin-producing strains. The sxtA and sxtI genes, from saxitoxin biosynthesis, were found in nine strains of the genera Cyanobium, Oxynema, Leptolyngbya, Nodosilinea and Nostoc. The SxtI sequence of Leptolyngbya sp. CENA134 showed similarity >= 70 % with hypothetical proteins, while the sequences of Nostoc sp. CENA159 and Nostoc sp. CENA160 showed similarity >= 82% with O-carbamoyltransferase. In the phylogenetic analysis, the SxtI sequence of Nostoc sp. CENA160 grouped with sequences of strains that produce saxitoxin. In chemical analysis, the fraction 3 of the Oxynema sp. CENA135 extract revealed a substance with poly-unsaturated fatty acids characteristics and the fraction 2 of Nostoc sp. CENA175 extract indicated an aromatic structure, attached to an aliphatic chain. Other three extracts obtained from Cyanobium sp. CENA157, Nodosilinea sp. CENA183 and Nostoc sp. CENA184 were promising for the presence of nitrogenous substances. Bioactivity assays revealed that 48 % of the methanolic extracts inhibited the growth of at least one isolate of bacteria and/or yeast. The extracts of Cyanobium sp. CENA142 and Cyanobacterium sp. CENA169 were efficient against six pathogenic bacteria. In the inhibition assays of tumor cells, the DCM extract of Cyanobium sp. CENA154 (100 mgomL-1) moderately inhibited the growth of 3LL cells. Ethanol extracts of Oxynema sp. CENA135 (20 mgomL-1) and Cyanobium sp. CENA154 (100 mgomL-1) were able to inhibit cultures of CT- 26 cells. In tests conducted with glioma cell lines (U251), breast cancer (MCF-7) and lung cancer (NCI-H460), the DCM extract of Cyanobium sp. CENA136 caused 50 % of growth inhibition, respectively, when used at concentrations of 7.8, 27.1 and 14.0 mgomL-1. Thus, besides their phylogenetically diversity, the cyanobacteria strains from marine environment of the São Paulo state are a promising source of protease inhibitors, cyanotoxins and bioactive compounds with antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor activities.

O filo Cyanobacteria constitui um grupo filogeneticamente coerente, embora, apresente grande diversidade morfológica, sendo sua sistemática constantemente revisada. Esses micro-organismos são, ainda, alvos de estudos biotecnológicos em razão da produção de toxinas e na busca por substâncias de interesse farmacológico. Dentre as linhagens analisadas neste estudo, sete sequências do gene rRNA 16S foram geradas e avaliadas com sequências previamente obtidas. Ao menos dois grupos podem representar novos gêneros de cianobactérias, sendo que um grupo demonstra ser endêmico de manguezais brasileiros. Os genes de inibidores de proteases, aeuruginosina, cianopeptolina e microviridina, foram detectados e a produção de aeruginosina foi confirmada por LC-MS nos gêneros Cyanobium e Nostoc. Sequências de aminoácidos do precursor de microviridina indicaram a produção de três novas variantes em quinze linhagens de cianobactérias dos gêneros Cyanobium, Synechococcus, Cyanobacterium, Nodosilinea e Nostoc. O potencial genético para produção de cilindrospermopsina (cyrJ) foi confirmado em vinte e seis linhagens. Em cinco linhagens dos gêneros Cyanobium e Nostoc foram encontrados os genes mcyD, mcyE e mcyG, envolvidos na biossíntese de microcistina. A sequência McyG da linhagem Nostoc sp. CENA175 agrupou-se filogeneticamente com outras de linhagens produtoras de microcistina. Os genes sxtA e sxtI, envolvidos na biossíntese de saxitoxina, foram encontrados em nove linhagens dos gêneros Cyanobium, Oxynema, Leptolyngbya, Nodosilinea e Nostoc. A sequência de SxtI da linhagen Leptolyngbya sp. CENA134 apresentou similaridade >= 70 % com proteínas hipotéticas enquanto as de Nostoc sp. CENA159 e Nostoc sp. CENA160 apresentaram similaridade >= 82 % com O-carbamoiltransferase. Na análise filogenética, a sequência de SxtI da linhagem Nostoc sp. 160 agrupou-se com sequências de linhagens produtoras de saxitoxina. Nas análises químicas, a fração 3 do extrato da linhagem Oxynema sp. CENA135 revelou uma substância com características de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e a fração 2 do extrato da linhagem Nostoc sp. CENA175 apresentou uma estrutura aromática ligada a uma cadeia alifática. Outros três extratos, obtidos das linhagens Cyanobium sp. CENA157, Nodosilinea sp. CENA183 e Nostoc sp. CENA184 mostraram-se promissores quanto à presença de substâncias nitrogenadas. Os ensaios de bioatividade revelaram que 48 % dos extratos metanólicos inibiram o crescimento de ao menos um isolado de bactéria e/ou levedura. Os extratos das linhagens Cyanobium sp. CENA142 e Cyanobacterium sp. CENA169 foram eficientes contra o crescimento de seis bactérias patogênicas. Nos ensaios de inibição de células tumorais, o extrato de DCM da linhagem Cyanobium sp. CENA154 (100 ?gomL-1) inibiu moderadamente culturas de células 3LL. Os extratos etanólicos de Oxynema sp. CENA135 (20 ?gomL-1) e Cyanobium sp. CENA154 (100 ?gomL-1) inibiram as células CT-26. Em ensaios conduzidos com linhagens de células de glioma (U251), câncer de mama (MCF-7) e câncer de pulmão (NCI-H460), o extrato de DCM da linhagem Cyanobium sp. CENA136 inibiu 50 % do crescimento das respectivas células tumorais nas concentrações 7,8; 27,1 e 14,0 ?gomL-1. Desta forma, além de filogeneticamente diversas, as cianobactérias isoladas de ambiente marinho do Estado de São Paulo constituem fonte promissora de inibidores de proteases, cianotoxinas e substância bioativas com ação antibacteriana, antifúngica e antitumoral. / The phylum Cyanobacteria is a phylogenetically coherent group, although presenting great diversity, and its systematic have been constantly reviewed. These microorganisms are also targets of biotechnological studies due to the production of toxins and the search for novel substances of pharmacological interest. Among the strains analyzed in this study, sequences of the 16S rRNA gene were generated for seven and, than, analyzed with sequences previously obtained. At least two groups may represent new cyanobacterial genera, while a group of Cyanobium proves to be endemic of Brazilian mangroves. Genes of the proteases inhibitors, aeuruginosin, cyanopeptolin and microviridin, were detected and the production of aeruginosin was confirmed by LC-MS for Nostoc and Cyanobium. The amino acid sequences of microviridin precursor indicated the production of three new variants in fifteen cyanobacterial strains of the genera Cyanobium, Synechococcus, Cyanobacterium, Nostoc and Nodosilinea. The genetic potential for production of cylindrospermopsin (cyrJ) was confirmed in twenty-six strains. In five strains of the genera Nostoc and Cyanobium the mcyD, mcyE and mcyG genes, which are involved in the microcystin biosynthesis, were found. The McyG sequence of Nostoc sp. CENA175 was phylogenetically grouped with sequences of microcystin-producing strains. The sxtA and sxtI genes, from saxitoxin biosynthesis, were found in nine strains of the genera Cyanobium, Oxynema, Leptolyngbya, Nodosilinea and Nostoc. The SxtI sequence of Leptolyngbya sp. CENA134 showed similarity >= 70 % with hypothetical proteins, while the sequences of Nostoc sp. CENA159 and Nostoc sp. CENA160 showed similarity >= 82% with O-carbamoyltransferase. In the phylogenetic analysis, the SxtI sequence of Nostoc sp. CENA160 grouped with sequences of strains that produce saxitoxin. In chemical analysis, the fraction 3 of the Oxynema sp. CENA135 extract revealed a substance with poly-unsaturated fatty acids characteristics and the fraction 2 of Nostoc sp. CENA175 extract indicated an aromatic structure, attached to an aliphatic chain. Other three extracts obtained from Cyanobium sp. CENA157, Nodosilinea sp. CENA183 and Nostoc sp. CENA184 were promising for the presence of nitrogenous substances. Bioactivity assays revealed that 48 % of the methanolic extracts inhibited the growth of at least one isolate of bacteria and/or yeast. The extracts of Cyanobium sp. CENA142 and Cyanobacterium sp. CENA169 were efficient against six pathogenic bacteria. In the inhibition assays of tumor cells, the DCM extract of Cyanobium sp. CENA154 (100 mgomL-1) moderately inhibited the growth of 3LL cells. Ethanol extracts of Oxynema sp. CENA135 (20 mgomL-1) and Cyanobium sp. CENA154 (100 mgomL-1) were able to inhibit cultures of CT- 26 cells. In tests conducted with glioma cell lines (U251), breast cancer (MCF-7) and lung cancer (NCI-H460), the DCM extract of Cyanobium sp. CENA136 caused 50 % of growth inhibition, respectively, when used at concentrations of 7.8, 27.1 and 14.0 mgomL-1. Thus, besides their phylogenetically diversity, the cyanobacteria strains from marine environment of the São Paulo state are a promising source of protease inhibitors, cyanotoxins and bioactive compounds with antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor activities.

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-05-17T18:12:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Karen Cristiane Ribeiro.pdf: 2399556 bytes, checksum: 061ec872551f525fe1b25a9dbb51fcb7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-17T18:12:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Karen Cristiane Ribeiro.pdf: 2399556 bytes, checksum: 061ec872551f525fe1b25a9dbb51fcb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O aumento na expectativa de vida tem levado a busca por materiais que possam melhorar a qualidade de vida. Dentre os materiais mais utilizados para tratamento de problemas no tecido ósseo, os vidros bioativos são os que possuem uma excelente resposta bioativa. A composição 2Na2O.1CaO.3SiO2 (2N1C3S) é um dos poucos sistemas de vidro que apresenta cristalização homogênea no volume e também a sua composição é próxima do vidro Bioglass® 45S5, um dos materiais mais bioativos existentes. Neste trabalho, estudamos a bioatividade do vidro 2N1C3S com adições de P2O5, K2O e SrO através da investigação do tempo para a formação da hidroxicarbonato apatita (HCA) por imersão em fluido corporal simulado (SBF). Foram realizados tratamentos térmicos para avaliação da bioatividade das vitrocerâmicas derivadas desse sistema. As temperaturas de tratamento térmico foram obtidas através da calorimetria exploratória diferencial, em que foram determinadas as temperaturas de transição vítrea e onset de cristalização. A presença de HCA foi investigada por espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier em função do tempo de imersão. Foi determinada por difração de raios X as fases cristalinas presentes nas amostras vitrocerâmicas. A formação de uma camada de hidroxicarbonato apatita foi observada após 21 dias nas amostras de vidro 2Na2O.1CaO.3SiO2 com 12% em peso de P2O5. As vitrocerâmicas com o menor tempo para o crescimento da camada de hidroxicarbonato apatita em solução SBF foram 2Na2O.1CaO.3SiO2+6% em peso de P2O5 e 10% em peso de SrO que recebeu tratamento térmico a 620°C/16h. Nós observamos a camada de HCA após 15 dias na vitrocerâmica 2Na2O.1CaO.3SiO2+6% em peso de P2O5 e 10% em peso de K2O que recebeu tratamento a 550°C/8h, a camada HCA foi observada após 15 dias e 21 dias para a que recebeu tratamento térmico a 550°C/16h. / The increase in life expectancy has led to the search for materials that can improve the quality of life. Among the materials that are most used to treat problems in bone tissue, bioactive glasses are those that have the greatest bioactive response. The 2Na2O.CaO.3SiO2 (2N1C3S) composition is one of the few glass systems which exhibits homogeneous crystallization in the volume and also its composition is very close to Bioglass® 45S5 glass, one of the most bioactive materials. In this work, we studied the bioactivity of 2N1C3S glass with additions of P2O5, K2O and SrO by investigating the time to formation of the hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) by immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). Thermal treatments were carried out to evaluate the bioactivity of the glass-ceramics. The heat treatment temperatures were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry, in which the glass transition and crystallization onset temperatures were determined. The presence of HCA was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a function of immersion time in SBH solution. X-ray diffraction were used for the identification of the crystalline phases present in the glass-ceramics. The glass-ceramics with the lowest time for growth of the hydroxycarbonate apatite layer in SBF solution were 2Na2O.CaO.3SiO2+6% in weight of P2O5 and 10% in weight of SrO heat treated for 620°C/16h and 2Na2O.1CaO.3SiO2+6% in weight of P2O5 and 10% in weight of K2O heat treated at 550°C/8h. The HCS layer was observed after 15 days of immersion for both glass-ceramics.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades biológicas de cimentos experimentais a base de resina metacrilato contendo α-tricálcio fosfato (α-TCP) ou hidroxiapatita nanoparticulada (HAp) in vitro e in vivo. Para isto, os cimentos experimentais foram avaliados e comparados com AH Plus (AHP). Na etapa in vitro, os materiais foram mantidos em contato com meio de cultura por 24 horas, coletados e avaliados na concentração de 10%. Células-tronco da papila apical humana (SCAPs) foram submetidas aos ensaios de viabilidade brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazólio)-2,5-difenil tetrazólio (MTT) e sulfurodamina B (SRB) no período de 24 horas; e a bioatividade foi avaliada pela atividade da enzima fosfatase alcalina (ALP) e deposição de nódulos mineralizados pelo corante vermelho de Alizarina (AR), nos períodos de 1, 5, 10 e 15 dias. Na etapa in vivo, os materiais foram inseridos em tubos de polietileno e colocados no tecido subcutâneo de ratos para avaliação da reação inflamatória, sendo utilizado um tubo vazio como controle e avaliados os períodos de 7, 30 e 90 dias; para avaliação da deposição óssea, os cimentos α-TCP e AHP foram inseridos em cavidades confeccionadas no fêmur de ratos, sendo utilizada uma cavidade vazia como controle e avaliados os períodos de 30 e 90 dias. Para o ensaio de viabilidade e ensaios in vivo, foram utilizados os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e post hoc de Dunn; para avaliação da bioatividade in vitro foram utilizados os testes ANOVA e post hoc de Tukey (P < 0.05). HAp e AHP não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre si em ambos os ensaios de citotoxicidade (P> 0,05) e o α-TCP apresentou menor resultado de viabilidade no teste MTT, sendo estatisticamente diferente dos outros (P <0,05). Os ensaios de bioatividade demonstraram aumento na atividade da ALP em todos os grupos (P < 0.05). Observou-se semelhança entre os grupos no primeiro período (P > 0.05), AHP apresentou menores valores em 5 dias (P < 0.05), α-TCP apresentou os maiores valores em 10 dias (P < 0.05), e em 15 dias este cimento foi superior ao AHP (P < 0.05). AR mostrou aumento na quantidade de depósitos mineralizados após 5 dias (P < 0.05). Não houve diferença entre os grupos em 1 dia (P > 0.05), α-TCP, HAp e controle foram semelhantes aos 5 dias (P > 0.05), e em 10 e 15 dias, α-TCP apresentou os maiores valores, sendo diferente dos outros cimentos (P > 0.05). Na avaliação da resposta inflamatória in vivo, observou-se diminuição da inflamação e aumento de fibras colágenas em todos os grupos. Em 7 dias, α-TCP e HAp mostraram resultados semelhantes ao controle CT (P>0.05) e diferentes do AHP (P < 0.05), que foi o único grupo a apresentar células-gigantes neste período. Na avaliação da deposição óssea, houve aumento na deposição de 30 para 90 dias nos grupos α-TCP e controle (P < 0.05), e estes grupos apresentaram resultados semelhantes em 90 dias (P > 0.05), diferindo do AHP (P < 0.05). Conclui-se que a associação de fosfatos de cálcio à resina metacrilato apresentou bons resultados de biocompatibilidade e bioatividade in vitro e in vivo, apresentando potencial para serem utilizados como cimentos obturadores na prática clínica. / This study aimed to evaluate the biological properties of experimental sealers containing α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) or nanoparticulate hydroxyapatite (HAp) in a methacrylate resin-base in vitro and in vivo. For this, the experimental sealers were evaluated and compared with AH Plus (AHP). At the in vitro assays, the materials were kept in contact with culture medium for 24 hours, collected and evaluated at concentrations of 100% and 10%. Stem cells from human apical papilla (SCAPs) were submitted to 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and sulfurodamine B (SRB) viability assays for 24 hour; and bioactivity was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity (ALP) and deposition of mineralized nodules by Alizarin Red staining (AR), for 1, 5, 10 and 15 days. At in vivo assays, the materials were inserted in polyethylene tubes and placed in subcutaneous tissue of rats to evaluate the inflammatory reaction, using an empty tube as control and evaluating the periods of 7, 30 and 90 days; to evaluate bone deposition, α-TCP and AHP cements were inserted into cavities made in the femur of rats, using an empty cavity as control and evaluating the periods of 30 and 90 days. For viability and in vivo assays, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post hoc tests were used; for bioactivity, ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were used (P < 0.05). HAp and AHP did not presented statistical differences from each other in both citotoxicity assays (P > 0.05), and α-TCP presented a lower viability result in MTT assay, being statistically different from the other sealers (P < 0.05). The bioactivity assays showed an increase in ALP activity for all groups (P < 0.05). Similar results were found between the groups at the first period (P > 0.05), AHP had the lowest values at 5 days (P < 0.05), α-TCP presented the highest values at 10 days (P < 0.05), and at 15 days, this sealer’s values were higher than AHP (P < 0.05). AR showed an increase in the amount of mineralized deposits after 5 days for all sealers (P < 0.05). No difference between groups were found at 1 day (P > 0.05), α-TCP, HAp and control were similar at 5 days (P > 0.05), and at 10 and 15 days, α-TCP presented the highest values, being different of the other sealers (P > 0.05). Regarding the evaluation of the inflammatory response in vivo, there was a decrease in inflammation and increase of collagen fibers in all groups. At 7 days, α-TCP and HAp showed similar results to the control (P > 0.05) and different from AHP (P < 0.05), which was the only group to present giant cells in this period. In the evaluation of bone deposition, there was an increase in deposition from 30 to 90 days for α-TCP and control groups (P < 0.05), and these groups presented similar results in 90 days (P > 0.05), differing from the AHP (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the association of calcium phosphates and methacrylate resin showed good biocompatibility and bioactivity results in vitro and in vivo, presenting potential to be used as endodontic sealers in clinical practice.

Considérées comme des menaces pour les écosystèmes marins tropicaux et subtropicaux, les proliférations de macroalgues sont susceptibles de modifier le fonctionnement et la structure des récifs coralliens. Le genre Asparagopsis (Rhodophyta) est connu pour être largement distribué, introduit et parfois invasif dans certaines régions comme en Méditerranée occidentale. Le premier objectif était de corréler le métabolisme spécialisé et la bioactivité de l’algue à son génotype, et éventuellement à son caractère proliférant. Aucune corrélation génétique/métabolomique n’a été démontrée, ce qui laisse entendre que le métabolisme macroalgal serait principalement influencé par l'environnement et/ou sa flore microbienne associée. En milieu tempéré, A. taxiformis et A. armata présentent des signatures métabolomiques globalement similaires et associées à une bioactivité significativement plus importante qu'en milieu tropical. Cependant, même lorsqu’elle a été introduite, une même lignée génétique et un même phénotype chimique peuvent présenter des caractères proliférants opposés. En milieu tropical, les extraits de macroalgues testés in situ sur 4 espèces de coraux n'ont provoqué que de faibles blanchissements. En milieu tempéré, aucun effet biologique de l’algue n’a été enregistré sur le corail Astroides calycularis. Par contre des expériences en aquarium ont permis de montrer qu’A. taxiformis pouvait exprimer un métabolisme spécifique avec une bioactivité augmentée après 10 jours de contact avec ce corail. En conclusion, qu’elle soit indigène ou introduite, A. taxiformis exerce peu d’effets sur la santé des coraux, et le caractère invasif de cette algue reste une source de débat. / Considered as a major threat for sub–tropical and tropical ecosystems, macroalgal proliferations are susceptible to modify the structure and the functioning of coral reefs. The genus Asparagopsis (Rhodophyta) is known to be widespread, introduced and sometimes invasive in certain regions such as the Western Mediterranean Sea. The first objective of this thesis was to correlate the algal specialized metabolism and its bioactivity with its genotype, and eventually with its proliferation trait. No correlation between genetics and metabolomics has been demonstrated, which would suggest the main influence of environmental factors and/or the associated microbial diversity on the algal metabolism. In temperate regions, A. taxiformis and A. armata showed similar metabolomic fingerprints with bioactivities significantly higher than in tropical regions. However, even when it is introduced, a given genetic lineage and a given chemical phenotype can exhibit opposite proliferative traits. In tropical areas, algal extracts tested in situ on 4 coral species did not lead to any coral bleaching. In temperate areas, no biological effect of the alga was recorded on Astroides calycularis. However, some aquarium experiments allowed to show that A. taxiformis can express a specific metabolism, with an increased bioactivity after 10–days of contact with this coral. To conclude, either indigenous or introduced, A. taxiformis poorly affects corals’ health, and thus the invasiveness of this alga remains a matter of debate.