Historically, scurvy has seen only minor investigation in children. This is also true among archaeological populations. The development of criteria for assessing juvenile scurvy among archaeological populations has provided a novel means of paleopathological analysis for discussing this disorder among past populations. In an attempt to further investigate the current criteria for identifying archaeological cases of juvenile scurvy, as proposed by Ortner et al. (2001, 1999; Ortner and Ericksen 1997; Ortner 1984), a combined macroscopic and radiographic study was conducted on the sub-adult individuals from late Roman–Byzantine Stymphalos and Frankish Zaraka, Greece. This study sought to investigate the level of correlation between the proposed macroscopic and clinically employed radiographic indicators of juvenile scurvy. From the research conducted there is clear evidence to suggest a significant level of correlation between the proposed macroscopic and radiographic indicators of juvenile scurvy. Such a correlation supports the current osteoarchaeological criteria for assessing juvenile scurvy.

This dissertation used osteometrics to assess the level of congruence between biological distance and long-distance material exchange in three Middle and Late Archaic groups living in the mid-South United States. Dental and cranial data support greater biological affinity between groups in southern Illinois (represented by individuals from the Black Earth site) and central Tennessee (individuals from Eva and surrounding sites) while groups in the Green River region of western Kentucky (Shell Mound Archaic) were somewhat more removed or perhaps more isolated. Females were more biologically variable than males for the majority of metrics used. This finding is suggestive of a patrilocal residence pattern, if only loosely followed.

abstract: This dissertation focuses on the diversity inherent to the process of social community construction. Building upon previous archaeological and bioarchaeological studies of community identities, the current project emphasizes the need for consideration of the impact of diversity on community identity formation in the past and illustrates the utility of a bioarchaeological approach for undertaking this task. Three specific aspects of community formation are addressed: (1) the relationship between symbolic community boundaries and geographic space, (2) the influence of diverse discourses of intra-community sub-groups on community formation, and (3) the negotiation of community boundaries by outsiders. To investigate these aspects of community construction in the past, dietary practices and mortuary rituals of the Late Intermediate Period (c. AD 900-1470) Ychsma society of the central Peruvian coast are examined as a case study. Previous anthropological and sociological studies demonstrate that diet and burial customs are common mechanisms used in processes of group identification around the world, including the Andes. In the current study, analyses of materials from Armatambo and Rinconada Alta in the Rimac Valley are used to examine the ways in which isotopic and dental indicators of diet and archaeological contextual indicators of mortuary rituals correspond with or crosscut spatial burial patterns and additional groups based on sex, age at death, and biogeochemically reconstructed residential origins. Observed patterns are interpreted using a theoretical framework that incorporates sociocultural theory of identity with pre-Columbian Andean ideology of the body, self, and social environment. Results reveal differences in large-scale trends in diet and mortuary practices associated with burial at each site that are interpreted as evidence of symbolic community boundaries between sites. Complexities within larger trends reveal evidence of internal diversity as well as fluidity across community boundaries. Specifically, evidence is presented for intra-community dietary differences, intra-community differences associated with age and sex, and finally evidence of external relationships. This consideration of diversity in community identity construction is concluded to profoundly refine current understandings of Ychsma social interactions. Consequently, this study demonstrates empirical investigation of social diversity is necessary for understanding the complex nature of the social construction of communities in the past. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2015

abstract: The transition from Late Antiquity to Early Medieval Europe (ca. AD 400-900) is often characterized as a period of ethnogenesis for a number of peoples, such as the Franks. Arising during protracted contact with the Roman Empire, the Franks would eventually form an enduring kingdom in Western Europe. However, there is little consensus about the processes by which they formed an ethnic group. This study takes a fresh look at the question of Frankish ethnogenesis by employing a number of theoretical and methodological subdisciplines, including population genetics and ethnogenetic theory. The goals of this work were 1) to validate the continued use of biological data in questions of historical and archaeological significance; and 2) to elucidate how Frankish population structure changed over time. Toward this end, measurements from the human dentition and crania were subjected to rigorous analytical techniques and interpreted within a theoretical framework of ethnogenetic life cycles. Results validate existing interpretations of intra-regional biological continuity over time. However, they also reveal that 1) there are clear biological and geographical differences between communities, and 2) there are hints of diachronic shifts, whereby some communities became more similar to each other over time. These conclusions complement current ethnohistoric work arguing for the increasing struggle of the Frankish kingdom to unify itself when confronted by strong regionally-based politics. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2015

abstract: Many models of colonial interaction are build from cases of European colonialism among Native American and African peoples, and, as a result, they are often ill-suited to account for state expansion and decline in non-Western contexts. This dissertation investigates social organization and intraregional interaction in a non-western colonial context to broaden understanding of colonial interaction in diverse sociocultural settings. Drawing on social identity theory, population genetics, and social network analysis, patterns of social organization at the margins of the expansive pre-Hispanic Tiwanaku state (ca. AD 500-1100) are examined. According to the dual diaspora model of Tiwanaku colonial organization in the Moquegua Valley of southern Peru, Chen Chen-style and Omo-style ethnic communities who colonized the valley maintained distinct ethnic identities in part through endogamous marriage practices. Biodistance analysis of cranial shape data is used to evaluate regional gene flow among Tiwanaku-affiliated communities in Moquegua. Overall, results of biodistance analysis are consistent with the dual diaspora model. Omo- and Chen Chen-style communities are distinct in mean cranial shape, and it appears that ethnic identity structured gene flow between ethnic groups. However, there are notable exceptions to the overall pattern, and it appears that marriage practices were structured by multiple factors, including ethnic affiliation, geographic proximity, and smaller scales of social organization, such as corporate kin groups. Social network analysis of cranial shape data is used to implement a multi- and mesoscalar approach to social organization to assess family-based organization at a regional level. Results indicate the study sample constituted a social network comprised of a dense main component and a number of isolated actors. Formal approaches for identifying potential family groups (i.e., subgroup analysis) proved more effective than informal approaches. While there is no clear partition of the network into distinct subgroups that could represent extended kin networks or biological lineages, there is a cluster of closely related individuals at the core of the network who integrate a web of less-closely related actors. Subgroup analysis yielded similar results as agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis, which suggests there is potential for social network analysis to contribute to bioarchaeological studies of social organization and bioarchaeological research in general. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2016

This article examines the patterns and prevalence of trauma in 256 Late Lima individuals. is assemblage of human remains comes from the sites of Huaca 20 and Copacabana and was compared to 45 Middle Lima individuals from thesite of Cerro Culebra, as well as 30 individuals from the Middle Horizon 2 and 4 (Miramar). Other investigators have proposed that social and political changes during the transition into the Middle Horizon on the Central Coast of Perumight have caused an increase in episodes of violence in the local population. e results of this investigation, however, show that this transition witnessed a reduction in of non-lethal episodes of violence, especially for women, with occasional episodes of more violent and lethal clashes. is situation seems to have been maintained with the consolidation of Wari imperial presence (or inuence). ese observations for the Central Coast contrast heavily with those made for patterns of violence in the South Coast and Highlands during the same period. It is thus proposed that Wari presence in peripheral zones did not always trigger the same social consequences, possibly as the result of distinct political strategies of expansion utilized by the Wari state. / El presente artículo examina las prevalencias y patrones de los traumatismos de probable origen intencional presentes en 256 individuos Lima Tardío (Huaca 20 y Copacabana), comparando los resultados con los de 45 individuos Lima Medio (Cerro Culebra) y 30 individuos del Horizonte Medio 2 a 4 (Miramar), buscando dilucidar si los cambios políticos y sociales experimentados durante la transición al Horizonte Medio pudieron haber ocasionado un alza en los episodios de violencia vividos por las poblaciones locales.Los resultados de esta investigación indican que al parecer la introducción wari en la Costa Central signicó una disminución de los episodios de violencia no letal, especialmente para las mujeres, con ocasionales episodios de enfrentamientos más violentos que conllevaron a la muerte. Esta situación parece haberse mantenido una vez consolidada la presencia (o inuencia) imperial. Asimismo, se observó que los niveles y patrones de violencia durante la transición y consolidación wari en la Costa Central fueron distintos que los experimentados en la costa y sierra sur, deduciéndose a partir de esto que la presencia wari en las zonas periféricas no siempre desencadenó las mismas consecuencias sociales, obedeciendo posiblemente a las distintas estrategias políticas de expansión por parte de dicho estado.

O estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, tem sido uma importante área de estudo de sambaquis desde o século XIX. A visível concentração de sítios com características bastante semelhantes e ativos por centenas de anos tem levado a alguns pesquisadores a sugerir que os sambaquieiros conformariam um sistema social complexo e duradouro, apresentando uma estabilidade econômica, social e política ao longo de sua permanência no litoral. Esta continuidade de mais de 5 milênios sofreu transformações a partir de aproximadamente 2000 anos AP, quando surgem evidências de grupos humanos provavelmente provenientes de regiões interioranas, sendo elas o aparecimento de camadas predominantemente icitilógicas nos estratos mais recentes de alguns sambaquis e a presença de cerâmicas das tradições Itararé/Taquara. A proposta deste projeto foi testar a hipótese de que a continuidade e a estabilidade das ocupações sambaquieiras no litoral sul de Santa Catarina estão refletidas também na estabilidade do perfil do estresse durante todo o período de ocupação dos sítios, desde os sambaquis mais antigos até os sambaquis tardios. Para testar essa hipótese foram selecionadas séries esqueléticas oriundas de dois sambaquis com uma longa duração de ocupação, Cabeçuda e Jabuticabeira II, e o acampamento conchífero Içara. Estas séries foram analisadas segundo a ocorrência de marcadores de estresse fisiológico sistêmicos potencialmente capazes de informar sobre eventos estressores ocorridos durante a infância, entre eles, a anemia. Os dados apontam para mudanças nos padrões de ocorrência de estresse fisiológico nas séries esqueléticas de Cabeçuda e Jabuticabeira II, sinalizando certa variabilidade biocultural entre eles, tanto diacrônica quanto sincrônica, mesmo se em sua essência estrutural tais grupos são semelhantes. No caso de Içara, os dados sugerem que os indivíduos lá sepultados poderiam ter uma relação mais próxima com o litoral do que apenas a prática de acampamentos temporários por alguns meses do ano, conforme postula a literatura. / The state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, has been an important area for the study of sambaquis since the 19th century. The visible concentration of sites with very similar and active characteristics for hundreds of years has led some researchers to suggest that the sambaquieiros did conform a complex and long-lasting social system, presenting an economic, social and political stability throughout their settlement at the coast. This continuity of more than 5 millennia underwent transformations from approximately 2000 years BP, when evidences of human groups appear most likely from the inland regions, such as the appearance of predominantly ichthyological layers in more recent strata of some sambaquis and presence of ceramics associated to the Itararé / Taquara culture. The aim of this project was to test the hypothesis of continuity and stability of sambaquieiro occupations in the southern coast of Santa Catarina. Included in this study is the analysis whether this stability also reflects in the stress profile during the entire period of occupation of the sites, from the older sambaquis to the late sambaquis. To analyze this assumption we selected humans skeletal remains from two sambaquis sites with a long duration of occupation, Cabeçuda and Jabuticabeira II, and the Içara conchiferous camp. These series were analyzed according to the occurrence of systemic physiological stress markers potentially capable of reporting on stressful events during childhood, including anemia. The data suggests a pattern change in the occurrence of physiological stress markers in the skeletal series of Cabeçuda and Jabuticabeira II, signaling a certain biocultural difference between them, both diachronic and synchronic, even though their group structure is similar. In the case of Içara, the data indicates that the individual burials at the coast could have been of cultural origin rather than an advantageous temporary settlement for some months of the year, as the literature postulates.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal investigar a relação entre a arqueofauna e os grupos humanos que ocuparam os sambaquis fluviais - Estreito (4124±27), Caraça (1607±24), Lageado IV (1460±60) e Tatupeva (3990±70), situados em Itaoca, no Vale do Ribeira de Iguape e, assim, contextualizar esses restos com os demais vestígios da cultura material. O emprego das abordagens - arqueofaunística, lítica e bioarqueológica - permitiu-nos discorrer sobre os processos de formação desses sítios e compreender as diferenças e semelhanças intra-sítio, envolvendo as três áreas do médio vale. / This research aimed to investigate the relationship between the archaeofauna and human groups that occupied the sambaquis fluviais (riverine sambaquis) - Estreito (4124±27), Caraça (1607±24), Lageado IV (1460±60) and Tatupeva (3990±70), located in Itaoca, Ribeira de Iguape Valley and thus contextualize these remains with the remaining traces of material culture. The use of approaches - archaeofaunal, lithic and bioarchaeological - allowed us to discuss the formation processes of these sites and understand the differences and similarities intra-site, involving the three areas of the middle valley.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-11T12:20:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Silva, Ilana Elisa Chaves.pdf: 6163418 bytes, checksum: 5839f19b578793e58f86deeef9345f6d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-11T12:20:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Silva, Ilana Elisa Chaves.pdf: 6163418 bytes, checksum: 5839f19b578793e58f86deeef9345f6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-04 / CNPq / Durante o acompanhamento arqueológico realizado pela Fundação Seridó em parceria com a Universidade Federal de Pernambuco nas obras de implantação do Habitacional do Pilar, Bairro do Recife – PE, foi evidenciado na Quadra 55, um cemitério histórico de limites ainda desconhecidos. Na referida campanha, iniciada em Janeiro de 2013 e finalizada em Abril de 2014, foram exumados 28 sepultamentos humanos. Segundo apontam os primeiros resultados, o cemitério seria provavelmente dos séculos XVII e XVIII. Considerando as características apresentadas pelo sítio, indagamos se o Cemitério do Pilar teria sido destinado a indivíduos acometidos por surtos epidêmicos durante o período da ocupação holandesa no Recife (1630 e 1654). Inicialmente foram identificadas historicamente as principais epidemias que acometeram a cidade do Recife, em Pernambuco, no período da ocupação holandesa. Posteriormente realizamos a análise da ancestralidade, sexo e idade dos indivíduos a fim de perceber se este grupo seria semelhante ao descrito pela historiografia como os moradores do Recife da época. Após as análises ósseas identificamos: indivíduos masculinos de ancestralidade caucasoide (europeia) com idades entre 15 e 21 anos, predominantemente. e alterações morfológicas insuficientes para uma diagnose positiva para bouba, sífilis, varíola. Escorbuto foi a patologia que apresentou uma característica mais recorrente – retração alveolar. / During the archaeological monitoring of the Pilar Housing, District of Recife – PE, done by Seridó Foundation with Federal University of Pernambuco, a historical cemetery with still unmeasured dimensions was evidenced on block 55. In this archaeological campaign, between January 2013 and April 2014, 28 human burials were dug. According the first search results, the cemetery would be probably from the 17th and 18th centuries. Considering the site’s features, we question if the Pilar Cemetery would have been intended for individuals affected by disease outbreak during the Dutch occupation in Recife (between 1630 and 1654). First, we identified historically the major diseases that befell the city of Recife, in Pernambuco, during the Dutch occupation. Then we analyzed the ancestry, sex and age of the individuals aiming understand if the group would be similar to the group described by the historiography as the Recife’s residents at the time. After bone analysis, were identified, predominantly, male Caucasoid (European) individuals between 15 and 21 years old. The bone morphological alterations were not enough to diagnose positively yaws, syphilis, smallpox. Scurvy was the pathology that presented recurring feature – alveolar retraction.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo principal estudar as relações sociais e simbólicas de gênero na pré-história brasileira, com base no estudo dos rituais funerários e remanescentes ósseos humanos de populações horticultoras do noroeste de Minas Gerais, que de 1540 anos a.C. a 1540 d.C. ocuparam de forma sazonal e constante a Gruta do Gentio II para a realização de seus rituais funerários. Nosso estudo foi dividido em duas partes, com base na análise de variáveis relacionadas ao ritual funerário (tratamento dado ao corpo, posição, orientação, direção da face, características da cova, distribuição temporal e espacial, acompanhamentos funerários) e aos remanescentes ósseos e dentários propriamente ditos (sexo, idade, fraturas, doenças, linhas de Harris, facetas suplementárias da tíbia, degeneração das superfícies articulares do esqueleto axial e apendicular, além de cáries, abrasão dentária, hipoplasia, doença periodontal, cálculos, abcessos dentários e perda ante-mortem). Dentro de uma perspectiva teórico-interpretativa simbólica, com base na arqueologia de gênero, pós-processualismo e arqueologia cognitiva, e nos métodos analíticos bioarqueológicos, acreditamos que foi possível compreender parte dos papéis sociais, desempenhados principalmente por homens e mulheres, além de adolescentes e crianças, no contexto arqueológico da Gruta do Gentio II, Unaí, Minas Gerais. / The aim of this work is to investigate the social and symbolic relations of gender in Brazilian prehistory, based on the study of human funerary rituals and bone remains of horticulturist populations in the northeast of Minas Gerais state who in a seasonal and constant form, in the period 1540 BC to 1540 AC, used the caverns at Gruta do Gentio II to perform their funerary rituals. Our study is divided in two parts based on the variables related to the funerary ritual (handling, position and orientation of the corpse, direction of the face, grave characteristics, distribution in space and time, grave goods) and to the bone and teeth remains respectively (sex, age, fractures, illnesses, Harris lines, supplementary tibia facets, joint surfaces degeneration of the axial and appendicular skeleton, and also caries, dental abrasion, hypoplasia, periodontal illness, calculus, dental abscesses and ante-mortem tooth loss). In a symbolic theoretical-interpretative perspective based on the gender archaeology, postprocessualism and cognitive archaeology, as well as the bioarchaeological analytic methods, we believe that it is possible to understand part of the social roles performed mainly by men and women but also by children and teenagers in the archaeological context of Gruta do Gentio II, Unaí, Minas Gerais.