Studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of landfill leachate discharge on the operation of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). Two aspects of interferences were found: one is UV quenching substances, which are bio-refractory and able to penetrate the biological treatment processes, consequently interfere the UV disinfection in WWTPs. The other one is organic nitrogen, which can pass the nitrification-denitrification process and contribute to the effluent total nitrogen (TN). Also, treatability study was conducted for landfill gas (LFG) condensate. In a laboratory study, leachate samples were fractionated into humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and Hydrophilic (Hpi) fractions, the specific UV254 absorbance (SUVA254) of the three fractions follows: HA > FA > Hpi. However, the overall UV254 absorbance of the Hpi fraction was important because there was more hydrophilic organic matter than humic or fulvic acids. It was found that the size distribution of the three fractions follows: HA > FA > Hpi. This indicates that membrane separation following biological treatment is a promising technology for the removal of humic substances from landfill leachates. Leachate samples treated in this manner could usually meet the UV transmittance requirement of the POTWs. Also, nitrogen species in landfill leachates under various stabilization states were investigated. Although the effect of landfill stabilization state on the characteristics of organic matter and ammonia is well documented, there are few investigations into the landfill leachate organic nitrogen under different stabilization stages. Ammonia was found to leach out slower than organic matter and can maintain a constant level within the first a couple of years (< 10 years). The concentration and biodegradability of organic nitrogen were found to decrease with landfill age. A size distribution study showed that most of organic nitrogen in landfill leachates is < 1 kDa. The protein concentration was analyzed and showed a strong correlation with the organic nitrogen. Different slopes of regression curves of untreated and treated leachates indicate that protein is more biodegradable than the other organic nitrogen species in landfill leachates. XAD-8 resin was employed to isolate the hydrophilic fraction of leachate samples, hydrophilic organic nitrogen was found to be more biodegradable/bioavailable than the hydrophobic fractions. Furthermore, biological and physical-chemical treatment methods were applied to a landfill biogas (LFG) condensate to explore the feasible treatment alternatives for organic contaminant and arsenic removal efficiency. Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) showed effectiveness for the degradation of organic matter, even in an environment containing high levels of arsenic. This indicated a relatively low toxicity of organic arsenic as compared to inorganic arsenic. However, for arsenic removal, oxidation-coagulation, including biological oxidation, conventional oxidation and advanced oxidation followed by ferric salt coagulation, and carbon adsorption were not effective for what is believed to be tri-methyl arsenic. Among these, advanced oxidation-coagulation showed the best treatment efficiency (15.1% removal). Only reverse osmosis (RO) could reduce the arsenic concentration to an acceptable level to meet discharge limits. These results implied high stability and low toxicity of organic arsenic. / Ph. D.

A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, instituída pela Lei Federal 12.305 em agosto de 2010 e regulamentada pelo Decreto 7.404, em 23 de dezembro de 2010, estabeleceu um novo paradigma na gestão e gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil. Entre as mudanças apresentadas, uma das mais relevantes é a que prioriza o não aterramento da fração orgânica e a recuperação energética dos resíduos. Por esse motivo, a busca por novas tecnologias para o tratamento desses resíduos tem sido intensificada nos últimos anos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho busca avaliar o potencial de se realizar estratégias para aclimatação de lodos anaeróbios em possíveis inoculações de biometanizadores alimentados com fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (FORSU). Foram analisados dois diferentes lodos, esses em função da decomposição e estabilização da FORSU por meio de ensaios de biodegradabilidade anaeróbia. O primeiro, lodo ETE (LE), foi coletado de um reator UASB, utilizado para tratamento de esgoto sanitário doméstico, já o segundo, lodo Aterro (LA), foi coletado de uma lagoa de acúmulo de lixiviados em um aterro sanitário desativado. Para os ensaios, utilizaram-se frascos Duran® de 250 mL, incubados a 35°C, considerando-se a co-digestão nas seguintes relações resíduo/inóculo (R0/I0): 1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 e 1/1 gSTVresíduo.gSTVinóculo-1. As estratégias de aclimatação consistiram em manter o inóculo para as próximas bateladas, bem como, dobrar as relações (R0/I0) com sucessivas alimentações realizadas em três bateladas sequenciais. Para que fossem possíveis o controle e a verificação do processo ao longo das bateladas, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas, cinéticas e de atividade metanogênica específica (AME). Os inóculos adaptaram-se de imediato à FORSU, tendo sido verificada produção crescente de metano já nos primeiros dias dos testes. Os melhores resultados do potencial bioquímico de metano foram obtidos pelas menores relações (R0/I0) para ambos os inóculos. As maiores relações (R0/I0) influenciaram negativamente o desempenho do processo de biometanização para o inóculo LE, verificada pelas menores taxas máximas de rendimento de metano e maiores fase lag. Para o inóculo LA, ao final do processo de aclimatação foi verificado maior índice de diversidade para o Domínio Archaea, corroborando com os resultados obtidos pela quantidade de micro-organismos metanogênicos. Essas verificações se deram por meio de análises de microscopia óptica e pelos maiores valores obtidos nos testes de AME. Destarte, conclui-se que a estratégia de aclimatação se utilizando das menores relações (R0/I0): 1/16, 1/8 e 1/4 para o inóculo LA, possui o maior potencial, sendo esse na inoculação em maiores relações (R0/I0) na partida de biometanizadores alimentados com fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, logo, garantindo-se efetividade no processo. / The National Policy on Solid Waste, instituted by Federal Law 12,305 in august 2010 and regulated by Decree 7404, on december 23, 2010, established a new paradigm in the management of solid waste in Brazil. Among the changes presented, one of the most relevant is the one that prioritizes the non-grounding of the organic fraction and the energy recovery of the waste. For this reason, the search for new technologies for the treatment of this waste has been intensified in recent years. In this context, the objective of this work is to evaluate the potential of strategies for acclimatization of anaerobic sludge in possible inoculations of biomethanizers fed with organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). Two different sludges were analyzed, as a function of the decomposition and stabilization of OFMSW by anaerobic biodegradability tests. The first, ETE sludge (LE), was collected from a UASB reactor, used to treat domestic sanitary sewage, while the second, Aterro sludge (LA) was collected from a pond of leachate accumulation in a deactivated landfill. For the tests, 250 ml Duran® flasks incubated at 35°C were used, considering co-digestion in the following residue/inoculum ratios (R0/I0): 1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 and 1/1 gSTVresidue.gSTVinoculum-1. The acclimation strategies consisted in maintaining the inoculum for the next batch, as well as doubling the ratios (R0/I0) with successive feedings performed in three sequential batches. In order to control and verify the process throughout the batch, physical-chemical, microbiological, kinetic and specific methanogenic activity (SMA) analyzes were performed. The inocula immediately adapted to OFMSW, and there was a growing production of methane already in the first days of the tests. The best results of the biochemical potential of methane were obtained by the lower ratios (R0/I0) for both inoculum. The higher ratios (R0/I0) negatively influenced the performance of the biomethanization process for the LE inoculum, verified by the lower maximum methane yield rates and higher lag phase. For the inoculum LA, at the end of the acclimation process, a higher diversity index was verified for the Archaea Domain, corroborating with the results obtained by a number of methanogenic microorganisms. These tests were carried out by means of optical microscopy and the highest values obtained in the SMA tests. Therefore, it is concluded that the acclimation strategy using the lowest ratios (R0/I0): 1/16, 1/8 and 1/4 for the inoculum LA, has the highest potential, being inoculated at higher rates (R0/I0) at the start of biomethanizers fed with organic fraction of municipal solid waste, thus, ensuring effectiveness in the process.

Macromolecular biomaterials often require covalent crosslinking to achieve adequate stability and mechanical strength for their given application. However, the use of auxiliary chemicals may be associated with long-term toxicity in the body. Oppositely-charged polyelectrolytes (PEs) have the advantage that they can self-crosslink electrostatically and those derived from marine organisms are an inexpensive alternative to glycosaminoglycans present in the extracellular matrix of human tissues. A range of different combinations of PEs and preparation conditions have been reported in the literature. However, although there has been some work on complex formation between chitosan (CS) and carrageenan (CRG), much of the work undertaken has ignored the effect of pH on the consequent physicochemical properties of self-crosslinked polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) gels, films and scaffolds. Chitosan is a positively-charged polysaccharide with NH3+ side groups derived from shrimp shells and, carrageenan is a negatively-charged polysaccharide with OSO3- side groups derived from red seaweed. These abundant polysaccharides possess advantageous properties such as biodegradability and low toxicity. However, at present, there is no clear consensus on the cell binding properties of CS and CRG or CS-CRG PEC materials. The aim of this study was to explore the properties of crosslinker-free PEC gels, solvent-cast PEC films and freeze-dried PEC scaffolds based on CS and CRG precursors for medical applications. The objective was to characterise the effect of pH of the production conditions on the physicochemical and biological properties of CS-CRG PECs. Experimental work focused on the interaction between PEs, the composition of PECs, the rheological properties of PEC gels and the mechanical properties of PEC films and scaffolds. In addition, cell and protein attachment to the PEC films was assessed to determine their interactions in a biological environment. For biomedical applications, these materials should ideally be stable when produced such that they can be processed to form either a film or a scaffold and have mechanical properties comparable to those of collagenous soft tissues. FTIR was used to confirm PEC formation. Zeta potential measurements indicated that the PECs produced at pH 2-6 had a high strength of electrostatic interaction with the highest occurring at pH 4-5. This resulted in stronger intra-crosslinking in the PEC gels which led to the formation of higher yield, solid content, viscosity and fibre content in PEC gels. The weaker interaction at pH 7-12 resulted in higher levels of CS incorporated into the complex and the formation of inter-crosslinking through entanglements between PEC units. This resulted in the production of strong and stiff PEC films and scaffolds appropriate for soft tissue implants. The PECs prepared at pH 7.4 and 9 also exhibited low swelling and mass loss, which was thought to be due to the high CS content and entanglements. From the range of samples tested, the PECs produced at pH 7.4 appeared to show the optimum combination of yield, stability and homogeneity for soft tissue implants. Biological studies were performed on CS, CRG and PECs prepared at pH 3, 5, 7.4 and 9. All of the PE and PEC films were found to be non-cytotoxic. When the response of three different cell types and a high binding affinity protein (tropoelastin) was evaluated; it was found that the CS-CRG PEC films displayed anti-adhesive properties. Based on these experimental observations and previous studies, a mechanistic model of the anti-adhesive behaviour of PEC surfaces was proposed. It was therefore concluded that the CS-CRG PECs produced might be suitable for non-biofouling applications.

Orientador: Ederio Dino Bidoia / Resumo: Os efluentes têxteis têm capacidade de proporcionar cor à água de rios e lagos devido aos corantes presentes em sua composição. Além dos problemas estéticos, outros compostos presentes nestes tipos de efluentes podem ser tóxicos à vida aquática. Os processos oxidativos avançados (POA) vem sendo estudados devido a vantagem de serem mais rápidos, produzirem menos resíduos e não demandarem de grandes áreas de instalação quando se comparado a tratamentos convencionais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a degradação de efluentes simulados contendo o corante Acid blue 40, o corante Acid red 151 e efluente misto contendo ambos os corantes por tratamento eletrolítico utilizando eletrodo de titânio recoberto por titânio/rutênio (70%TiO2/30%RuO2) com área de 40 cm² em um sistema de recirculação. Foi realizado planejamento experimental e por meio de análise de superfície de resposta, configurações de tratamentos otimizados foram realizadas. Foram realizadas análises de espectrofotometria, DQO, DBO, Cor, pH, cloro residual livre e condutividade durante os processos de tratamento. Análise de espectro de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) foi realizada de todos os tratamentos. Foi também verificada a geração de clorofórmio por meio de análise de cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Testes de ecotoxicidade com sementes de alface (Lactuca sativa) e rúcula (Eruca sativa) e com o microcrustáceo Artemia salina foram realizados durante os tratamentos. Teste de mut... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The textile effluents have the capacity to provide color to water from rivers and lakes due to the dyes present in their composition. In addition to aesthetic problems, other compounds present in these types of effluents can be toxic to the aquatic life. The advanced oxidative processes (AOP) have been studied due to the advantage of being faster, producing less waste and not having to spend large areas of installation when compared to conventional treatments. This work aimed at the degradation of simulated textile effluents containing the Acid blue 40 dye, Acid red 151 dye and a mixed effluent containing both dyes by electrolytic treatment using a titanium electrode covered by titanium/ruthenium (70%TiO2/30%RuO2) with an area of 40 cm² in a recirculating system. Experimental design was realized by the response surface the optimized configurations of the treatments were performed. Analysis of spectrophotometry, COD, BOD, color, pH, free residual chlorine and conductivity were performed during the treatment processes. Fourier transformed infrared spectrum analysis (FTIR) were performed in all treatments. The generation of chloroform was investigated by analysis of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ecotoxicity tests with seeds of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and arugula (Eruca sativa) and with the microcrustacean Artemia salina were performed for during treatments. Mutagenicity test was performed using the D7 strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The optimiz... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CintiaCC_DISSERT.pdf: 1504056 bytes, checksum: 13440ae86adf05b61136b7a79d592863 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The oil activity in the Rio Grande do Norte State (RN) is a permanent threat to coastal ecosystems, particularly mangroves, with the possibility of oil spills. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential resistance of the mangrove environment of a possible spill. Were selected and isolated microorganisms degrading oil by the technique of enrichment cultures and formation of a bacterial consortium. The kinetic study of the consortium was held in rotary incubator shaken at 150 rpm and 30? C. Samples were taken at intervals of 4 hours for analysis of cell concentration and surface tension. The biodegradation was monitored using two methods of respirometry: manometric (OxiTop-C ?) and conductivimetry, where the biodegradation of oil was estimated indirectly by oxygen consumption and CO2 production, respectively. Furthermore, it was used a full 2? factorial design with triplicate at central point to the runs that used the conductivimetric methodology.. The technique of enrichment cultures allowed to obtain thirteen bacterial strains. Kinetic study of the consortium, we can showed the absence of the lag phase, reaching a maximum cell concentration of 2.55 g / L at 16 h of cultivation and a reduction on surface tension. When we adopted the methodology of OxiTop-C was detected a band indicating biodegradability (1% oil v/v), however when we used the conductivimetry methodology did not observe any band that would indicate effective biodegradation. By monitoring a process of biodegradation is necessary to observe the methodology will be adopted to evaluate the biodegradation process, since for the same conditions adopted different methodologies can produce different results. The oil-degrading isolates from soils of the mangrove estuary Potengi / RN are largely to be used in bioremediation strategies of these places, in the case of a possible oil spill, or it can be used in the treatment of waste oil generated in saline environments, since they are optimized the conditions of the tests so that the efficiency of biodegradation reach the minimum level suggested by the standarts / A atividade petrol?fera do RN constitui uma amea?a permanente aos ecossistemas costeiros, principalmente os manguezais, com a possibilidade de derramamentos de ?leo. Neste contexto, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o potencial de resist?ncia do ambiente de manguezal a um poss?vel derramamento. Foram selecionados e isolados microrganismos degradadores de petr?leo pela t?cnica de enriquecimento de culturas e forma??o de um cons?rcio bacteriano. O estudo cin?tico do cons?rcio foi realizado em incubador rotativo sob agita??o de 150 rpm e temperatura de 30?C. As amostras foram retiradas em intervalos de 4h para an?lise da concentra??o celular e tens?o superficial. A biodegrada??o foi monitorada atrav?s de dois m?todos de respirometria: manom?trico (OxiTop-C?) e condutivimetria, nos quais a biodegradabilidade de petr?leo foi estimada indiretamente pelo consumo de oxig?nio e produ??o de CO2, respectivamente. Al?m disso, nos ensaios de condutivimetria foi realizado um planejamento fatorial completo 2? com triplicata no ponto central. Pela t?cnica de enriquecimento de culturas foram obtidas treze linhagens bacterianas. No estudo cin?tico do cons?rcio, pode-se observar aus?ncia da fase lag atingindo-se uma concentra??o celular m?xima de 2,55 g/L em 16 h de cultivo e queda da tens?o superficial. Quando adotou-se a metodologia do OxiTop-C foi detectado uma faixa que indica biodegradabilidade (1% de petr?leo v/v), no entanto quando utilizou-se a metodologia de condutivimetria n?o foi observado nenhuma faixa que indicasse biodegradabilidade efetiva. Ao monitorar um processo de biodegradabilidade ? necess?rio avaliar qual a metodologia ser? adotada para avaliar o processo de biodegrada??o, pois para as mesmas condi??es adotadas diferentes metodologias podem apresentar resultados divergentes. Os degradadores de petr?leo isolados do solo de mangue do estu?rio do Rio Potengi/RN podem vir a ser utilizados em estrat?gias de biorremedia??o desses lugares, no caso de um eventual derramamento de ?leo, ou ainda, podem ser empregados no tratamento de res?duos petrol?feros gerados em ambientes salinos, desde que sejam otimizadas as condi??es dos ensaios de modo que as efici?ncias de biodegrada??o atinjam o patamar m?nimo sugerido pelas normas

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-04-26T18:38:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Karina_Sanderson_2017.pdf: 3684654 bytes, checksum: 61d1f7f0f704e49f62966d42bae3ceae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-26T18:38:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karina_Sanderson_2017.pdf: 3684654 bytes, checksum: 61d1f7f0f704e49f62966d42bae3ceae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-13 / Power distribution companies constantly contaminate the environment with dielectric fluids due to power transformer failures and leaks. In this way, these fluids should be studied, as they may entail the vulnerability of the fauna and flora. In this sense, the objective of this work was to investigate the deleterious effects of vegetal and mineral dielectric fluids, through biodegradability, acute toxicity, chemical attributes and soil degradation (oils and greases) tests as well as soybean phytotechnical characteristics evaluation. In the tests of the immediate biodegradability, vegetal dielectric fluids of crambe, W3, W6 and W9 and one based on mineral oil (Lubrax) were studied. For the acute toxicity tests with Danio rerio and Artemia salina and the soil toxicity tests using soybean (Glycine max L.), the W3 and Lubrax dielectric fluid were used. The biodegradability analysis was evaluated by the action of microorganisms that transformed the sample into CO2, being measured by titulometry. For the acute toxicity studies, two distinct experiments were performed, where the organisms were exposed to different concentrations of the W3 and Lubrax dielectric fluids and to the FSA of the fluids. The FSA of W3 and Lubrax used in the Danio rerio assay were subjected to gas chromatography analysis. The acute toxicity tests with Danio rerio and Artemia salina were carried out in order to know the approximate range of fluid toxicity, taking into account the lower dilution that caused lethality in 50% of organisms (LC50). The soil chemical attributes analyzed were: pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, CTC and V. The content of oils and greases of the dielectric fluids was quantified by the Soxhlet type extraction method. For the phytothecnical evaluations, emergence, plant height, stem diameter, root length, root dry matter, number of pods and grains, and the mass of one thousand grains were analyzed. Vegetable dielectric fluids are biodegradable over a period of 14 days, while mineral oil is difficult to biodegrade. In the acute toxicity study, W3 had a lower LC50 than Lubrax, causing higher mortality in the organisms. The LC50 for the Danio rerio was 2.46 gL-1 (Lubrax) and 0.318 gL-1 (W3). For Artemia salina the LC50 was 4.63 gL-1 (Lubrax) and 0.641 gL-1 (W3). In relation to the FSA tests, the Lubrax one caused a greater toxic effect on the organisms, while the W3 had no toxic effect on 50% of organisms. The LC50 values for Lubrax were 4.89% for the Danio rerio and 7.67% for Artemia salina. Chromatographic analysis of FSA of the fluids was not conclusive, it only suggests that the toxicity may be related to the solubility of all the substances present in Lubrax and not only to the solubility of n-alkanes. The chemical attributes of the soil did not change significantly, only the carbon presented increasing variation in relation to the concentrations of the fluids. There was a reduction of the TOG during the agricultural years and the soils in the presence of W3 presented greater degradation than those with Lubrax. The increase in the concentration of the dielectric fluids caused a reduction in the phytotechnical characteristics of the soybean. Plants from soil contaminated with W3 showed better development compared to plants that were in soil contaminated with Lubrax. / As concessionárias de energia, constantemente, contaminam o meio ambiente com fluidos dielétricos, devido a falhas e vazamentos de transformadores de potência. Desta forma, estes fluidos devem ser estudados, pois podem pode implicar na vulnerabilidade da fauna e da flora. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos deletérios do fluido dielétrico vegetal e mineral, através de ensaios de biodegradabilidade, toxicidade aguda, ensaios dos atributos químicos e degradação (óleos e graxas) do solo e das avalições das características fitotécnicas da soja. Nos ensaios da biodegradabilidade imediata foram estudados os fluidos dielétricos vegetais de crambe, W3, W6 e W9 e um à base de óleo mineral (Lubrax). Para os ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Danio rerio e Artemia salina e para os ensaios de toxicidade em solo utilizando a soja (Glycine max L.), foram usados o fluido dielétrico W3 e o Lubrax. A análise da biodegradabilidade foi avaliada pela ação de microrganismos que transformaram a amostra em CO2, sendo medido por titulometria. Para os estudos da toxicidade aguda foram realizados dois experimentos distintos, onde os organismos foram expostos às diferentes concentrações de fluido dielétrico W3 e Lubrax e onde foram expostos à FSA dos fluidos. A FSA do W3 e Lubrax utilizado no ensaio com o Danio rerio foram submetida a análise de cromatografia gasosa. Os ensaios de toxicidade aguda com o Danio rerio e a Artemia salina foram realizados com o intuito de se conhecer a faixa aproximada de toxicidade dos fluidos, levando em consideração a menor diluição que causou letalidade em 50% dos organismos (CL50). As análises dos atributos químicos do solo foram: pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, CTC e V. O teor de óleos e graxas dos fluidos dielétricos foi quantificado pelo método de extração em aparelho tipo Soxhlet. Para as avaliações fitotécnicas da soja analisou-se a emergência, altura de planta, diâmetro do caule, comprimento radicular, matéria seca radicular, número de vagens e de grãos e a massa de mil grãos. Os fluidos dielétricos vegetais são biodegradáveis num período de 14 dias, enquanto o óleo mineral é difícil de ser biodegradado. No estudo da toxicidade aguda o W3 apresentou uma CL50 menor do que o Lubrax, causando maior mortalidade nos organismos. A CL50 para o Danio rerio foi de 2,46 gL-1 (Lubrax) e de 0,318 gL-1 (W3). Para a Artemia salina a CL50 foi de 4,63 gL-1 (Lubrax) e 0,641 gL-1 (W3). Em relação aos ensaios com a FSA, o Lubrax causou maior efeito tóxico aos organismos. O W3 não apresentou efeito tóxico a 50% dos organismos. Os valores da CL50 para o Lubrax foi de 4,89% para o Danio rerio e 7,67% Artemia salina. A análise cromatográfica da FSA dos fluidos não foi conclusiva, apenas sugere que a toxicidade pode estar relacionada com a solubilidade de todas as substâncias presentes no Lubrax e não apenas com a solubilidade dos n-alcanos. Os atributos químicos do solo não sofreram alterações significativas, apenas o carbono apresentou variação crescente em relação às concentrações dos fluidos. Houve redução do TOG durante os anos agrícolas e os solos em presença do W3 apresentaram maior degradação do que os em solos com Lubrax. O aumento da concentração dos fluidos dielétricos ocasionou redução nas características fitotécnicas da soja. As plantas em solo contaminadas com W3 apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento em relação às plantas que estavam no solo contaminado com Lubrax.

A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, instituída pela Lei Federal 12.305 em agosto de 2010 e regulamentada pelo Decreto 7.404, em 23 de dezembro de 2010, estabeleceu um novo paradigma na gestão e gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil. Entre as mudanças apresentadas, uma das mais relevantes é a que prioriza o não aterramento da fração orgânica e a recuperação energética dos resíduos. Por esse motivo, a busca por novas tecnologias para o tratamento desses resíduos tem sido intensificada nos últimos anos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho busca avaliar o potencial de se realizar estratégias para aclimatação de lodos anaeróbios em possíveis inoculações de biometanizadores alimentados com fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (FORSU). Foram analisados dois diferentes lodos, esses em função da decomposição e estabilização da FORSU por meio de ensaios de biodegradabilidade anaeróbia. O primeiro, lodo ETE (LE), foi coletado de um reator UASB, utilizado para tratamento de esgoto sanitário doméstico, já o segundo, lodo Aterro (LA), foi coletado de uma lagoa de acúmulo de lixiviados em um aterro sanitário desativado. Para os ensaios, utilizaram-se frascos Duran® de 250 mL, incubados a 35°C, considerando-se a co-digestão nas seguintes relações resíduo/inóculo (R0/I0): 1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 e 1/1 gSTVresíduo.gSTVinóculo-1. As estratégias de aclimatação consistiram em manter o inóculo para as próximas bateladas, bem como, dobrar as relações (R0/I0) com sucessivas alimentações realizadas em três bateladas sequenciais. Para que fossem possíveis o controle e a verificação do processo ao longo das bateladas, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas, cinéticas e de atividade metanogênica específica (AME). Os inóculos adaptaram-se de imediato à FORSU, tendo sido verificada produção crescente de metano já nos primeiros dias dos testes. Os melhores resultados do potencial bioquímico de metano foram obtidos pelas menores relações (R0/I0) para ambos os inóculos. As maiores relações (R0/I0) influenciaram negativamente o desempenho do processo de biometanização para o inóculo LE, verificada pelas menores taxas máximas de rendimento de metano e maiores fase lag. Para o inóculo LA, ao final do processo de aclimatação foi verificado maior índice de diversidade para o Domínio Archaea, corroborando com os resultados obtidos pela quantidade de micro-organismos metanogênicos. Essas verificações se deram por meio de análises de microscopia óptica e pelos maiores valores obtidos nos testes de AME. Destarte, conclui-se que a estratégia de aclimatação se utilizando das menores relações (R0/I0): 1/16, 1/8 e 1/4 para o inóculo LA, possui o maior potencial, sendo esse na inoculação em maiores relações (R0/I0) na partida de biometanizadores alimentados com fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, logo, garantindo-se efetividade no processo. / The National Policy on Solid Waste, instituted by Federal Law 12,305 in august 2010 and regulated by Decree 7404, on december 23, 2010, established a new paradigm in the management of solid waste in Brazil. Among the changes presented, one of the most relevant is the one that prioritizes the non-grounding of the organic fraction and the energy recovery of the waste. For this reason, the search for new technologies for the treatment of this waste has been intensified in recent years. In this context, the objective of this work is to evaluate the potential of strategies for acclimatization of anaerobic sludge in possible inoculations of biomethanizers fed with organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). Two different sludges were analyzed, as a function of the decomposition and stabilization of OFMSW by anaerobic biodegradability tests. The first, ETE sludge (LE), was collected from a UASB reactor, used to treat domestic sanitary sewage, while the second, Aterro sludge (LA) was collected from a pond of leachate accumulation in a deactivated landfill. For the tests, 250 ml Duran® flasks incubated at 35°C were used, considering co-digestion in the following residue/inoculum ratios (R0/I0): 1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 and 1/1 gSTVresidue.gSTVinoculum-1. The acclimation strategies consisted in maintaining the inoculum for the next batch, as well as doubling the ratios (R0/I0) with successive feedings performed in three sequential batches. In order to control and verify the process throughout the batch, physical-chemical, microbiological, kinetic and specific methanogenic activity (SMA) analyzes were performed. The inocula immediately adapted to OFMSW, and there was a growing production of methane already in the first days of the tests. The best results of the biochemical potential of methane were obtained by the lower ratios (R0/I0) for both inoculum. The higher ratios (R0/I0) negatively influenced the performance of the biomethanization process for the LE inoculum, verified by the lower maximum methane yield rates and higher lag phase. For the inoculum LA, at the end of the acclimation process, a higher diversity index was verified for the Archaea Domain, corroborating with the results obtained by a number of methanogenic microorganisms. These tests were carried out by means of optical microscopy and the highest values obtained in the SMA tests. Therefore, it is concluded that the acclimation strategy using the lowest ratios (R0/I0): 1/16, 1/8 and 1/4 for the inoculum LA, has the highest potential, being inoculated at higher rates (R0/I0) at the start of biomethanizers fed with organic fraction of municipal solid waste, thus, ensuring effectiveness in the process.

Des produits de consommation de première nécessité aux produits les plus fortuits, l'emballage, en particulier plastique, constitue aujourd'hui un élément indispensable de notre vie quotidienne. Son utilisation intensive dans le domaine agroalimentaire pour un usage unique à courte durée de vie incite aujourd'hui à s'orienter vers de nouveaux matériaux d'origine renouvelable et biodégradables, aux caractéristiques similaires que leurs homologues issus des ressources fossiles. Les mélanges à base de biopolymères et de biopolyesters peuvent être une bonne alternative. Dans ce présent travail de thèse, des mélanges de farine de blé, thermoplastifiée par du glycérol et de l'eau, et des polyesters biosourcés et biodégradables tels que le PLA et/ou le PHB ont été obtenus par extrusion bivis et moulés par injection thermoplastique. Les caractéristiques thermiques, thermomécaniques dynamiques, morphologiques, mécaniques et barrières de ces nouveaux matériaux ont été étudiés. De l'acide citrique a été utilisé comme agent de compatibilisant pour améliorer l'interface amidon/PLA. Les différentes investigations nous ont permis de mettre au point différents types de formulations aux caractéristiques mécaniques et barrières à la vapeur d'eau intéressantes pour la fabrication de corps de barquettes d'emballage alimentaire de denrées périssables comme la viande ou les fromages. L'aptitude au contact alimentaire des matériaux farine thermoplastifiée/polyester et l'impact de l'incorporation des polyesters sur la biodégradabilité de ces matériaux ont également été étudiés. / From basic and essential to unnecessary and optional consumer products, packaging, particularly plastic, is today an indispensable part of our daily life. Its extensive use in the food industry for a single use and for a short shelf-life encourages us today to move towards new renewable and biodegradable materials with similar characteristics than their counterparts from fossil resources. Biopolymers and biopolyesters blends can be a good alternative. Within the framework of this present work, wheat flour, thermoplasticised by glycerol and water, and biobased and biodegradable polyesters such as PLA and/or PHB, were blended using an industrial twin screw extruder and were injection-molded into thermoplastic materials. Thermal, dynamic thermomechanical, morphological, mechanical and barriers properties of these new materials were studied. Citric acid was used as a compatibilizer to improve the interface starch/PLA. The different investigations have allowed us to develop various types of formulations, with mechanical characteristics and barrier properties to water vapor, very attractive for manufacturing plastic food packaging which can be used for meats or cheeses. Food contact suitability and biodegradability of thermoplasticised wheat flour/polyester materials have also studied.

L’objectif de ces travaux de recherche était de synthétiser de mousses polyuréthane (PUF) bio-basées à partir d’oligomères hydroxytéléchéliques issus du caoutchouc naturel (HTNR) ou à partir de poudrettes de pneus usagés (HTWT) et du diol de la polycaprolactone (PCL) comme segments soft. Les paramètres étudiés ont été le type de polyol et le rapport molaire entre HTNR/PCL et HTWT/PCL. La masse molaire de HTNR, HTWT et PCL étaient respectivement 1,800, 1400 et 2000 g/mol. L’effet du rapport molaire HTNR/PCL et HTWT/PCL (1/0, 1/0/5/, 1/1, et 0.5/1) sur la vitesse de formation des mousses et sur les propriétés chimiques et physiques a été étudié. Les structures chimiques de HTNR, HTWT et PUF ont été confirmées par FTIR et 1H-RMN. Le diol de la PCL était le plus réactif donc augmentant le contenu de PCL-diol la vitesse de formation des mousses a augmenté. La densité des mousses a changé légèrement avec le rapport molaire cependant la résistance à la traction reste dans la même gamme. Le diamètre moyen des cellules a augmenté en fonction du contenu de PCL-diol et la tendance inverse a été observée pour l’allongement à la rupture et la résistance à la compression. L’observation au microscope électronique à balayage (MEB) a montré que les mousses basées sur les HTNR étaient alvéolées et fermées. La biodégradabilité a été évaluée selon le test de Sturm. Polyéthylène à baisse densité et benzoate de sodium ont été utilisés respectivement comme témoins négatif et positif. Les mousses ont montré une période d’induction de 33 jours dans lequel le pourcentage de dégradation était ~ 7-10%. La biodégradation de PUF contenant seulement HTNR a été 8.4% après 28 jours et 31.89% après 60 jours ; les PUF contenants 1/0.5 HTNR/PCL ont montré un pourcentage supérieure : 11.31% après 28 jours et 45.6% après 60 jours. Le rapport molaire HTWT/PCL a influencé beaucoup la vitesse de formation des mousses et leur morphologie. Cellules fermées de forme polyédrique ont été observé par microscopie électronique à balayage. Les résultats de l’analyse thermogravimétrique ont montré que l’addition du diol de la PCL a augmenté la température de dégradation. Il a été observé qu’une basse vitesse de réaction génère des mousses à haute densité, petit diamètre de cellule et haute distribution des diamètres. La biodégradation des PUF contenant seulement HTWT a été 31.2% après 28 jours et 51.3% après 60 jours, tandis que les PUF contenant 1/0.5 HTWT/PCL ont montré une dégradation plus élevée : 39.1% après 28 jours et 64.3% après 60 jours. La vitesse de formation des mousses basées sur les HTWT était supérieure à celle des mousses basées sur les HTNR. Toutes les mousses basées sur les HTWT ont une densité supérieure et une taille de cellule inférieure à celles basées sur HTNR. La structure des cellules des mousses basées sur les HTNR ou HTWT était différente cependant toutes les mousses ont montré des cellules quasi complètement fermées. Les mousses basées sur les HTWT ont montré des propriétés thermiques et de biodégradation meilleures par rapport aux mousses basées sur les HTNR. / The aim of this research was to prepare a bio-based polyurethane foam (PUF) containing hydroxyl telechelic oligomers from natural rubber (HTNR) and waste tire crumbs (HTWT) and polycaprolactone diol (PCL) as soft segments. The studied parameters included type of polyols and molar ratio between HTNR/PCL and HTWT/PCL. The molecular weight of HTNR and HTWT derived from 1H-NMR spectra were 1,800 and 1,400 g/mol, respectively. The molecular weight of PCL diol was 2000 g/mol. The effect of HTNR/PCL and HTWT/PCL molar ratio (1/0, 1/0.5, 1/1 and 0.5/1) on the foam formation rate and physical and chemical properties of the resulting PUF was investigated. The chemical structure of HTNR, HTWT and PUF were confirmed by FTIR and 1H-NMR. PCL diol provided faster reaction, thus higher PCL diol content showed higher foam formation rate. The foam density slightly changed with the molar ratio whereas the specific tensile strength of all samples was in the same range. The average diameter of cell increased with increasing contents of PCL diol. The addition of PCL diol resulted in reduced elongation at break and compressive strength. The cellular structure observed by SEM micrographs of HTNR based foams showed an almost closed cell. The biodegradability was assessed according to a modified Sturm test. Low density polyethylene and sodium benzoate were used as a negative and positive control sample, respectively. PUF samples showed an induction time of 33 days in which the percentage of biodegradation was  7-11%. The biodegradation of PUF containing only HTNR was 8.4% and 31.89% at 28 days and 60 days of testing respectively whereas the PUF containing 1/0.5 HTNR/PCL (by mole) showed a higher biodegradation: 11.31% and 45.6% at 28 days and 60 days of testing respectively. The molar ratio of HTWT/PCL strongly affected the kinetic rate of foam formation and foam morphology. According to SEM micrographs, polyhedral closed cells were observed. The addition of the PCL diol increased the thermal degradation temperature of the PUF based on TGA results. A low kinetic rate provided PUF with a high density, small cell size and a broad cell size distribution. The biodegradation of PUF containing only HTWT was 31.2% and 51.3% at 28 days and 60 days of testing respectively whereas the PUF containing 1/0.5 HTWT/PCL diols (by mole) showed a higher biodegradation: 39.1% and 64.3% at 28 days and 60 days of testing respectively. The foam formation rate of HTWT based PUF was higher than the one of HTNR based PUF. All HTWT based PUF have a higher density than HTNR based PUF. The HTWT based PUF had an inferior cell size in comparison to HTNR based PUF. The cellular structure of HTNR based and HTWT based PUF were different, but all PUFs showed almost closed cells. The HTWT based PUF had a higher thermal degradation temperature and biodegradation properties than foams from HTNR. / วัตถุประสงค์ของงานวิจัยนี้ เพื่อทำการเตรียมโฟมพอลิยูรีเทนชีวภาพ (PUF) จากยางธรรมชาติดัดแปรที่มีหมู่ปลายไฮดรอกซิล (HTNR) ยางคลัมบ์ดัดแปรที่มีหมู่ปลาย ไฮดรอกซิล (HTWT) และพอลิคาโปรแลคโทน (PCL) ศึกษาผลของชนิดพอลิออล และสัดส่วนโดยโมลระหว่าง HTNR/PCL และ HTWT/PCL ที่สัดส่วน 1/0, 1/0.5, 1/1 และ 0.5/1 โดยโมล นํ้าหนักโมเลกุลของ HTNR, HTWT และ PCL ที่ใช้สำหรับงานวิจัยนี้ คำนวณจาก 1H-NMR คือ 1,800, 1,400 และ 2,000 g/mol ตามลำดับ ลักษณะโครงสร้างทางเคมีของ HTNR, HTWT และPUF สามารถวิเคราะห์และยืนยันด้วยเทคนิค FTIR และ 1H-NMR รวมถึงทำการวัดอัตราการก่อโฟม (Foam formation rate) ทดสอบสมบัติทางกายภาพ ทางเคมี และสมบัติการย่อยสลายทางชีวภาพ พบว่าในกรณีของโฟมพอลิยูรีเทนจาก HTNR/PCL เมื่อใช้ PCL ในปริมาณที่มากขึ้นจะส่งผลให้อัตราการก่อโฟมเร็วขึ้น และขนาดของเซลโฟมมีขนาดใหญ่ขึ้นด้วย ในขณะที่ค่าความหนาแน่น และความต้านทานต่อแรงดึงจำเพาะมีการเปลี่ยนแปลงเล็กน้อย การเติม PCL ในส่วนผสมของโฟมยังส่งผลให้ความสามารถในการยืด ณ จุดขาด และความทนทานต่อการกดมีค่าลดลง การคืนตัวหลังการกดของโฟม PUF2 (สัดส่วนระหว่าง HTNR/PCL = 1/0.5) จะให้ค่าตํ่าที่สุดคือ 40% ลักษณะของโฟมที่ได้จากการทดลองนี้โดยส่วนใหญ่จะเป็นแบบเซลปิด ความสามารถในการย่อยสลายทางชีวภาพของโฟม ทดสอบโดยใช้วิธี Sturm Test มี LDPE เป็นตัวเปรียบเทียบเชิงลบ และใช้ Sodium benzoate เป็นตัวเปรียบเทียบเชิงบวก พบว่าโฟมเริ่มมีการย่อยสายเกิดขึ้นอย่างเห็นได้ชัดที่เวลา 33 วัน มีเปอร์เซ็นต์การย่อยสลายในช่วง 7-11 เปอร์เซ็นต์ เปอร์เซ็นต์การย่อยสลายของโฟมจาก HTNR (PUF1) อยู่ที่ระดับ 8.4 และ 31.89 เปอร์เซ็นต์ และเปอร์เซ็นต์การย่อยสลายของโฟมจาก HTNR/PCL (1/0.5) อยู่ที่ระดับ 11.31 และ 45.6 เปอร์เซ็นต์ ที่เวลาในการทดสอบ 28 และ 60 วัน ตามลำดับ กรณีของโฟมพอลิยูรีเทนจาก HTWT/PCL เมื่อใช้ PCL ในปริมาณที่มากขึ้นจะส่งผลให้ค่าความหนาแน่นสูงขึ้น ขนาดของเซลโฟมลดลงมีการกระจายของเซลในวงกว้างไม่สมํ่าเสมอ เปอร์เซ็นต์การย่อยสลายทางชีวภาพของโฟมจาก HTWT (PUF5) อยู่ที่ระดับ 31.2 และ 51.3 เปอร์เซ็นต์ และเปอร์เซ็นต์การย่อยสลายของโฟมจาก HTWT/PCL (1/0.5) อยู่ที่ระดับ 39.1 และ 64.3 เปอร์เซ็นต์ ที่เวลาในการทดสอบ 28 และ 60 วัน ตามลำดับ เมื่อทำการเปรียบเทียบโฟมที่ได้จากการเตรียมโดยใช้พอลิออลหลักเป็น HTNR และ HTWT พบว่าโฟมจากพอลิออลหลัก HTWT ให้อัตราการก่อตัวของโฟมเร็วกว่า ขนาดของเซลโฟมเล็กกว่า ความหนาแน่น ความต้านทานต่อความร้อน และเปอร์เซ็นต์การย่อยสลายทางชีวภาพสูงกว่า เมื่อเทียบกับโฟมจากพอลิออลหลัก HTNR

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El acceso a fuentes de energía moderna en las áreas rurales de la región andina es uno de los factores principales para disminuir la pobreza ya que su acceso proporcionaría beneficios ambientales, económicos y sociales. Pese a los esfuerzos de buscar fuentes alternativas para subsanar el déficit energético, aún existen millones de personas que sufren la falta de accesibilidad a fuentes de energía moderna, situación que se debe a los altos niveles de pobreza bajo los cuales se encuentran inmersos. Junto a este inconveniente se suma el enorme incremento de residuos agrícolas en las comunidades andinas. Residuos que provienen de las actividades agrícolas, y que podrían ser perjudiciales para el medio ambiente si no se toman medidas adecuadas. Lamentablemente, en muchos países en desarrollo donde se generan grandes cantidades de estos residuos, se sabe poco sobre sus posibles riesgos y beneficios si no se gestionan adecuadamente. Uno de los enfoques más interesantes para abordar esta problemática, es el desarrollo de la gestión sostenible de los residuos orgánicos agrícolas de la región, transformándolos en recursos para la generación de energía renovable (biogás) y fertilizantes orgánicos (digestato). Esta solución permitiría dar una valorización energética a los residuos de la agricultura de la zona, sobre la cual basan su economía, y a la vez contribuiría a una mayor gestión de los residuos evitando el incremento de la contaminación ambiental. Con la finalidad de contribuir al desarrollo energético y mejorar el paradigma de la gestión de residuos en el área andina de Guaranda (Ecuador), la presente Tesis Doctoral aborda la evaluación del potencial bioquímico de metano (BMP) de los residuos orgánicos agrícolas de la región. Se realiza una cuantificación sistemática de la producción de biogás mediante la transformación bioquímica de residuos orgánicos agrícolas, que comprenden: sustratos principales (residuos de estiércol de vicuña, llama y cuy, y residuos de matadero de ganado vacuno) y cosustratos (residuos de paja de amaranto, quinua y trigo). El objetivo general de esta investigación de doctorado se ha llevado a cabo en cuatro fases: (I) Caracterización de la materia prima mediante el análisis elemental y proximal a través de los cuáles se estimó el rendimiento teórico y la biodegradabilidad de los sustratos y cosustratos, (II) Rendimiento de la codigestión de residuos orgánicos agrícolas con mezclas de lodos de aguas residuales en biodigestores batch, (III) Análisis de los efectos sinérgicos y antagónicos durante la monodigestión y codigestión de las materias primas y (IV) Evaluación de la cinética microbiana de la digestión anaerobia mediante los modelos de Gompertz modificado, transferencia, ecuación logística, modelo del cono y Richards modificado. En la caracterización fisicoquímica se determinó que las relaciones SV/ST de los sustratos y cosustratos oscilaron entre 58 y 77% con una relación C/N entre 12 y 102, lo que indicó que estos residuos son materias primas adecuadas para la producción de metano. En todos los ensayos un aumento de la cantidad de inóculo mejoró la biodegradabilidad de los sustratos y por consiguiente la producción metano; así, en la monodigestión se tuvo incrementos de hasta 90% y en la codigestión incrementos del 71%. Todas las mezclas produjeron efectos sinérgicos, donde los mayores porcentajes de metano se dieron cuando las mezclas de residuos de amaranto, quinua y trigo fueron del 50 y 75% de sólidos volátiles. Independientemente de la SIR1:1 y la SIR 1:2 se mejoró la producción de metano de la codigestión al incrementar el porcentaje de cosustrato especialmente de residuos de amaranto y quinua. Los mejores resultados de todos los ensayos realizados se obtuvieron en los biodigestores compuestos por residuos de matadero y residuos de quinua, donde se obtuvieron producciones de metano entre 581 y 555 ml / [CA] L'accés a fonts d'energia moderna en les àrees rurals de la regió andina és un dels factors principals per a disminuir la pobresa ja que el seu accés proporcionaria beneficis ambientals, econòmics i socials. Malgrat els esforços de buscar fonts alternatives per a esmenar el dèficit energètic, encara existeixen milions de persones que pateixen la falta d'accessibilitat a fonts d'energia moderna, situació que es deu als alts nivells de pobresa sota els quals es troben immersos. Al costat d'aquest inconvenient se suma l'enorme increment de residus agrícoles en les comunitats andines. Residus que provenen de les activitats agrícoles, i que podrien ser perjudicials per al medi ambient si no es prenen mesures adequades. Lamentablement, en molts països en desenvolupament on es generen grans quantitats d'aquests residus, se sap poc sobre els seus possibles riscos i beneficis si no es gestionen adequadament. Un dels enfocaments més interessants per a abordar aquesta problemàtica, és el desenvolupament de la gestió sostenible dels residus orgànics agrícoles de la regió, transformant-los en recursos per a la generació d'energia renovable (biogàs) i fertilitzants orgànics (digestato). Aquesta solució permetria donar una valorització energètica als residus de l'agricultura de la zona, sobre la qual basen la seua economia, i alhora contribuiria a una major gestió dels residus evitant l'increment de la contaminació ambiental. Amb la finalitat de contribuir al desenvolupament energètic i millorar el paradigma de la gestió de residus en l'àrea andina de Guaranda (l'Equador), la present Tesi Doctoral aborda l'avaluació del potencial bioquímic de metà (BMP) dels residus orgànics agrícoles de la regió. Es realitza una quantificació sistemàtica de la producció de biogàs mitjançant la transformació bioquímica de residus orgànics agrícoles que comprenen: substrats principals (residus de fem de vicunya, flama i cuy, i residus d'escorxador de bestiar boví), *cosustratos (residus de palla d'amarant, quinua i blat). L'objectiu general d'aquesta investigació de doctorat s'ha dut a terme en quatre fases: (I) caracterització de la matèria primera mitjançant l'anàlisi elemental i proximal a través dels quals es va estimar el rendiment teòric i la biodegradabilitat dels substrats i cosustratos, (II) Rendiment de la codigestión de residus orgànics agrícoles amb mescles de llots d'aigües residuals en biodigestores batch, (III) Anàlisis dels efectes sinèrgics i antagònics durant la monodigestión i codigestión de les matèries primeres i (IV) Avaluació de la cinètica microbiana de la digestió anaeròbia mitjançant els models de Gompertz modificat, transferència, equació logística, model del con i Richards modificat. En la caracterització fisicoquímica es va determinar que les relacions SV/ST dels substrats i cosustratos van oscil·lar entre 58 i 77% amb una relació C/N entre 12 i 102, la qual cosa va indicar que aquests residus són matèries primeres adequades per a la producció de metà. En tots els assajos un augment de la quantitat d'inòcul va millorar la biodegradabilitat dels substrats i per consegüent la producció metà; així, en la monodigestión es va tindre increments de fins a 90% i en la codigestión increments del 71%. Totes les mescles van produir efectes sinèrgics, on els majors percentatges de metà es van donar quan les mescles de residus d'amarant, quinua i blat van ser del 50 i 75% de sòlids volàtils. Independentment de la SIR1:1 i la SIR 1:2 es va millorar la producció de metà de la codigestión en incrementar el percentatge de cosustrato especialment de residus d'amarant i quinua. Els millors resultats de tots els assajos realitzats es van obtindre en els biodigestores compostos per residus d'escorxador i residus de quinua, on es van obtindre produccions de metà entre 581 i 555 ml/g VS. / [EN] Access to modern energy sources in rural areas of the Andean region is one of the main factors to reduce poverty, since its access would provide environmental, economic and social benefits. Despite efforts to find alternative sources to correct the energy deficit, there are still millions of people who suffer from the lack of accessibility to modern energy sources, a situation that is due to the high levels of poverty under which they are immersed. Along with this inconvenience is added the enormous increase in agricultural residues in the Andean communities. Waste that comes from agricultural activities, and that could be harmful to the environment if adequate measures are not taken. Unfortunately, in many developing countries where large amounts of these wastes are generated, little is known about their potential risks and benefits if not managed properly. One of the most interesting approaches to address this problem is the development of sustainable management of agricultural organic waste in the region, transforming it into resources for the generation of renewable energy (biogas) and organic fertilizers (digestate). This solution would allow to give an energetic recovery to the agricultural residues of the area, on which they base their economy, and at the same time would contribute to a better management of the residues avoiding the increase of environmental pollution. To contribute to energy development and improve the paradigm of waste management in the Andean area of Guaranda (Ecuador), this Doctoral Thesis addresses the evaluation of the biochemical potential of methane (BPM) of agricultural organic waste in the region. A systematic quantification of biogas production is carried out through the biochemical transformation of agricultural organic waste that includes main substrates (vicuña, llama and guinea pig manure residues, and cattle slaughterhouse residues) and co-substrates (amaranth straw residues), quinoa and wheat). The general objective of this doctoral research has been carried out in four phases: (I) characterization of the raw material through elemental and proximal analysis through which the theoretical performance and biodegradability of substrates and co-substrates were estimated, (II) Performance of the co-digestion of agricultural organic waste with mixtures of sewage sludge in batch biodigesters, (III) Analysis of synergistic and antagonistic effects during monodigestion and co-digestion of raw materials and (IV) Evaluation of microbial kinetics of anaerobic digestion using modified Gompertz models, transfer, logistic equation, cone model and modified Richards. In the physicochemical characterization it was determined that the VS/TS ratios of the substrates and co-substrates ranged between 58 and 77% with a C/N ratio between 12 and 102, which indicated that these wastes are suitable raw materials to produce methane. In all the tests an increase in the amount of inoculum improved the biodegradability of the substrates and consequently the methane production; thus, in monodigestion there were increases of up to 90% and in co-digestion increases of 71%. All the mixtures produced synergistic effects, where the highest percentages of methane occurred when the mixtures of amaranth, quinoa and wheat residues were 50 and 75% volatile solids. Regardless of SIR1:1 and SIR 1:2, the production of methane from co-digestion was improved by increasing the percentage of co-substrate, especially amaranth and quinoa residues. The best results of all the tests carried out were obtained in the biodigesters composed of slaughterhouse waste and quinoa waste, where methane productions between 581 and 555 ml/g VS were obtained. Regarding the kinetic modelling of the anaerobic digestion process, it was found that all the models fit the experimental values quite well with the predicted ones. In the monodigestion, in all the logistic models, the calculated asymptotes were adjusted very precisely for the specific yield (Me / This work has been carried out within the framework of the project “Analysis of the implementation of biomass exploitation chains in rural communities in the province of Bolívar (Ecuador)” of the ADSIEO-COOPERATION program of the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV). The Ecuadorian Energy Exploitation Research Network of Biomass (ECUMASA) and the IBEROMASA Network (719RT0586) of the IberoAmerican Program of Science and Technology for Development (CYTED) have participated in this program / Meneses Quelal, WO. (2021). Optimization of Anaerobic Codigestion Processes of Lignocellulosic Materials of Difficult Degradation with Residues from Andean Livestock [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171722 / TESIS / Compendio