Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-08-01Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:48:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000814103.pdf: 1452849 bytes, checksum: f707e4a021ff215d257253f7436bc0c8 (MD5) / As relações evolutivas da Ordem Carnivora são extensivamente estudadas e contraditórias, principalmente entre os caniformes. Embora as filogenias baseadas em dados moleculares tenham feito uma contribuição importante, elas também podem ser comparadas a reconstruções usando outros tipos de caracteres, como comportamentais. O comportamento vem conquistando espaço no cenário da biologia evolutiva, e entre os comportamentos exibidos pelos animais, a autolimpeza se apresenta como uma boa fonte de caracteres filogenéticos. Este estudo teve como objetivo reconstruir uma filogenia das principais Famílias de carnívoros caniformes usando o comportamento de autolimpeza como caractere. Foi criada uma reconstrução filogenética por meio de caracteres moleculares como forma de comparação e evidência adicional. Nas análises comportamentais, excetuando-se os representantes dos grupos externos, uma grande politomia é o resultado para os demais terminais analisados. Os terminais dentro dessa politomia, no entanto, apresentam algumas relações interessantes e com grande sustentação em verificações de bootstrap e jackknife. Os resultados com dados moleculares, nos quais foram empregados setores específicos do gene citocromo b mostraram uma filogenia clássica da Subordem, exceto no que diz respeito à posição do representante da Família Canidae, mas com baixo suporte em verificação bootstrap em alguns ramos, exceto no que diz respeito à posição do representante da Família Canidae. A rápida radiação adaptativa, bem como especiação recente e grande diversidade ecológica dos grupos do estudo representam dificuldades ao se tentar estabelecer o exato relacionamento entre as espécies, independente dos dados biológicos utilizados para reconstrução filogenética. / The evolutionary relationships inside the Order Carnivora are extensively studied and sometimes contradictory, especially among caniforms. Although phylogenies based on molecular data have made a significant contribution, they can also be compared to reconstructions using other types of characters, such as the behavioral ones. Behavior has aided space on the current state of evolutionary biology, and among the various possible behaviors exhibited by animals, grooming is a very good source of phylogenetic characters. Grooming has stereotyped patterns and it has been shown that differences in patterns of grooming are observable between closely related species, which makes it a good source of phylogenetic characters. Thus this study aimed to reconstruct a phylogeny of the major families of caniforms carnivores using the grooming behavior as character. A molecular phylogenetic reconstruction was created for comparison and also as further evidence. In the behavioral reconstruction, except for the representatives of the external groups, it resulted a large polytomy. Terminals within this polytomy, however, present some interesting and highly bootstrap and jackknife supported associations. The results with molecular data, in which specific sectors of the cytochrome b gene were employed, showed a classical phylogeny of the suborder, except for the position of the Canidae‟s representative, but with low bootstrap support in most branches. Rapid adaptive radiation, recent speciation and great ecological diversity of the studied group turn difficult to establish the exact relationship between the terminals, independent of the biological data used.

Deep-sea systems are understudied compared to any other ecological system on Earth, but they are important for ecosystem functioning and services. The deep sea is important in the climatic regulation of Earth, and it is a new frontier for resource provisioning for humanity. Impacts, such as increased carbon emissions and deep-sea fishing and mining will likely influence the system, but these effects are not well understood. To recognise these impacts, common patterns in community structure need to be understood. This study aims to assess community structure in the deep sea by looking at patterns in body size and biodiversity. It uses polychaetes (bristle worms) as a study group as they are the most abundant group in the benthic macrofauna in terms of density and play key roles in the food web. Body size is an important component of the community structure, as body size is correlated with many other traits of the organism, from physiological rates (e.g. heart or breathing rates) to population dynamics (e.g. production rates or population abundances) and species richness. It is thought that body size of deep-sea (endo)benthic organisms declines with increasing depth, which is often related to food availability which itself declines with increasing depth. Many contradictory results on body-size change with increasing depth, however, have been reported, including no change, increasing, or a parabolic relationship. It is demonstrated here (Chapter 2) that there is much variety in body-size estimates between different geographic regions and taxonomic groups. These differences can ultimately influence the predictions of other traits, and might hint at what might happen in changing climatic conditions. It sets the basis to argue that there should be a focus on explaining why there are differences, instead of focusing on finding a general trend for organisms in all geographical regions. Furthermore, it is unlikely that food availability alone can explain a change in body size. An alternative explanation is offered (Chapter 3), where habitat complexity is shown to influence body size. Sponge density, in the form of habitat complexity, can have a structuring effect on the community potentially through the loss of spicules that add complexity to soft-sediments, and this in turn can influence body size of organisms. Deep-sea community structure in terms of family richness has been studied at local spatial scale. Fewer studies have been performed on regional spatial scale and these studies lack extensive sampling coverage of environmental gradients. Here (Chapter 4), the first study is presented on the maintenance of deep-sea family composition on regional scale with high sampling coverage along a variety of environmental gradients. It is shown that energy (food) availability, habitat complexity, and long-term temperature are important in influencing the polychaete distribution in this region. It is shown that there is an unusual high proportion of an opportunistic group, the Capitellidae, present in the study area. Biodiversity is important for the maintenance of ecosystem functioning, but human impacts result in the restructuring of biodiversity. The first deep-sea biodiversity - ecosystem functioning relationship for macrofauna is presented (Chapter 5). It is shown that there is a positive and saturating relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. However, fishing intensity seems to influence this relationship by potentially affecting secondary biomass production, abundance and taxonomic and functional diversity measures. It is suggested that as the disturbance of fishing negatively impacts taxonomic and functional evenness, a system is created where opportunistic species are dominant, like communities found in disturbed areas such as under fish farms. This will have consequences for the state of the system and energy transfer to trophic levels higher up.

Orientadora: Mirian Cláudia Lourenção Simonetti / Co-orientador: Agnaldo dos Santos / Banca: Francisco Luiz Corsi / Banca: Mohamed Ezz El Din Mostafa Habib / Resumo: As disputas pelo acesso à biodiversidade e aos conhecimentos tradicionais no Brasil, não são resolvidas de forma muito simples, tendo em vista que, não se trata somente de garantir o direito de marcas e patentes, para os cientistas e para os empresários das multinacionais, tanto na produção biotecnológica, quanto na produção industrial em larga escala. O problema encontra-se principalmente no modo de apropriação monopolística, tanto dos recursos biológicos, quanto dos conhecimentos aplicados a eles, que resultam na prática da biopirataria e no desgaste sócio-ambiental. Por outro lado, os bens intangíveis são cada vez mais importantes para as estratégias das grandes empresas. Trata-se, portanto, de conflitos relacionados: à soberania e à regulação nacional e internacional. Para demonstrar os mecanismos, os conflitos, os aspectos legais, os aspectos sociais, os benefícios específicos em disputa, a questão da preservação da biodiversidade e dos modos de vida de comunidades tradicionais e indígenas, foi estudada a disputa pelo cupuaçu, no período de 2002 a 2012. / Abstract: Disputes over access to biodiversity and traditional knowledge in Brazil, are not resolved very simply, with a view that it is not only to guarantee the right of trademarks and patents, for scientists and entrepreneurs of multinationals in both production biotechnology, as the industrial-scale production. The problem lies mainly in the way of monopolistic ownership of both biological resources, knowledge as applied to them, resulting in the practice of biopiracy and socio-environmental degradation. Moreover, intangible assets are increasingly important to the strategies of large firms. It is therefore related conflicts: the sovereignty and the national and international regulation. To demonstrate the mechanisms, conflicts, legal aspects, social aspects, the specific benefits in dispute, the question of the preservation of biodiversity and the livelihoods of indigenous and traditional communities, the competition for cupuaçu was studied from 2002 to 2012. / Mestre

The increased movement of plants around the world is a serious and impactful environmental consequence of increased human dominance globally. Some of these plants will become established in new areas, some will proliferate, and some will become invasive causing environmental and socio-economic damage. Environmental processes contribute to plants becoming introduced, established and invasive. However, humans have an increasingly important role in all stages of the invasion process. In particular, the social processes that shape decision making, such as knowledge, risk perceptions, values and attitudes, can influence people’s behaviour that might lead to increased or decreased spread of invasive non-native plants (INNP). The social processes contributing to individual decision-making can be particularly influential in domestic gardens as it is the individual(s) responsible for that garden that decides how it is managed. Furthermore, the socio-economic impacts of INNP can be particularly acute in domestic gardens. In addition to the direct impacts of INNP in domestic gardens, an increase of their abundance therein could be detrimental to the health and well-being benefits gardens can provide, such as increased connectedness to nature. Invasion ecology is a rapidly growing area of research, however, key gaps in knowledge remain. In particular, little research has been done on INNP in domestic gardens and the perceptions of risk people have about the impacts they can have therein. This thesis applies an interdisciplinary approach to address these gaps. Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica, is used as a case study throughout as it exemplifies many of the environmental and socio-economic impacts of INNP, many of which are particularly acute in domestic gardens. Identifying the processes contributing to the spread of INNP will help develop mitigation strategies to reduce their spread and therefore impact - this is the focus of chapters two to six. Chapter two explores the predictors of presence and abundance of Japanese knotweed at a 1km resolution within Cornwall, UK, finding that building density is the strongest predictor, followed by biophysical variables (minimum and maximum monthly temperature), and then socio-economic status of the residents within the 1km grid-cell. Chapter three considers one social process that might be contributing to the spread of INNP - the movement of propagules within soil. One of the key results of this chapter is that the abundance of invasive and naturalised species was significantly higher in garden than in housing development samples. This suggests that informal movement of soil between gardens poses a greater risk of spreading invasive plants than do commercial sources. Chapter three highlights the importance of high levels of identification skills of INNP to reduce their spread, however no previous research has tested INNP identification levels amongst the public. Chapter four explores this idea, finding that less than 20% of the public could identify Japanese knotweed. Even if people can identify INNP, if it is present in their garden they may not know how to manage it correctly and details of the impacts it can have therein. Chapter five analyses internet-based information about the management advice and impacts of INNP, determines the authors of this discourse, and considers whether and how this could be confusing to those responsible for managing domestic gardens. Analysis identified extensive variation in document structure, topics discussed, references and links to other sources, and language style; sometimes this variation was between and sometimes within author categories. A key conclusion from chapter five is that some internet-based information sources might potentially contribute to amplification (or attenuation) of risk perceptions, that could in turn lead to inappropriate management actions, resulting in increased spread of INNP. Chapter six uses a survey approach to explore risk perceptions of INNP in domestic gardens further. The results suggest differences in perceived risk of Japanese knotweed depends on people’s occupation, their direct experience of the species in a domestic context, their geographical proximity to the risk, their age and level of education. Greater understanding of the impacts INNP can have within domestic gardens will help assess the level of risk, plan mitigation strategies and design risk communication. This is the focus of chapter seven, which focuses on the economic impacts within domestic gardens. Results indicate that the magnitude and frequency of the risks Japanese knotweed poses in domestic gardens are much lower than anticipated based on media coverage, and compared with public perception. The results of this thesis have several important implications: (1) To mitigate potential inaccurate perceptions of INNP, governmental authorities need to provide clear and accurate communication about the impacts of INNP and how best to manage them. (2) When resources are limited, identifying the areas of society where knowledge is lowest or perceptions most inaccurate can help awareness and educational campaigns to be more impactful, thus reducing spread and impacts of INNP. (3) Implementation of the recommendations to reduce the spread and impacts of INNP within domestic gardens given within this thesis could contribute towards preserving the health and well-being benefits gardens can provide. Overall this thesis demonstrates further evidence of the need to consider the human causes and solutions to INNP and the need for knowledge on this topic to be applied by a diverse range of stakeholders.

Environmental education plays an important role in the preservation and protection of biodiversity but also on the environment. It is for this purpose that the thesis aimed to assess the environmental knowledge and attitudes in school children in urban areas and those in rural areas in three regions of Senegal. This evaluation is focused on interviews with teachers and questionnaires administered to children. On the basis of 786 questionnaires collected in 19 schools including 7 in rural area (317 responding children) and 12 in urban areas (448 responding children), I found that children in rural area had higher environmental knowledge in comparison to those in urban areas, and it was also higher in boys than in girl with the same pattern in rural and urban areas. The level of environmental knowledge did not depend on the age of responding children. Concerning environmental attitudes, children expressed mostly similar attitudes in rural and urban areas and these were mostly negative towards environment. Regarding such results, it is recommendable to address the environmental issues through environmental education programs in order to get better knowledge and to build pro-environmental attitudes. The informal environmental education programs can provide opportunities for schools to improve their knowledge, interests, motivation and encouraged to adopt new attitudes towards the environment. The environmental education increases with theoretical and practical experience.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:38:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_6235_Poliana_dissertacao.pdf: 4917937 bytes, checksum: 2d42b1fa1a92b5679c7256181c482fa7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / Considerando o desenvolvimento rural multifuncional com vista a uma produção agrícola que integre os âmbitos sociais, ambientais e territoriais, a escola em agricultura conhecida por agroecologia tem ganhado espaço tanto nas políticas públicas e na academia quanto entre os agricultores familiares, sobretudo, na América Latina. As práticas agroecologicas são apontadas como favorecedoras da manutenção da agrobiodiversidade, assim como esta é um elemento chave desta proposta. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em sistemas agroecologicos de agricultores familiares de três associações de produtores nos municípios de Boa Esperança (APAC), São Mateus (ACASAMA) e Iconha (Vero Sapore) no Espírito Santo, com objetivo de avaliar o potencial destas associações na manutenção da agrobiodiversidade através de levantamento de fruteiras e arbóreas cultivadas e de regeneração presentes nos sistemas. Para tal, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com todas as famílias definidas, em núcleos delimitados, para o diagnóstico socioeconômico, técnico-produtivo e das estratégias empregadas por família, sendo 21 no total, e por associação, assim como para modelagem em redes de circulação do material propagativo. Também foram realizadas coletas botânicas e arquivo fotográfico para identificação das espécies. Quanto às estratégias de reprodução socioeconômica as famílias das associações diferem, principalmente, com relação ao emprego da mão de obra, sendo a pluriatividade mais empregada pelas famílias da ACASAMA e as atividades para-agrícolas estão exclusivamente presente para as famílias da Vero Sapore, resultando em maior rendimento financeiro dos sistemas agroecológicos para estas. Os modelos de produção empregados também diferem entre as associações. As famílias da APAC optaram pelo Sistema de Produção Integrado (SAIPs), as famílias da ACASAMA pelos quintais agroflorestais e as da Vero Sapore pelo Sistema Agroflorestal Simultâneo e portanto para essa última a área aproveitada no uso do solo para os sistemas agroflorestais é maior do que nas demais. A riqueza em espécies foi significativamente maior para as propriedades da Vero Sapore e relaciona-se, significativamente, com a área utilizada para produção agroecologica. No total foram encontradas 152 espécies pertencentes a 46 famílias botânicas, sendo 52.29% destas fruteiras de alimentação e venda e 61.74% nativas e subespontâneas da Mata Atlântica. A dissimilaridade de espécies encontrada entre as propriedades refere-se, sobretudo, as espécies pertencentes às demais categorias que não são as fruteiras alimentares e comercializadas e observa-se um distanciamento do acervo da Vero Sapore para os demais com maior similaridade deste entre os agricultores. Através do Índice de Saliência observou-se que a escolha de espécies cultivadas não necessariamente está relacionada com a comercialização destas, estando também atrelada ao consumo e a manutenção dos sistemas agroecológicos. A maior parte das espécies foi adquirida por fontes externas, sendo que os projetos realizados por instituições não governamentais são fontes de aquisição importantes para as associações, embora haja diferenças entre essas. A APAC, como está em processo de consolidação dos SAIPs possui forte vínculo de aquisição com o projeto que os implementou, enquanto na ACASAMA existe um fluxo significativo dos materiais de plantio entre vizinhos e na Vero Sapore esse fluxo ocorre, principalmente, entre os membros da própria associação, o que indica que esta possui uma rede de interações menos vulnerável a perda de espécies, como também, explica a maior similaridade entre acervos. Portanto, os sistemas agroflorestais estudados apresentaram potencial para aporte de espécies nativas e manutenção da agrobiodiversidade, entretanto a Vero Sapore foi a associação que apresentou os melhores resultados tanto em termos conservacionistas quanto para reprodução socioeconômica das famílias, estando estes resultados atrelados as estratégias adotadas, sobretudo a escolha do modelo empregado, e ao aprofundamento metodológico acerca deste pelas famílias. Assim, infere-se que a implantação e o sucesso dos sistemas agroflorestais com vista ao desenvolvimento rural multifuncional passa pelo assessoramento técnico e extencionista que proporcione o fortalecimento das iniciativas e da organização dos agricultores e uma maior integração entre estas iniciativas. / Considering the multifunctional rural development with a view of integrating society, environment and territories, the agriculture school known as agroecology has gained ground both in public policy and academia and among farmers, especially in Latin America. The agroecological practices are seen as favoring the maintenance of agrobiodiversity, as well it is a key element of this proposal. This study was conducted in family agroecological systems of three producer associations in the cities of Boa Esperança (APAC), São Mateus (ACASAMA) and Iconha ("Vero Sapore") in Espírito Santo State, Brazil, to evaluate the potential of these associations in maintaining agrobiodiversity through a survey of fruit trees and tree crops and of the regeneration in these systems. For that, semistructured interviews were conducted with all families defined, in delimited cores, for the socioeconomic, technical-productive and strategies employed by each family diagnosis, of wich are 21 families in total, and by each association, as well as for modeling networks movement of nursery material. Botanical collections and photographic archive for species identification were also made. The socioeconomic reproductive strategies of families in the associations are different, especially with regard to employment of labor, being the pluriactivity most used by families of ACASAMA and the para-agricultural activities exclusively present on the families of "Vero Sapore", resulting in improved financial performance of agroecosystems for these. The production models also differ between associations. APAC’s families opted for Integrated Production System (SAIP's), ACASAMA’s families for agroforest homegardens and "Vero Sapore" for Simultaneous Agroforestry System and, so for, for this last association the ocuped area of land use in agroforestry is greater than in the others. The species richness was significantly higher for the properties of "Vero Sapore" and relates significantly to the area used for agroecological production. In total we found 152 species belonging to 46 botanical families, being 52,29% of fruit supply and sale and 52,66% % native of Atlantic Forest. The dissimilarity of species found between the properties refers, above all, to the species of the other categories that are not fruits for food and sale and there is a great distance of the collection of "Vero Sapore" to others with greater similarity between this farmers. Through Salience Index there was noted that the choice of farmed species is not necessarily related to the commercialization of these, being also linked to the consumption and maintenance of the agroecosystems. Most species was acquired from external sources, and the projects undertaken by non-governmental sources are important acquisition for associations, although there are differences between them. The APAC, as it is in the process of SAIP's consolidation, has strong bond of purchase with the project that implemented them, while in ACASAMA there is a significant flow of planting materials among neighbors, and in "Vero Sapore" this flow occurs mainly among members of the association itself, which indicates that this has a network of interactions that is less vulnerable to species loss, but also explains the greater similarity between farmers collections. Therefore, agroforestry systems studied showed potential for increase native species and maintain biodiversity, however, "Vero Sapore" was the association that showed the best results in conservationists terms and for socioeconomic reproduction of families, and these results are due to the strategies adopted, especially the choice of the used model and the methodological deepening by families about that. Thus, it appears that the implementation and success of agroforestry to multifunctional rural development passes through technical and extensionist advice that provides strengthening of the initiatives and of the organization of farmers and greater integration between these initiatives.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:47:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_gab_dr_botib.pdf: 1480248 bytes, checksum: 6de4057a258b9710e1c9e38dfa373617 (MD5) / O Pantanal abriga formações florestais, savânicas, fluviais e lacustres em um mosaico de hábitats singularmente heterogêneo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a diversidade, a estrutura das comunidades e o uso de hábitats por aves no Pantanal do Rio Negro, MS (cap. I); e avaliar o uso de ambientes aquáticos (cap. II). I. Através de observações diretas amostramos quatro ambientes terrestres e três aquáticos. Registramos 279 espécies, com a maior riqueza no cerradão (189 espécies) e a menor riqueza nos campos (84 espécies). A diversidade beta (entre ambientes) contribuiu com 68% da diversidade regional. 22 % das espécies foram encontradas em seis ou todos os sete ambientes, destacando-se os nãopasseriformes, onívoros e aquáticos/limnícolas. As maiores abundâncias foram encontradas nas salinas e no rio. A correlação positiva entre abundância e distribuição espacial indicou que o hábito generalista em relação ao uso de hábitat deve contribuir para o incremento da abundância. A abundância de frugívoros foi maior no período seco, possivelmente devido a um aumento no deslocamento frente à maior escassez de frutos. II. No meio aquático amostramos 7.817 aves aquáticas, representando 58 espécies, das quais 32 são migratórias. A riqueza nos três ambientes foi muito similar (43 a 45 espécies). As salinas obtiveram a mais baixa equidade e a mais alta densidade. A similaridade na composição entre os ambientes foi maior entre baías e salinas e menor entre salinas e rio. As espécies mais abundantes foram Himantopus melanurus e Tringa flavipes nas salinas, Dendrocygna viduata e Jacana jacana nas baías, Phalacrocorax brasilianus e Megaceryle torquata no rio. Houve flutuação sazonal na avifauna, mais expressiva nas salinas, com abundância 100% maior na seca e riqueza de espécies 40% maior na cheia. Fatores como nível d’água, disponibilidade... / The Pantanal comprises several forest, savanic and aquatic formations in a peculiar mosaic of habitats. The aims of this study were to assess diversity, community structure and use of habitats by birds in the Pantanal of Rio Negro Region (chapter I); and assess the use of aquatic habitats by birds (chapter II). We surveyed four terrestrial and three aquatic habitats through direct observations. 279 bird species were found, with the highest species richness in the semidecidual forest (189 species) and the lowest (84 species) in the grasslands. Beta diversity (turnover of species) was responsible for 68% of the regional diversity. 22% of the species were found in six or in all seven habitats, with high proportion of non-passerines, omnivores and aquatic birds in this group. The highest abundances were found in salt lakes and in the river. A positive correlation between abundance and spatial distribution suggests that habitat flexibility in birds increases abundance. The abundance of frugivores was higher in the dry season, possibly as a consequence of fruit scarcity and increased movement of foraging birds. In the aquatic habitats we surveyed 7.817 aquatic birds, from 58 species, with 32 migrant species. Species richness was similar among fresh-water lakes, salt lakes and the river (43 to 45 species). Salt lakes showed highest density and lowest equitability. Similarity in species composition was highest between the lakes and lowest between salt lake and river. The most abundant species were Himantopus melanurus and Tringa flavipes in salt lakes, Dendrocygna viduata and Jacana jacana in fresh water lakes, Phalacrocorax brasilianus and Megaceryle torquata in the river. Seasonal changes in bird communities were prominent in salt lakes, with 100% higher abundance in dry season and 40% higher species richness in wet season. Water level, mudflats, riparian vegetation, and aquatic diversity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-13T12:10:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-03-17. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-13T12:25:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000837536.pdf: 1201065 bytes, checksum: 44ed14cae36d45d802a9c526010a6e24 (MD5) / As disputas pelo acesso à biodiversidade e aos conhecimentos tradicionais no Brasil, não são resolvidas de forma muito simples, tendo em vista que, não se trata somente de garantir o direito de marcas e patentes, para os cientistas e para os empresários das multinacionais, tanto na produção biotecnológica, quanto na produção industrial em larga escala. O problema encontra-se principalmente no modo de apropriação monopolística, tanto dos recursos biológicos, quanto dos conhecimentos aplicados a eles, que resultam na prática da biopirataria e no desgaste sócio-ambiental. Por outro lado, os bens intangíveis são cada vez mais importantes para as estratégias das grandes empresas. Trata-se, portanto, de conflitos relacionados: à soberania e à regulação nacional e internacional. Para demonstrar os mecanismos, os conflitos, os aspectos legais, os aspectos sociais, os benefícios específicos em disputa, a questão da preservação da biodiversidade e dos modos de vida de comunidades tradicionais e indígenas, foi estudada a disputa pelo cupuaçu, no período de 2002 a 2012. / Disputes over access to biodiversity and traditional knowledge in Brazil, are not resolved very simply, with a view that it is not only to guarantee the right of trademarks and patents, for scientists and entrepreneurs of multinationals in both production biotechnology, as the industrial-scale production. The problem lies mainly in the way of monopolistic ownership of both biological resources, knowledge as applied to them, resulting in the practice of biopiracy and socio-environmental degradation. Moreover, intangible assets are increasingly important to the strategies of large firms. It is therefore related conflicts: the sovereignty and the national and international regulation. To demonstrate the mechanisms, conflicts, legal aspects, social aspects, the specific benefits in dispute, the question of the preservation of biodiversity and the livelihoods of indigenous and traditional communities, the competition for cupuaçu was studied from 2002 to 2012.

Orientador: Reinaldo José Fazzio Feres / Banca: Antonio Carlos Lofego / Banca: Marineide Rosa Vieira / Resumo: A presença de outras plantas em cultivos é muito estudada na entomologia, principalmente em cultivos consorciados. Porém, na acarologia estudos nesse sentido são recentes. A presença de outra planta no cultivo pode gerar um aumento da umidade, dificultar o deslocamento de pragas entre as plantas, interferir na localização do hospedeiro e também na detecção de ferômonios, servir de reservatório para predadores ou hospedeiro alternativo para algumas pragas agrícolas. Cecropia pachystachya abriga grande abundância de ácaros fitoseídeos, porém não tinha sido feito nenhum trabalho relacionando esta planta como reservatório de ácaros predadores e também a ocorrência de ácaros com outros hábitos alimentares. Além disso, alguns produtores de látex observaram a presença de Leptopharsa heveae sobre folhas de C. pachystachya em cultivos de seringueiras no Mato Grosso. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se C. pachystachya serviria como reservatório de ácaros predadores e/ou hospedeiro alternativo para L. heveae no interior de seringal. Foram realizadas coletas mensais entre fevereiro de 2006 e janeiro de 2007 em dois seringais, um com C. pachystachya em seu interior e outro sem essa planta. Os ácaros foram coletados e montados em lâminas com meio de Hoyer e indivíduos de L. heveae contados diretamente sobre as folhas de C. pachystachya e folíolos das seringueiras. Em C. pachysachya foram coletados 2.787 ácaros pertencentes a 32 espécies incluídas em 27 gêneros de 16 famílias. Os ácaros foram classificados de acordo com seus hábitos alimentares, sendo o grupo (P), dos predadores, o grupo (F) dos fitófagos, o grupo (M) dos micófagos e o grupo (D) de hábito alimentar desconhecido, sendo que o grupo (D) foi desconsiderado das análises. Das espécies identificadas, 27 tem hábitos alimentares conhecidos, sendo 14 do grupo (P),10 do grupo (F) ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The presence of other plants in crops is much studied in entomology, mainly in intercropping systems. However, in acarology is recent this study. The presence of other plant cultivation may generate an increase in humidity, hinder the pests displacement to plants, interfere in the location of the host and also in the detection of pheromone, serve as reservoir for predators or alternative host for some agricultural pests. Cecropia pachystachya shelter great abundance of Phytoseiidae mite, but there is not work relating this plant as reservoir of mites predators and also the occurrence of mites with other dietary habits. In addition, some latex producers, observed the presence of Leptopharsa heveae on leaves of C. pachystachya. Thus, the objective of this work was to verify whether C. pachystachya served as mites predators reservoir and/or alternative host for L. heveae. Collections were made monthly between February 2006 and January 2007 in two rubber plantations. A plantation had C. pachystachya in its interior and other not. Mites were collected and mounted on slides with Hoyer medium and L. heveae counted directly on the leaves of C. pachystachya and folioles of rubber trees. In C. pachysachya were collected 2,787 mites belonging to 32 species included in 27 genera in 16 families. Mites were classified according to their eating habits, and the group (P), of the predators, the group (F) the fitófagos and the group (M) of micófagos and the group (D) feeding habit unknown. It was 27 have known eating habits, being 14 group (P),10 group (F) and 3 of the group (M). It was recorded higher abundances and riches for mites of the group (P). Mites of the group (F) showed the highest diversity, because of its greatest evenness. Mites of the group (M) registered less abundance, richness and diversity, presenting higher dominance of species. In plantation with C. pachystachya... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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