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Computer assisted tutoring in radiologyJeffery, Nathan January 1997 (has links)
No description available.
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Image reconstruction for optical tomography using photon density wavesKhalaf, Reem January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
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Large scale entrance surface dose survey and organ dose measurements during diagnostic radiology using the Harshaw 5500 and 6600 TLD systemsBroadhead, Dawn January 2001 (has links)
No description available.
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A study of scattered radiation in diagnostic radiology using Monte Carlo simulationLester, Sonia January 1998 (has links)
No description available.
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Estabelecimento de requisitos de desempenho em dosimetria e proteção radiológica nos serviços de mamografia digital de Minas Gerais / Establishment of performance requirements in dosimetry and radiation protection in digital mammography facilities digital in the state of Minas GeraisSabrina Donato da Silva 23 January 2014 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Segundo dados do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES), o Estado de
Minas Gerais possui aproximadamente 477 mamógrafos em uso. Destes, estima-se que em
torno de 200 são digitais utilizando, principalmente, sistemas de radiografia computadorizada
(CR) ou radiografia direta (DR). A mamografia é insubstituível no diagnóstico e detecção
precoce do câncer de mama, principal causa de morte entre mulheres no mundo. Um alto padrão
de qualidade da imagem, aliada com uma dose tão baixa quanto razoavelmente exequível, são
essenciais para esta detecção precoce de forma segura, levando a necessidade de controle de
qualidade através do processo de otimização dos procedimentos.
Dentro deste contexto este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a dosimetria e a qualidade da
imagem em 72 combinações mamógrafo/CR e DRs em 68 serviços de mamografia do Estado
de Minas Gerais, o que corresponde aproximadamente 14% do total de mamógrafos atualmente
em uso no Estado de Minas Gerais e a cerca de 34% dos mamógrafos digitais em uso (CRs e
DRs).
O teste que avalia a linearidade da resposta do detector mamógrafico atendeu aos critérios de
desempenho especificados pela Sociedade Espanhola de Física médica em 85% dos
equipamentos avaliados. Porém dos serviços que apresentaram não conformidade nesse quesito
apenas dois apresentaram menos de quatro anos de uso do mamógrafo. Possivelmente o tempo
de utilização dos mamógrafos esteja relacionado a não conformidade apresentada por esses
serviços. A relação contraste ruído mostrou-se ser um ponto crítico na cadeia de produção da
imagem em sistemas digitais, principalmente para maiores espessuras de acrílico.
Mais da metade dos serviços avaliados nessa pesquisa obtiveram um bom desempenho na
relação sinal ruído (SNR), e na avaliação da imagem através do simulador de contraste e detalhe
CDMAM. Em relação ao ruído da imagem a maioria dos serviços ficaram não conformes.
Na avaliação da dose glandular média realizada com simuladores de mama, a média geral dos
valores de doses obtidos ficaram dentro dos limites considerados aceitáveis na literatura, para
a maioria das espessuras simuladas de mama. Porém os resultados obtidos nesse teste são
preocupantes, pois a maioria dos sistemas digitais avaliados ficaram não conformes nesse
quesito em pelo menos uma espessura de acrílico avaliada, e além disso houve um aumento
considerável da dose glandular média em comparação a medidas anteriores realizadas no Estado
de Minas Gerais. Já na comparação da dose glandular média entre sistemas CR e DR os sistemas
DR apresentaram doses consideravelmente menores para maiores espessuras, em comparação
com os sistemas CR. Em relação à comparação entre avaliações subsequentes a amostra seguiu
o comportamento geral dos serviços avaliados nesta pesquisa, com exceção da SNR que
apresentou um pior desempenho entre as avaliações subsequentes e o ruído, que apesar do baixo
índice de conformidade obteve uma melhora entre uma avaliação e outra.
Apesar dos potenciais benefícios que podem ser alcançados com o uso do sistema CR e DR, o
emprego dessa tecnologia precisa ser revisto e otimizado para que possa oferecer imagens de
qualidade utilizando a menor dose possível de radiação. / According to the National Registration of Health Establishments (CNES), there are
approximately 477 mammographs operating in the state of Minas Gerais, of which, roughly
estimating, 200 are digital apparatus using mainly computerized systems of radiography (CR)
or direct radiography (DR). Mammography is irreplaceable in the diagnosis and early detection
of breast cancer, the main cause of death in women worldwide. A high standard of image quality
coupled with a dose as low as reasonably practicable, are essential for early detection of this
disease with safely, leading to the need for quality control through optimization of process
procedures.
Within this context, this study aimed to determine dosimetry and image quality on 72
mammography combinations / CR and DR in 68 mammography services in the State of Minas
Gerais, which represents approximately 14% of mammography units currently in use in the
State of Minas Gerais and about 34% in use of digital mammography (CRs and DRs).
The test evaluates the linearity of response of the detector mammographic met the performance
criteria specified by the Spanish Society of Medical Physics in 85% of evaluated equipment.
However, the services they showed non-compliance in this regard, only two were less than four
years of use of mammography. Possibly the time of use of mammography is related to noncompliance
by these services. The contrast noise ratio proved to be a critical point in the
production chain image in digital systems, especially for thicker acrylic. More than half of the
services evaluated in this study showed good performance in signal noise, and image evaluation
by the phantom contrast and detail CDMAM. Regarding the image noise, most services were
non-compliance. In evaluating the average glandular dose with breast phantom, the overall
average dose values obtained were within acceptable limits in the literature for most of the
simulated breast thicknesses. However the results of that test are troubling, since most digital
systems evaluated were non-compliant in this regard at least one thick acrylic evaluated, and in
addition there was a considerable increase in the average glandular dose compared to previous
measurements performed in the State of Minas Gerais. In comparison between the average
glandular dose in CR and DR systems, the DR systems showed significantly lower doses for
greater thickness as compared with the CR systems.
Regarding the comparison between subsequent reviews, the sample followed the general
behavior of the services evaluated in this study, except the SNR had a worse performance
between subsequent evaluations and noise, which despite the low level of compliance achieved
an improvement between evaluation and other. Therefore, despite the potential benefits that can
be attained with the use of the CR and DR systems, the employment of this technology has to
be revised and optimised so that a better quality image can be achieved and the radiation dose
reduced as much as possible.
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Estudo de desempenho de dosimétros eletrônicos em feixes de raios X contínuos e pulsadosMargarete Cristina Guimarães 27 February 2014 (has links)
A monitoração individual é um procedimento básico de verificação da obediência às
diretrizes regulatórias de proteção radiológica. Dosímetros eletrônicos com detectores
de estado sólido (DE) têm sido amplamente usados para dosimetria pessoal, inclusive
em feixes pulsados de radiação onde a resposta deles ainda não é conhecida e falhas têm
sido registradas. Neste trabalho, condições de radiação para testar a resposta de DE em
feixes contínuos e pulsados foram estudadas na máquina de raios X de potencial
constante Seifert-Pantak HS320 e na máquina de raios X médico VMI Pulsas 800 Plus.
Os feixes foram caracterizados em termos de tensão no tubo, camada semirredutora,
energia média e taxa de kerma no ar. A coerência metrológica do detector Xi R/F
Unfors usado como referência nas medidas de kerma no ar foi verificada contra câmaras
de ionização Radcal 10X6-6 a RC-6. Dosímetros eletrônicos RADOS Rad-60, Aloka
PDM-111 Thermoelectron e EPD MK2 foram testados quanto ao erro intrínseco
relativo e dependência energética em radiações similares às qualidades RQR e RQA da
IEC e série N da ISO. Os resultados demonstraram a confiabilidade do dosímetro de
estado sólido Unfors Xi R/F, embora sua resposta mostrasse ser afetada em feixes
altamente filtrados. Os testes nos DE mostraram que alguns erros intrínsecos relativos
em termos de equivalente de dose pessoal, Hp(10), foram maiores que os valores
estabelecidos em normas para feixes contínuos. Em feixes pulsados, alguns DE não
responderam adequadamente à radiação e apresentaram erros intrínsecos relativos bem
altos. Este trabalho ressaltou a necessidade de testes adicionais nos DE, além de
limitada calibração em feixes de 137Cs, antes de usá-los em feixes pulsados de raios X. / Personal radiation monitoring is a basic procedure to verify the compliance to
regulatory requirements for radiological protection. Electronic personal dosimeters
(EPD) based on solid state detectors have largely been used for personnel monitoring;
including for pulsed radiation beams where their responses are not well known and
deficiencies have been reported. In this work, irradiation conditions for testing the
response of EPDs in both continuous and pulsed X-ray beams were studied to be
established in a constant potential Seifert-Pantak and in a medical Pulsar 800 Plus VMI
X-ray machines. Characterization of X-ray beams was done in terms of tube voltage,
half-value layer, mean energy and air kerma rate. A Xi R/F Unfors solid state dosimeter
used as reference for air kerma measurements was verified against a RC-6 and 10X6-6
Radcal ionization chambers as far its metrological coherence. Rad-60 RADOS, PDM-
11 Aloka and EPD MK2 Thermoelectron EPDs were selected to be tested in terms of
relative intrinsic error and energy response in similar to IEC RQR, IEC RQA and ISO N
reference radiations. Results demonstrated the reliability of the solid state Xi R/F
Unfors dosimeter to be as reference dosimeter although its response was affected by
heavily filtered beams. Results also showed that relative intrinsic errors in the response
of the EPDs in terms of personal dose equivalent, Hp(10), were higher than the
requirement established for continuous beams. In pulsed beams, some EPDs showed
inadequate response and high relative intrinsic errors. This work stressed the need of
performing additional checks for EPDs, besides the limited 137Cs beam calibration,
before using them in pulsed X-ray beams.
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Investigation of dosimetric characteristics of the high sensitivity LiF : Mg,Cu,P thermoluminescent dosemeter and its applications in diagnostic radiologyFung, Karl Ka Lok January 2000 (has links)
No description available.
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The optimisation of radiation dose in paediatric radiologyChapple, Claire Louise January 1998 (has links)
The importance of monitoring, and where possible reducing, the level of radiation dose from diagnostic X-ray examinations has been recognised for many years and is becoming of increasing concern. Dose reduction is of particular concern in paediatric radiology, and there are specific problems associated with the monitoring and comparison of radiation doses to children. Any optimisation study relies on a framework of good dosimetry. Two techniques have been developed to improve the collection of patient dose data: the automation of survey techniques to increase the quantity of data collected; and a method of correcting for patient size which reduces one source of variability in the data. An optimisation strategy has been developed, consisting of theoretical simulations, experimental verification and clinical implementation. Monte Carlo techniques were used for the theoretical study, which investigated the effect of beam filtration on radiation dose and image quality for a wide range of parameters, specifically for a neonatal size phantom. Simulations included both radiography of bone in soft tissue and fluoroscopy of iodine and barium based contrast media. The results were assessed in terms of the beam spectra and the absorption and transmission characteristics of the phantom and image receptor. Experimental measurements of dose and contrast were made for a simple slab phantom corresponding to that simulated, and results showed good agreement with those predicted. A further set of experimental measurements were carried out using anthropomorphic phantoms in a clinical setting, which demonstrated how the theoretical predictions translated to clinical practice. A clinical trial of the use of a 0.1mm copper filter for fluoroscopic examinations of infants was performed, and the filter shown to give substantial dose reduction with no significant loss in image quality. Some general recommendations on dose quantities and the application of optimisation strategies to paediatric radiology have been made.
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Metodologia de controle de qualidade e implantacao de campos padroes de radiacao X, nivel mamografia, seguindo a norma IEC 61267 / Quality control methodology and implementation of X-radiation standards beams, mammography level, following the standard IEC 61267CORREA, EDUARDO de L. 09 October 2014 (has links)
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Metodologia para correlação entre doses e detectabilidade em imagens mamográficas padrões: aplicação no estado de Sao PauloFURQUIM, TANIA A.C. 09 October 2014 (has links)
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