[No abstract available] / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Laboratory analyses were conducted on synthetic iron oxides to assess the use of gamma (γ-) irradiation as an efficient sterilization technique to remove microorganisms present in natural bacteriogenic iron oxides (BIOS) and to determine if the technique induces mineralogical changes within the Fe-rich minerals. Fe-oxides (ferrihydrite, lepidocrocite, and goethite) were synthesized with and without alginate (as a proxy for exopolysaccharides) and microbial reductions were carried out using the bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens CN32. A total of 18 Fe-oxide minerals were subjected to microbial reduction to assess redox stability, alteration due to varying levels of gamma irradiation (0, 5, and 28 kGy), and the addition of the exopolysaccharide alginate. Iron reduction rates varied for each Fe-oxide with faster Fe (III) reduction rates observed for the amorphous poorly-sorted 2-line ferrihydrite and slower Fe (III) reduction for the more crystalline Fe-oxides lepidocrocite and goethite. There was no significant impact to the Fe (III) reduction rates due to gamma irradiation (p> 0.05), which was confirmed using a t-test for statistical variance between gamma irradiated samples. However, the addition of alginate enabled lepidocrocite and goethite to achieve maximum Fe (III) reduction by an average of 7 days faster when compared to the Fe-oxides synthesized without the exopolysaccharide.

The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is the industry-standard Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) firmware specification used by modern desktop, portable, and server computers, and is increasingly being ported to today's new mobile form factors as well. UEFI is firmware responsible for bootstrapping the hardware, turning control over to an operating system loader, and then providing runtime services to the operating system. ANTLR (ANother Tool for Language Recognition) is a lexer-parser generator for reading, processing, executing, and translating structured text and binary files. It supersedes older technologies such as lex/yacc or flex/bison and is widely used to build languages and programming tools. ANTLR accepts a provided grammar and generates a parser that can build and walk parse trees. This report studies UEFI BIOS and compiler theory and demonstrates ways compiler theory can be leveraged to solve problems in the UEFI BIOS domain. Specifically, this report uses ANTLR to implement two language applications aimed at furthering the development of UEFI BIOS implementations. They are: 1. A software complexity analysis application for UEFI created that leverages ANTLR's standard general-purpose C language grammar. The complexity analysis application uses general-purpose and domain-specific measures to give a complexity score to UEFI BIOS modules. 2. An ANTLR grammar created for the VFR domain-specific language, and a sample application which puts the grammar to use. VFR is a language describing visual elements on a display; the sample application creates an HTML preview of VFR code without requiring a developer to build and flash a BIOS image on a target machine to see its graphical layout. / text

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-11-03T13:21:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_ANIKE_LIEDTKE_LAUFFER_WILKENS_COMPLETO.pdf: 1817295 bytes, checksum: 98d73b0742f13ee2371169c2be57e305 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-11-03T13:21:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_ANIKE_LIEDTKE_LAUFFER_WILKENS_COMPLETO.pdf: 1817295 bytes, checksum: 98d73b0742f13ee2371169c2be57e305 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-03T13:22:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_ANIKE_LIEDTKE_LAUFFER_WILKENS_COMPLETO.pdf: 1817295 bytes, checksum: 98d73b0742f13ee2371169c2be57e305 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Pesticides are widely used in agriculture, among them there are the triazines (atrazine, cyanazine, propazine, simazine, terbuthylazine, tetrazine), the phosphonated amino acids (glyphosate), the benzenamines (phenylamine, phenylenediamine, dinitroaniline, pedimetalin), organophosphates (fenitrothion), the phenyl pyrazoles (fipronil) e triazolones (sufentrazone). Therefore, they widely use of them is one of the factors which affects amphibians development, reproduction and survival. Among the pesticides most used worldwide, included in Brazil, are herbicides. However, its toxic effects in animals and plants have not been yet sufficiently study. This work aimed to study the effect of isolated and mixture of Boral ? and Glifosato ? herbicides on the biochemical composition and oxidative balance in the liver and muscle; levels of glucose, uric acid and corticosterone in plasma, and nutritional condition factors in tadpoles of bullfrogs ( Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 ). Was used sixty tadpoles in prometamorphosis stage, no apparent members, acquired in a frog farm, and these, weighed, measured and distributed in tanks under controlled temperature (23?C), photoperiod (12h light: 12h dark) constant aeration, fed with commercial rations for seven days (C 7 ). After this, some animals continued under these conditions (C 14 ) e another it was divided into three groups which will be exposed to Boral ? 500 SC (sulfentrazone: 130?g/L), to Glifosato ? (glyphosate: 234?g/L) and to mixture Boral ? 500 SC and Glifosato ? (130?g/L + 234?g/L, respectively) for seven days. After the acclimation period (7 days) tadpoles of control 7 group had blood samples collected by cardiac puncture with heparinized syringe, then euthanized. They was weighed, measured and removed the liver, intestine (only to determinate an index), and muscle tissue. The tissues were immediately freeze in liquid nitrogen and homogenized for determination of activity of the enzymes Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione S-transferase, e TBARS levels, an indicator of Lipid Peroxidation (LPO, Lipid Peroxide Levels). The same procedures will used after the exposure period ending in animal control 14 days (C 14 ) and the exposed groups to herbicides (B, G and BG groups). We statistically compared the treatment groups C 7 e C 14 (Student T test for independent sample), as well as the control groups (C 14 e exposed). We observed on the three first acclimation days an animal mortality of 25%. We compared this percentage to major part of parameters analyzed, except glucose plasmatic and liver enzymes activity (SOD, CAT and GST) of groups acclimation control (C 7 ) and control 14 days (C 14 ) and this comparison was not different statistically. This difference in parameters can indicate that during the acclimation period the tadpoles showed a stress level, possibly because of adaptation process to culture conditions that justify the mortality percentage observed. We highlight that to scientific paper elaboration were used as control the animals of C 14 group, because this animals has the same time of life that the exposed animals and allied to answer to adaptation process reinforces this choice. We compared the C 14 group with exposed groups (B, G and BG groups) using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test and we detected a non-parametric distribution to all parameters analyzed, so we used the Kruskal-Wallis Test and Student-Newman-Keuls Test a posteriori, to detect the differences between the groups to p<0,05. We verify a survey of 91.7%, those demonstrate that chosen herbicides concentrations was sub-lethal, Thus showing that the cultivation system was adequate to maintenance of animals. Even in low concentrations, similar of those found in natural environment, this herbicides induced changes in parameters analyzed, mainly in specific conduction level (K intestine ); in triglycerides levels, acid uric and corticosterone plasmatic, and in SOD CAT and GST antioxidants enzymes activity, primordially the GST modeling the lipid peroxidation levels in liver and muscle tissues. This alterations looks linked to an increment of energy demand in an attempt to maintain homeostasis and ensure the survival of the animals, decreasing the energy available for growth and metamorphosis, which may compromise the adult life cycle. We suggest that sulfentrazone and glyphosate mixture seems to be more harmful to animals, mainly by the maintenance and drastic reduction of the levels of Glutathione S-tansferase activity in the liver and caudal muscle, respectively. / Dentre os qu?micos agr?colas, destacamos triazinas, amino?cidos fosfonados, benzenaminas, organofosforados, fenilpiraz?is e aril triazolinonas por seu uso excessivo ? um dos fatores que afetam o desenvolvimento, reprodu??o e sobreviv?ncia de anf?bios. Dentre os agroqu?micos mais utilizados mundialmente (inclusive Brasil) est?o os herbicidas. Seu amplo uso ? um dos fatores que afetam o desenvolvimento, reprodu??o e sobreviv?ncia dos anf?bios. Contudo, seus efeitos t?xicos em animais n?o foram ainda suficientemente estudados. Dessa forma, neste trabalho objetivamos estudar o efeito isolado e em mistura dos herbicidas Boral ? 500 SC e Glifosato ? sobre uma s?rie de par?metros bioqu?mico-funcionais (n?veis de glicose; ?cido ?rico e corticosterona) no plasma, o balan?o oxidativo no f?gado e no m?sculo e sobre par?metros de condi??o nutricional em girinos de r?-touro ( Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 ). Para tanto, utilizamos oitenta girinos em est?gio de pr?-metamorfose (aus?ncia de membros aparentes) e adquiridos em ran?rio. Estes foram pesados, medidos e distribu?dos em aqu?rios sob condi??es controladas de temperatura (23 ? 2?C), fotoper?odo (12h luz:12h escuro), aera??o constante, alimentados uma vez ao dia com ra??o comercial durante sete dias (grupo controle 7 - C7). Ap?s esse per?odo, parte dos animais continuou nessas condi??es (controle 14- C 14 ) e, o restante dividido em tr?s grupos sendo expostos a Boral ? 500 SC (sulfentrazone: 130?g/L), Glifosato ? (glifosato: 234?g/L) e uma mistura de Boral ? mais Glifosato ? (130?g/L mais 234?g/L, respectivamente) durante mais sete dias. Depois do per?odo de aclimata??o (7 dias) girinos do grupo controle (C 7 ) tiveram amostras de sangue coletadas por pun??o card?aca, com seringa heparinizada e ent?o eutanasiados. Estes animais foram pesados, medidos e foi removido o f?gado, o intestino (somente para determinar os par?metros de condi??o nutricional), e parte do m?sculo caudal. Os tecidos foram imediatamente congelados em nitrog?nio l?quido para determina??o da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes Super?xido Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutationa S-transferase (GST), e n?veis de TBARS, um indicador de Lipoperoxida??o (LPO). Os mesmos procedimentos foram utilizados depois do t?rmino do per?odo de 14 dias para o grupo controle C 14 e aos grupos expostos aos herbicidas (B; G; e BG). N?s comparamos estatisticamente os grupos C 7 e C 14 por Teste T Student para amostras independentes. Cabe ressaltar que nos tr?s primeiros dias de aclimata??o observamos uma mortalidade de 25% dos animais. Ao compararmos os resultados obtidos para a maior parte dos par?metros analisados, com exce??o da glicose plasm?tica e da atividade das enzimas (SOD, CAT e GST) no f?gado dos animais do grupo controle aclimata??o (C 7 ) e do controle tempo de cultivo total (C 14 ), n?o existiu diferen?a. Tal diferen?a nestes par?metros pode indicar que durante o per?odo de aclimata??o os girinos apresentaram um grau de estresse, possivelmente em virtude da adapta??o as condi??es de cultivo o que justifica a taxa de mortalidade observada. Ressaltamos que para elabora??o do artigo cient?fico foram usados como controle os animais do grupo C 14 , pois estes animais tem o mesmo tempo de vida que os animais expostos; o que aliado ao perfil de resposta, descrito acima, refor?a tal escolha. Ao compararmos o grupo C 14 aos grupos expostos (B; G e BG) pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov detectamos uma distribui??o n?o param?trica para todos os par?metros analisados sendo ent?o, utilizado o Teste Kruskal-Wallis com complementar de Student-Newman-Keuls para detectar as diferen?as entre os grupos, para um p<0,05. N?s verificamos que houve taxa de sobreviv?ncia de 91.7%, o que demonstra que as concentra??es escolhidas dos herbicidas foram subletais; evidenciando assim, que o sistema de cultivo se mostrou adequado ? manuten??o dos animais. Mesmo em baixas concentra??es, semelhantes ?quelas encontradas em ambiente natural, estes herbicidas induziram altera??es nos par?metros analisados, principalmente no fator de condi??o espec?fico (K intestinal ); nos n?veis de triglic?rides, de ?cido ?rico e de corticosterona plasm?ticos; e na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes SOD, CAT e primordialmente a GST modulando os n?veis de peroxida??o lip?dica no f?gado e m?sculo caudal. Estas altera??es parecem estar ligadas a um incremento da demanda energ?tica na tentativa de manter a homeostase e garantir a sobreviv?ncia dos animais; diminuindo assim, a energia dispon?vel para o crescimento e a metamorfose o que pode comprometer o ciclo de vida adulto. Podemos sugerir que a mistura de sulfentrazone e glifosato parece ser mais lesiva aos animais, principalmente pela manuten??o e diminui??o dr?stica dos n?veis de atividade da Glutationa S-tanferase no f?gado e no m?sculo caudal, respectivamente.

The aim of this master thesis is to convey an ellaborate overview of Secure Boot, the technology used for an authentization during a platfrom boot up. Overview is followed by a description of contemporary implementations of Secure Boot found in the operating systems based on the Linux kernel. Finally, we propose a new implemenation of Secure Boot support in the systemd-boot project.

Des analyses consacrées au vitalisme de Bichat, en 1963, à l’étude du bios cynique dans les toutes dernières leçons de son dernier cours au Collège de France, les références à la vie sont constantes dans l’œuvre de Michel Foucault. C’est dans le cadre du projet philosophico-politique d’un dépassement de l’humanisme moderne que la question de la vie fera irruption dans son œuvre. Notre thèse est désormais que le défi auquel sera confrontée la pensée foucaldienne, consistera à déplacer le centre de l’analyse de l’homme (en tant que fondement supposé des savoirs et des pouvoirs modernes) vers la vie (i.e., vers les savoirs et les pouvoirs qui l’investissent et la produisent), sans pour autant faire de celle-ci un nouveau fondement (que ce soit à la manière d’une philosophie naturaliste, d’une ontologie vitaliste ou d’une phénoménologie du vécu).C’est dans les travaux biopolitiques que la stratégie foucaldienne (contourner l’homme en passant par la vie) se déploie le plus clairement : l’homme y apparaît, en effet, non point en tant que fondement (comme dans les théories contractualistes, qui partent d’une certaine anthropologie afin d’en déduire une certaine politique), mais comme effet et enjeu d’un pouvoir ayant la vie pour but, objet et modèle.Or un tel déplacement n’implique-t-il pas une promotion de la vie au rang du fondement déserté par l’homme ? C’est, comme nous essayons de le montrer dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, le pas que franchissent, parfois, ces deux lectures en apparence antagoniques de l’œuvre foucaldienne que sont les interprétations d’orientation « naturaliste » d’une part (qui insistent surtout sur la « biologisation » de la politique moderne mise en lumière par Foucault) et, de l’autre, les lectures d’inspiration « vitaliste » (qui, à l’instar du commentaire deleuzien, invoquent plutôt l’idée d’une résistance possible aux biopouvoirs qui prendrait appui sur la puissance propre à cette même vie que le pouvoir cherche à investir).C’est dans les travaux archéologiques de Foucault que ces deux lectures de la biopolitique foucaldienne nous semblent trouver leur réfutation la plus flagrante, d’où le fait que la troisième section de notre travail leur soit entièrement consacrée. Foucault y établit en effet l’historicité foncière de cette vie biologique à laquelle seront ordonnés les dispositifs modernes de pouvoir. Par ailleurs, il prend bien soin de mettre en lumière ce qui compromet la prétendue positivité de ces savoirs sur la vie que sont la biologie et la médecine clinique. Il montre enfin à quel point la notion moderne – aussi bien biologique que métaphysique – de vie constitue le revers de la figure moderne de l’homme, de ses détermination empiriques mais aussi de ses prérogatives transcendantales. D’où, sans doute, le fait que son premier effort pour penser une issue possible au « cercle anthropologique » – centré autour de l’expérience littéraire – repose, non sur une revendication des puissances de la vie, mais sur une conceptualisation ontologique de la mort et de sa paradoxale fécondité.Il n’en reste pas moins qu’entre la fin des années 1970 et le début des années 1980, Foucault articulera bien une pensée de la résistance aux biopouvoirs avec une certaine problématisation de la vie. Or – décalage essentiel – il reconceptualisera aussitôt celle-ci à partir de la notion grecque de bios. L’hypothèse qui structure la quatrième partie de notre travail est alors que l’introduction du concept de bios répond au défi de redonner une certaine initiative à la vie (i.e., d’introduire une certaine distance entre celle-ci et la figure moderne, entièrement objectivée, naturalisée, médicalisée de l’homme normal), sans pour autant restaurer le sujet métaphysique ou phénoménologique, dont Foucault aura mené la critique dès le début des années 1960, ni basculer dans une métaphysique vitaliste – dont il aura montré qu’elle ne constitue que le revers de la figure moderne de l’homme. / From the analysis focused on Bichat’s vitalism, in 1963, to the study of the cynical bios in every last lesson of his last course at the Collège de France, the references to life are a constant in the work of Michel Foucault. The issue of life will appear in his work in the context of his philosophical and political project of going beyond modern humanism. From now on, our thesis will be that the challenge confronting Foucault’s thinking will consist in moving the center of the analysis from man (as the alleged foundation of modern knowledge and power) to life (that is, to the knowledge and power that produces and invests it, so as to what, in life, opposes some resistance to them), without turning life into a new foundation (whether the way of a naturalistic philosophy, a vitalist ontology or phenomenology of the vécu).It’s in the biopolitical works (on which the first part of our thesis is focused) where the Foucauldian strategy (getting around man through life) displays itself most clearly: man appears, indeed, not at all as foundation (as in the contract theories, which start with a certain anthropology in order to deduce a certain politics), but as an effect and a stake of a power that has life as goal, object and model. But wouldn’t such a move promote life to the status of a new foundation? It would, as we try to show in the second part of the thesis, the way that crosses sometimes these two seemingly conflicting readings of his work: “naturalistic” interpretations on one hand (which insist mainly on « biologisation » of modern politics, highlighted by Foucault) and, on the other hand, “vitalist” views (which following Deleuzian comments, invoke instead the idea of a possible resistance to biopowers which would rest on life’s own puissance).We think that these two readings of Foucault’s biopolitics find their highest refutation on Foucault’s archeological works. That’s why the third section of our work is completely devoted to them. Foucault, in fact, establishes here the historicity of biological life to which modern power devices will be closely related. Otherwise, he is careful to highlight what compromises the alleged positivity of knowledge. He also shows how the modern notion of life - both biological and metaphysical - is the reverse of man’s modern figure, of his empirical determinations but also of his transcendental prerogatives (that’s what we call “anthropological downturn” of life, which would find one of his endpoints on the phenomenological figure of the vécu). That is why, no doubt, his first effort to think of a possible outcome for the “anthropological circle” - centered on the literary experience- lays not on a argument in favor of the powers of life, but on an ontological conceptualization of death and his paradoxical fertility.It nevertheless remains true that, between the late ‘70s and the early ‘80s, Foucault will articulate a thought of resistance to biopowers with a certain problematization of life. Or – a critical shift – he will soon re-conceptualize it based on the Greek notion of bios. The hypothesis that structures the fourth part of our work is, then, that the introduction of the concept of bios addresses the challenge of restoring some initiative to life (i.e., to insert a certain distance between it and the common man’s modern figure, completely objectified, naturalized, medicalized), without therefore restoring a metaphysical or phenomenological subject (man as empirical-transcendental doublet, center and foundation of any experience, epistemological and practical), of which Foucault himself has been the led critic since the early ‘60s, or falling into a vitalist metaphysics – which he had revealed as only the reverse of men’s modern figure.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-10-02T14:22:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_PATRICIA_RODRIGUES_DA_SILVA_PARCIAL.pdf: 808907 bytes, checksum: d43ab0da7119feb8d67d321fcd16a3ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-02T14:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_PATRICIA_RODRIGUES_DA_SILVA_PARCIAL.pdf: 808907 bytes, checksum: d43ab0da7119feb8d67d321fcd16a3ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-14 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / The increased use of pesticides has caused the degradation of a variety of ecosystems, especially aquatic environments. Despite specific targets, agrochemicals are able to cause metabolic and functional alterations including in non-target organisms. Amphibians constitute the most globally threatened Class of vertebrates, and the population declines observed around the world are due to a synergy of different factors, including habitat degradation and fragmentation, mostly to agricultural purposes, and the exposure to contaminants derived of these activities, among others. Within this context, Melanophryniscus admirabilis is a micro endemic bufonid toad species, with occurrence registered to only one area in Rio Grande do Sul state (Brazil). This species has a critically endangered (CR) status, at regional, national and global levels. The great danger of extinction is due to several factors, including habitat fragmentation (especially for agricultural purposes) and the decreased habitat quality, mainly because of extensive use of agrochemicals in areas near of the natural habitat of this species. In view of the foregoing, the objective of the present study was to analyze possible alterations in metabolic and oxidative parameters in total homogenate of M. admirabilis tadpoles exposed to two different concentrations of commercial formulation containing Sulfentrazone (Boral? 500 SC) and two concentrations containing Glyphosate (Roundup? Original). The total levels of glycogen, proteins and uric acid were analyzed; as well as the possible occurrence of lipid peroxidation (LPO), expressed by TBARS levels; and the enzymatic activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione S-Transferase (GST). The results showed significant alterations in metabolic and oxidative parameters, in groups exposed to Sulfentrazone and Glyphosate herbicides. Analyzing these results, we hypothesize that the associated mobilization of enzymes and metabolic parameters presumably was capable of counter the oxidative lipid damage in these animals. Despite of that, the observed alterations may affect these animals during its life cycle, especially during and after metamorphic period. The apparent enzymatic inhibition observed in groups exposed to the herbicides, in addition to indicate the great susceptibility of tadpoles to these agents, reflects an impairment of the ability of these animals to cope with adverse and synergistic environmental situations, such as habitat fragmentation, UV radiation and exposure to other pollutants. The absence of mortality suggests resistance of M. admirabilis tadpoles to the tested concentrations of herbicides; nevertheless, the comparison of the antioxidant capacity of this species against taxonomically related species would be relevant. Therefore, the present study has demonstrated that the exposure of M. admirabilis tadpoles to sub lethal concentrations of Sulfentrazone and Glyphosate herbicides has affected the homeostasis, thus affecting the survival, of these animals in later life cycle stages. However, further studies would be necessary, including other concentrations and herbicides, as well as the analysis of further metabolites and components of the antioxidant system of this species. / O incremento no uso de pesticidas vem ocasionando a degrada??o de diferentes ecossistemas, sobretudo aqu?ticos. Apesar de possu?rem aplica??es espec?ficas a determinados organismos, sabe-se que os agrot?xicos s?o capazes de ocasionar altera??es metab?licas e funcionais em diversos organismos n?o alvo. Os anf?bios constituem a Classe de vertebrados mais amea?ada globalmente, sendo que os decl?nios populacionais observados no mundo todo s?o decorrentes da a??o sin?rgica de diversos fatores, incluindo a fragmenta??o e degrada??o de habitat, principalmente para fins agr?colas, a exposi??o a contaminantes derivados destas atividades, dentre outros. Neste contexto, Melanophryniscus admirabilis ? uma esp?cie de sapo bufon?deo micro end?mica, descrita atualmente para apenas uma localidade no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), e avaliada como Criticamente em Perigo de extin??o, em n?vel regional, nacional e global. O alto grau de amea?a desta esp?cie deve-se a um conjunto de fatores, como a fragmenta??o e perda de qualidade do habitat, principalmente devido ? convers?o de ?reas para agricultura e ? larga utiliza??o de agrot?xicos no entorno da ?rea de ocorr?ncia da esp?cie. Com isso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar poss?veis altera??es em par?metros metab?licos e do balan?o oxidativo em homogeneizado total de girinos de M. admirabilis expostos a duas concentra??es de formula??o comercial contendo Sulfentrazone (Boral? 500 SC) e outras duas contendo Glifosato (Roundup? Original). Foram analisados os n?veis totais de glicog?nio, prote?nas e ?cido ?rico; a poss?vel ocorr?ncia de lipoperoxida??o (LPO) atrav?s dos n?veis de TBARS; e o n?vel de atividade das enzimas Super?xido Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) e Glutationa S-Transferase (GST). Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram altera??es significativas nos par?metros mensurados, nos grupos expostos ?s diferentes concentra??es dos herbicidas Sulfentrazone e Glifosato. A partir disto, sugere-se que a mobiliza??o conjunta das enzimas e metab?litos analisados possivelmente foi capaz de conter o dano oxidativo nestes animais. Entretanto, cabe ressaltar que as altera??es observadas podem vir a afetar estes animais ao longo do ciclo de vida, especialmente durante e ap?s o per?odo metam?rfico. A aparente inibi??o enzim?tica observada nos grupos expostos aos herbicidas, al?m de indicar grande suscetibilidade dos girinos frente ? exposi??o a estes agentes, pode refletir um preju?zo da capacidade destes animais em lidar com situa??es ambientais adversas e sin?rgicas, como a fragmenta??o de habitat, radia??o UV e exposi??o a outros poluentes. A aus?ncia de mortalidade nos girinos de M. admirabilis sugere resist?ncia ?s concentra??es dos herbicidas testados; contudo, caberia a compara??o da capacidade antioxidante desta esp?cie com outras esp?cies taxonomicamente pr?ximas. Assim, este estudo demonstrou que a exposi??o de girinos de M. admirabilis a concentra??es subletais dos herbicidas Sulfentrazone e Glifosato conduziu a uma ruptura da homeostase que pode afetar a sobreviv?ncia da esp?cie em etapas futuras de seu ciclo de vida. Seriam relevantes estudos futuros visando ? compreens?o dos efeitos de outras concentra??es e herbicidas, bem como a an?lise de outros metab?litos e componentes do sistema antioxidante desta esp?cie.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:09:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 413367.pdf: 2260653 bytes, checksum: f5136a641efa598a13ce1aaf44fd45d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-26 / O comportamento reprodutivo de Scinax squalirostris (Lutz,1925) (Anura; Hylidae) foi estudado em dois corpos d ?gua na regi?o litor?nea de Pelotas/RS-Brasil (-31,7647?; - 52,2695?) e (-31,7566?-52,2577?). As f?meas apresentaram tanto comprimento rostro cloacal (CRC) quanto peso maiores do que os machos, o que evidenciou o dimorfismo sexual por tamanho (p=0,0013). A reprodu??o de S. squalirostris ocorreu ao longo do ano, apresentando reprodu??o prolongada com per?odos de picos reprodutivos que corresponderam aos meses em que os ambientes permaneceram alagados. Os s?tios reprodutivos constituem-se de banhados tempor?rios, podendo ou n?o apresentar ambientes aqu?ticos permanentes pr?ximos. A vegeta??o destes s?tios era caracterizada pela presen?a de gravat?s (Eringyum divaricattum) onde os machos vocalizam a espera de f?meas, sendo tamb?m o local onde ocorre a forma??o de casais em amplexo. Dentre os fatores ambientais avaliados, a precipita??o acumulada foi o desencadeador da reprodu??o de S. squalirostris, sendo que n?o foi encontrada rela??o entre reprodu??o e temperatura para esta esp?cie. As desovas apresentaram de 74 a 185 ovos, sendo que houve correla??o positiva entre o CRC de f?meas e o n?mero de ovos. Scinax squalirostris apresentou modo reprodutivo n?mero um, com desovas submersas a pequenas profundidades. Embora se caracterize como uma esp?cie de atividade noturna foram identificadas vocaliza??es tamb?m em per?odos diurnos. Foram observados dois tipos de canto, um de anuncio e um territorial, sendo que este apresentou uma varia??o em algumas situa??es. N?o foi encontrada correla??o entre a frequ?ncia dominante e o CRC e peso de machos. Scinax squalirotris caracterizou-se como uma esp?cie que defende seus territ?rios, podendo ou n?o apresentar combates f?sicos como tapas, chutes e mordidas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:09:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 462497.pdf: 10847685 bytes, checksum: 165076ea77d05917e2cde7a738dd5a4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-18 / Centrolenidae and Allophrynidae constitute a a large clade of neotropical treefrogs of approximately 148 species. Althought some studies have been addressed phylogenetically this group, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis including a total evidence aproach has never been presented. The objetives of this study was: 1) test previosly phylogentic hypothesis in Centrolenidae and Allophrynidae; ii) test the monophyly of both families; iii) perform a new phylogenetic analysis using both DNA and phenotipic evidence and iv) analize the evolution of some morphological and behavior characters consistent with the hypothesized relationships proposed. This phylogentic analysis was based in 378 terminals (268 of ingroup) representing 145 spepcies, 189 phenotipic characters and approximately 8500pb of 13 genes. The phylogenetic analysis resulted in 34 most parsimonious trees of 67.821 steps, which are summarized in a strict consensus cladogram. Concurring with previous studies, the Total Evidence phylogenetic analysis here performed corroborated the closely relationship between Allophrynidae and Centrolenidae families, it also corroborated the monophyly of subfamilies Hyalinobatrachiinae and Centroleninae. A new subfamily Allobatrachinae and new genus Allobatrachium are erected to allocate Allobatrachium sp, which form the sister taxon of all others centrolenids. Within Hyalinobatrachiinae, the genera Hyalinobatrachium and Celsiella are corroborated as monophyletic. Other results support a sister-group relationship between Ikakogi, Celsiella + Hyalinobatrachium. Whitin Centroleninae, two main clades were recovered: the first includes the tribe Cochranellini and the second another clade no named but composed of two mayors groups Nymphargus + Centrolene. Whitin Cochranellini, the analyses also corroborated the monophyly of Cochranella, Espadarana, Rulyrana, Sachatamia, Chimerella and Vitreorana but, Teratohyla is demonstrably nonmonophyletic: ((Chimerella (Teratohyla + Vitreorana)) (Teratohyla ((Cochranella + Espadarana) (Rulyrana + Sachatamia)))). To reconcile this situation, the genus Chimerella (one species) and two species of Teratohyla (T.amelie and T. pulverata) are placed in the synonymy of Vitreorana. Rulyrana is redefined and now includes 12 species by adding three species previously placed in Sachatamia genus. / A fam?lia Centrolenidae ? atualmente composto por 148 esp?cies; Allophrynidae, por sua parte, est? constitu?da por apenas tr?s esp?cies. Apesar de alguns estudos terem avaliado as rela??es destas duas fam?lias, uma hip?tese compreensiva para estas fam?lias incorporando a evid?ncia fenot?pica e a molecular nunca foi proposta. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: i) testar a hip?tese de rela??es filogen?ticas previas de Centrolenidae e Allophrynidae; ii) testar a monofilia destas duas fam?lias; iii) propor uma hip?tese de relacionamento filogen?tico e iv) analisar a evolu??o de alguns caracteres morfol?gicos e comportamentais no contexto da nova hip?tese de rela??es a ser proposta. Para isto, foi realizada uma an?lise filogen?tica baseada em 378 terminais (268 do grupo interno, representando 145 esp?cies), 189 caracteres fenot?picos e sequencias de 13 genes (ca de 8500 pb). A an?lise clad?stica de parcim?nia deste estudo teve como resultado final 34 ?rvores igualmente parcimoniosas de 67.821 passos. As ?rvores mais parcimoniosas apresentaram conflito em quatro pontos no relacionamento interno apresentado pelas esp?cies de Hyalinobatrachium: H. fleischmanni e H. tatayoi; Espadarana: E. prosoblepon e E. callistoma; Rulyrana: R. adiazeta e R. susatamai e Centrolene: Centrolene sp4, Centrolene sp5 e C. condor. Assim como em trabalhos pr?vios, este estudo corroborou a estreita rela??o entre as fam?lias Allophrynidae e Centrolenidae. A fam?lia Centrolenidae e as subfam?lias Hyalinobatrachiinae e Centroleninae foram corroboradas como monofil?ticas. A nova subfam?lia Allobatrachinae e novo g?nero Allobatrachium s?o erigidos para alocar a esp?cie Allobatrachium sp, o t?xon irm?o de todos os centrolen?deos. Dentro de Hyalinobatrachiinae, os g?neros Hyalinobatrachium e Celsiella foram corroborados como monofil?ticos. Ikakogi foi recuperado como grupo irm?o Celsiella + Hyalinobatrachium. Dentro de Centroleninae, dois grandes clados foram recuperados: o primeiro deles apresenta a categoria taxon?mica de tribo Cochranellini, e o segundo n?o se encontra nomeado e est? conformado por Nymphargus + Centrolene. O monofiletismo destes dois ?ltimos grupos foi corroborado. Dentro de Cochranellini, o monofiletismo de Cochranella, Espadarana, Rulyrana, Sachatamia, Chimerella e Vitreorana tamb?m foi corroborado, mas, contrariamente, Teratohyla n?o foi corroborado como monofil?tico. As rela??es entre esses g?neros ? descrita como a seguir: ((Chimerella (Teratohyla + Vitreorana)) (Teratohyla ((Cochranella + Espadarana) (Rulyrana + Sachatamia)))). Para reconciliar esta situa??o, o g?nero Chimerella (uma esp?cie) e duas esp?cies do g?nero Teratohyla (T. amelie e T. pulverata) s?o alocadas na sinon?mia do g?nero Vitreorana. O g?nero Rulyrana ? expandido a 12 esp?cies ao incluir em sinon?mia as tr?s esp?cies atualmente reconhecidas do g?nero Sachatamia.

This report presents operating systems that are designed to run on some of today’s the most popular DSP platforms. We look at functionally that those OSes provide to users, how they compare to general market embedded OS (like VxWorks, Linux), how they fit newest DSP platforms that features multicore architecture and highly integrated SoC. We also want to understand how those OSes can be utilized to implement selected real-time scheduling approaches. / text