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Ces travaux de thèse, financés par la Région Aquitaine et partie intégrante des projets ASCOBAR et OSQUAR (2007-2009 et 2009-2011), ont été effectués au sein du laboratoire IMS-Bordeaux (Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, UMR 5218) et sont le fruit de la collaboration de trois laboratoires. Ils ont visé l'étude d'une plateforme à ondes acoustiques transverses horizontales guidées, ou ondes de Love, dédiée à la détection de phycotoxines responsables d'empoisonnement par consommation de chair de coquillage.Cette plateforme intègre une partie microfluidique destinée à assurer un contrôle du flux de l'échantillon d'analyse au voisinage de l'interface sensible, tout en réduisant les volumes utilisés. Des tests de détections ont été réalisés, en collaboration avec le Laboratoire d'Immunologie-Parasitologie de l’Université Bordeaux 2, en équipant le capteur d'un biorécepteur spécifique de type anticorps, commercial pour la détection d'acide okadaïque, ou, pour l'acide domoïque, fabriqué à partir d'un haptène formé avec un mimotope d'une famille de toxines du type amnésiante (ASP) synthétisé par l'Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS UMR 5255).Grâce aux efforts synergiques de ce consortium et à l'élaboration de protocoles de détections spécifiques, les premiers résultats permettent de discriminer un échantillon empoisonné au seuil sanitaire, soit 0,2 ppm pour l'acide okadaïque, 20 ppm pour l'acide domoïque (200 ng d'acide domoïque dans seulement 10 mg de chair de coquillage). / These works have been funded by "la Région Aquitaine" as part of the projects ASCOBAR (2007-2009) and OSQUAR (2009-2011). They have been done in the IMS-Bordeaux (Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, UMR 5218) with the collaboration of two others laboratories.The main goal was to create a guided transverse horizontal acoustic wave (Love wave) platform for specific detection of phycotoxins, responsible of shellfish poisoning. The microfluidic chip integrated into this platform allows control of the sample flow above the sensitive surface while saving biological liquid consumption.Detection tests have been done with the collaboration of the "Laboratoire d'Immunologie-Parasitologie" (Université Bordeaux 2). The sensitive surface was made of antibodies, created from a hapten made with a mimotope synthesized by "l'Institut des Sciences Moléculaires" (Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS UMR 5255). This mimotope is a molecule part which is common to a family of amnesic phycotoxin (ASP).Thanks to the synergistic efforts of this consortium and development of specific detection protocols, results can discriminate poisonous samples at sanitary threshold, that is, containing 0.2 ppm of okadaic acid, 20 ppm of domoic acid (200 ng of domoic acid into only 10 mg of shellfish flesh).

L’identification par radio fréquence (RFID) connectée à des capteurs est une technologie grandissante pour les emballages intelligents. Ces travaux de thèse ont porté sur l’étude des propriétés électriques (impédance et capacité) et diélectriques (permittivité diélectrique et pertes) des protéines notamment le gluten de blé, en fonction des molécules environnementales connues comme des marqueurs de dégradation des denrées alimentaires. Les effets de ces molécules (eau, dioxyde de carbone et éthanol) sur les propriétés électriques et diélectriques du gluten de blé ont été analysés. Dans le but d’effectuer des mesures dans des conditions optimales, plusieurs étapes ont été mises en place:Le développement d’une méthode, permettant une haute exposition du gluten de blé à l’atmosphère environnant, afin d’acquérir des mesures électriques et diélectriques du gluten de blé dans des conditions contrôlées de température, vapeurs et de gaz ;L’analyse des effets des vapeurs et gaz sur les propriétés diélectriques du gluten de blé, ainsi que la détermination de différents paramètres tels que la sensibilité et l’hystérésis, propres aux capteurs ;L’enduction du gluten de blé sur une étiquette RFID, testée en fonction de l’humidité et dans des conditions réelles d’utilisation. Les effets sur la distance de lecture de l’étiquette RFID ont été analysés.Les résultats obtenus sont prometteurs au vu des modifications de la permittivité diélectrique et des pertes, indiquant une modification structurelle de la protéine, qui aurait un impact sur la réponse RFID. La permittivité diélectrique a été augmenté de 5.01±0.06 à 9.22±0.06, de 7.81±0.07 à 12.02±0.03 et de 6.66±0.01 à 11.77±0.01, pour une croissance de 20% à 95% de l’humidité relative, de 0% à 40% de dioxyde de carbone et de 0% à 0.1% d’éthanol respectivement, aboutissant à une sensibilité de 26.70±0.13fF/%RH,31.38±0.06fF/%CO2 et 25.50±0.05pF/%éthanol pour les 3 vapeurs et gaz. Les propriétés diélectriques du gluten et sa sensibilité aux vapeurs et aux gaz offrent de nouvelles perspectives sur la conception de capteurs à bas coûts et écologiques, connectés à des étiquettes RFID passives pour les emballages intelligents et pour le contrôle de la chaîne alimentaire. / Radio frequency identification (RFID) interfaced to sensors is a growing technology for intelligent packaging. The present thesis work is based on the study of the electrical (impedance and capacitance) and dielectric properties (dielectric permittivity and loss) of proteins principally wheat gluten, as a function of environmental molecules known as markers of food degradation. The impacts of those molecules (water, carbon dioxide and ethanol), usually found in food packages, on the electrical and dielectric properties of wheat glutenhave been investigated. In order to perform measurements in the optimum conditions, several steps have been set up:The development of a methodology, allowing a high exposure of wheat gluten to the surrounding atmosphere, offering the possibility to perform electrical measurements and identify dielectric properties of wheat gluten in controlled conditions of vapors and gases ;Analyzing the impact of vapors and gases on the dielectric properties of wheat gluten, and the determination of several parameters such as sensitivity and hysteresis, specific to sensors ;The coating of wheat gluten on a RFID tag, tested as a function relative humidity and in real conditions of use. The subsequent impacts on the reading range of the RFID tag have been analyzed.The results obtained are promising according to modifications of the dielectricpermittivity and loss, indicating a structural modification of the protein, sought to have an impact on the RFID response. The dielectric permittivity was increased from 5.01±0.06 to 9.22±0.06, from 7.81±0.07 to 12.02±0.03 and from 6.66±0.01 to 11.77±0.01, for an increase in relative humidity from 20% to 95%, in carbon dioxide from 0% to 40% and in ethanol from 0% to 0.1%, respectively, resulting in a sensitivity of 26.70±0.13fF/%RH, 31.38±0.06fF/%CO2 and 25.50±0.05pF/%ethanol for the 3 vapors and gases. The dielectric properties of wheat gluten and its sensitivity to vapors and gases offer new insights on theconception of low cost, eco-friendly sensors sought to be interfaced to passive RFID tags for intelligent packaging for food and supply chain monitoring.

Dans cette thèse, la définition du SERS en tant que biocapteur a été testée et une nouvelle approche a été développée. Ainsi, concernant la quantification, il est montré que le SERS peut-être un outil très efficace. Concernant la sélectivité, la qualité spectrale a été améliorée. Une excellente limite de détection associée à l’approche statistique et dynamique permet une très bonne sensibilité (inférieure au nanomolaire). Cette approche permet également une grande reproductibilité du capteur dans le temps. Ainsi, alors que le SERS ne réponds pas forcément bien aux caractéristiques d’un capteur dans son approche classique, dans notre cas le couplage entre un substrat de nanoparticules d’or non fonctionnalisées associé à un système microfluidique, le tout monté sur un microscope confocal pour des études temporelles dynamiques analysées statistiquement a contribué à définir le SERS comme un biocapteur efficace. / In this thesis, the definition of SERS as a biosensor has been tested and a new approach developed for. Also, in terms of quantification, it has been shown that SERS can be an efficient tool. Concerning the selectivity, the spectral quality was improved. A low limit of detection associated to the statistical and dynamic approach allows a very good sensitivity (under the nanomolar). This approach also enables a high reproducibility in time of the sensor. Thus, as low as SERS does not well answer to the sensor capabilities in a classical approach, in our case the coupling between a non-functionalized GNPs substrate coupled with a microfluidic chip, all mounted on a confocal microscope for temporal dynamic studies statistically analyzed has contributed to define SERS as an efficient biosensor.

Phosphatidylinositol is a a minor membrane component of eukaryotic cells, however, it plays a crucial role in cell signaling pathways as a precursor for a number of signaling molecules and second messengers. Among the most significant ones are phosphoinositides created by phosphorylation of the hydroxyl groups of phosphatidylinositol at positions 3,4, and 5 of the inositol ring. Despite its significance, the spatial and temporal distribution and dynamics of phosphatidylinositol remains unclear owing mainly to the lack of a specific optical probe (biosensor) to visualize phosphatidylinositol in living cells. Biosensor for inositol phospholipids are based on lipid-binding domains of their effector proteins with high enough affinity and specificity for a given phosphoinositide - but nosuch domain is known for PI. However, an enzyme - phosphatidylinositol-dependent phospholipase C - that specifically recognizes phosphatidylinositol is known. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol into diacylglycerol and inositol 1-phosphate and unlike eukaryotic homologs does not act upon the phosphorylated forms of phosphatidylinositol. The main aim of this thesis was to solve the structures of several inactive mutant forms of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus complexed to myo-inositol which...

La possibilité de convertir l’activité catalytique d’une oxydoréductase en un courant électrique a permis le développement d’une grande diversité d’électrodes enzymatiques. Les anodes catalysant l’oxydation du glucose font partie des plus étudiées pour leurs applications dans la mesure de la glycémie ou dans des biopiles glucose/O2. Parmi les nombreuses stratégies disponibles, l’utilisation d’hydrogels à base de complexes d’osmium en guise de médiateurs rédox fournit d’excellents résultats, qui restent cependant limités en terme de densité de courant ou de sélectivité. Durant cette thèse, la glucose oxydase (GOx) a été déglycosylée. Les électrodes préparées avec la nouvelle enzyme délivraient des courants catalytiques plus élevés, ce qui laissait supposer initialement une diminution de la distance de saut d’électron entre la GOx et le médiateur rédox suite au retrait des oligosaccharides. Une étude avec des électrodes de différentes compositions suggère au contraire que la déglycosylation n’améliore pas le transfert électronique intrinsèque mais la structure globale de l’hydrogel. De fait, une enzyme plus petite et plus négativement chargée doit induire un volume d’hydrogel plus faible pour une même composition molaire. En second lieu, une réduction parasite de l’oxygène affectant ces anodes, non envisagée jusqu’à aujourd’hui, a été mise en évidence et étudiée. En effet, l’interférence de l’O2 n’est usuellement attribuée qu’à sa réactivité avec la GOx. La présente étude prouve que l’O2 se réduit aussi sur les complexes d’osmium si leur potentiel standard E°’ est inférieur à + 0,07 V vs. Ag/AgCl. La cinétique de cette réaction croît exponentiellement quand le E°’ du complexe diminue. En plus d’abaisser le courant d’oxydation et donc les performances de l’anode, la génération de peroxyde d’hydrogène pourrait aussi altérer sa stabilité. Ces résultats suggèrent que le choix d’un médiateur de E°’ donné doit aussi dépendre de l’amplitude de cette réduction. / The possibility of converting the catalytic activity of oxidoreductase enzymes into electric current has led to the development of a high diversity of enzyme electrodes. Anodes catalysing glucose oxidation have been amongst the most studied, especially for their application in monitoring blood glucose or glucose/O2 biofuel cells. Although one of the numerous strategies available, the use of osmium-based hydrogels as redox mediators, has given excellent results, some limitations still remain such as rather low current densities, stability or selectivity Initially, the study focused on the deglycosylation of glucose oxidase (GOx). When most of the oligosaccharides around this glycoenzyme were removed, the ensuing increase in the electrode catalytic current seemed a priori to support the hypothesis of a decrease in the electron hopping distance between the enzyme redox centres and the redox mediator. However, a systematic study of electrode response for different compositions leads us to conclude that deglycosylation does not improve the intrinsic electron transfer but the whole hydrogel structure. This seems due to the smaller size and higher surface charge of the deglycosylated GOx inducing smaller hydrogel volumes than in the native-based GOx. The study then proceeded to examine the oxygen side reduction of commonly used osmium-based redox polymers. The interference of O2 on glucose oxidation current has generally been attributed to O2 reactivity with GOx. The present study shows that O2 reduction also occurs on osmium-based polymers if their formal potential E°’ is below + 0.07 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The kinetics of this reaction appears to increase exponentially when E°’ decreases. As well as reducing the oxidation current and, consequently, lowering anode performances, the generation of hydrogen peroxide could also modify electrode stability. These results suggest that the choice of redox mediator for a given E°'must also take into account the extent of O2 reduction.

Biosensors have proven to be a powerful tool for detecting diverse targets, such as proteins, DNA, and small molecules representing disease biomarkers, toxins, drugs and their metabolites, environmental pollutants, agrichemicals, and antibiotics with high sensitivity and specificity. The major objective of the research described in this dissertation was to develop low cost, low sample volume, highly sensitive and specific AuNP-based colorimetric sensor platforms for the detection of DNA and small molecules. With this in mind, we propose an instrument-free approach in chapter three for the detection of NADH with a sensor constructed on a paper substrate, based on the target-induced inhibition of AuNP dissolution. The successful detection of this important molecule opens the door to numerous possibilities for dehydrogenase characterization, because NAD+/NADH are essential cofactors for more than 300 dehydrogenase enzymes. To further increase the sensitivity of our hybridization-based assay for DNA detection, we developed an enzyme-assisted target recycling (EATR) strategy in chapter four and have applied such an EATR-based colorimetric assay to detect single-nucleotide mismatches in a target DNA with DNA-functionalized AuNPs. This assay is based on the principle that nuclease enzymes recognize probe–target complexes, cleaving only the probe strand. This results in target release, enabling subsequent binding to and cleavage of another probe molecule. When the probe is conjugated onto AuNPs, complete cleavage from the AuNP surface produces a detectable signal in high ionic strength environments as the nanoparticles undergo aggregation. With such enzyme-assisted amplification, target detection can occur with a very low nM detection limit within 15 minutes. The extent of DNA loading on the AuNP surface plays an important role in the efficiency of DNA hybridization and aptamer-target assembly. Many studies have shown that high surface-coverage is associated with steric hindrance, electrostatic repulsive interactions and elevated surface salt concentration, whereas low surface-coverage can result in nonspecific binding of oligonucleotides to the particle surface. In chapter five, we investigated DNA surface coverage effects, and apply this optimization in conjunction with a highly-specific aptamer to develop a sensitive colorimetric sensor for rapid cocaine detection based on the inhibition of nuclease enzyme activity.

Knowledge of cell electronics has led to their integration to medicine either by physically interfacing electronic devices with biological systems or by using electronics for both detection and characterization of biological materials. In this dissertation, an electrical impedance sensor (EIS) was used to measure the electrode surface impedance changes from cell samples of human and environmental toxicity of nanoscale materials in 2D and 3D cell culture models. The impedimetric response of human lung fibroblasts and rainbow trout gill epithelial cells when exposed to various nanomaterials was tested to determine their kinetic effects towards the cells and to demonstrate the biosensor’s ability to monitor nanotoxicity in real-time. Further, the EIS allowed rapid, real-time and multi-sample analysis creating a versatile, noninvasive tool that is able to provide quantitative information with respect to alteration in cellular function. We then extended the application of the unique capabilities of the EIS to do real-time analysis of cancer cell response to externally applied alternating electric fields at different intermediate frequencies and low-intensity. Decreases in the growth profiles of the ovarian and breast cancer cells were observed with the application of 200 and 100 kHz, respectively, indicating specific inhibitory effects on dividing cells in culture in contrast to the non-cancerous HUVECs and mammary epithelial cells. We then sought to enhance the effects of the electric field by altering the cancer cell’s electronegative membrane properties with HER2 antibody functionalized nanoparticles. An Annexin V/EthD-III assay and zeta potential were performed to determine the cell death mechanism indicating apoptosis and a decrease in zeta potential with the incorporation of the nanoparticles. With more negatively charged HER2-AuNPs attached to the cancer cell membrane, the decrease in membrane potential would thus leave the cells more vulnerable to the detrimental effects of the applied electric field due to the decrease in surface charge. Therefore, by altering the cell membrane potential, one could possibly control the fate of the cell. This whole cell-based biosensor will enhance our understanding of the responsiveness of cancer cells to electric field therapy and demonstrate potential therapeutic opportunities for electric field therapy in the treatment of cancer.

La qualité de l'eau est une préoccupation majeure pour la santé publique et la préservation de l'environnement. Nous proposons d’utiliser les phages comme des biosenseurs pour détecter les pathogènes humains ou animaux présents dans les eaux de surface, un outil nommé Phagosensor.La mise au point d’un phagosensor prototype a permis d’optimiser la détection des bactéries par cytométrie en flux. Les résultats montrent que cet outil est extrêmement rapide, sensible, et très spécifique. L’outil phagosensor permet de détecter des bactéries cibles présentes dans un environnement complexe tel que l’eau de mer.Le prototype fonctionnel a servi de base à la construction de phagosensors spécifiques de bactéries pathogènes. Les résultats montrent que la stratégie développée à partir du prototype peut être rapidement transposée à la détection de pathogènes tel que Salmonella. Le séquençage de novo et l’annotation des génomes de trois phages isolés de l’environnement permettront la construction de nouveaux phagosensors spécifiques de souches d’E. coli pathogènes.Cette stratégie a été adaptée à la détection d’un signal luminescent post-infection en utilisant les phages recombinants portant l’opéron luxCDABE. Les bactéries infectées sont rapidement détectables.L’ensemble de ces résultats démontre que la stratégie développée est applicable à la construction de phagosensor sur demande pour une détection rapide, sensible et spécifique des bactéries d’intérêt que ce soit en fluorescence ou en luminescence. La détection dans l’eau de mer suggère, qu’à terme, des outils pourront être conçus pour la détection de bactéries pathogènes dans d’autres matrices telles que le sang ou les aliments. / Water quality is a major concern for public health and natural environment preservation. We propose to use phages to develop biosensor tools able to detect human and animal pathogens present in water. The construction of a phagosensor prototype using an optimized genetic engineering strategy, infection and detection conditions, allowed the specific detection of bacteria. The results show that detection is fast, specific and highly sensitive. Moreover, the phagosensor tool detects target bacteria in a complex environment such as seawater. Phagosensors specific of pathogenic bacteria were constructed following the strategy developed for the prototype. Results show that the strategy we designed can be successfully transposed to detect pathogens such as Salmonella. De novo sequencing and genomes annotation of three phages isolated from the environment were carried out to develop phagosensors that are specific of pathogenic E. coli. This technology was then adapted to detect a luminescent signal arising post-infection using genetically modified phages carrying the entire luxCDABE operon. The bacteria infected with the lux recombinant phages were rapidly detected by luminescence emission. Together, these results demonstrate that our technology can be applied to construct various phagosensors adapted to the detection of different bacterial species of interest and using at least two output signals. These tools allow a rapid, specific and highly sensitive detection that are close to the European guideline. Efficient bacterial detection in seawater suggests that phagosensors could be developed to detect pathogenic bacteria in other matrices such as blood or food.

The aim of this research is to fabricate an electrically conducting, smooth, continuous and sensitive nanofiber using tri-block copolymer PS-b-PDMS-b-PS and SWCNTs by electrospinning. The electronic nanofibers may be utilized for effective biosensing applications. The SWCNTs have been of great interest to researchers because of their exceptional electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. The nanoscale diameter, high aspect ratio, and low density make them an ideal reinforcing candidate for novel nanocomposite material. Electrically conducting fibers are prepared by electrospinning a solution of PS, PS-b- PDMS-b-PS and functionalized SWCNTs using solvent DMF. The fibers formed have an average diameter and height of 5 and 4 μm respectively. These fibers are characterized by SEM, AFM, and optical microscopy. The electrical characterization of a single fiber shows an almost linear graph of current vs. voltage using the Kelvin Sensing method. This linear graph exemplifies the conducting nature of the fiber. Future work includes preparing nanofibers decorated with functional groups and binding with specific type of enzyme or protein to study their I-V behavior. This approach or method can be utilized for bio-sensing activities, especially for the detection of various antibodies and protein molecules.