Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1940. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [112]-115).

The reproductive biology of a pride of lions (Panthera leo) was studied on the 8500 ha Karongwe Game Reserve from 1999 to 2005. Over this period, the pride consisted of between four and 11 lions with a paired coalition of adult males during the first three years and a single adult male for the next three years.We recorded shorter than normal interbirth intervals, high birth rates of 1.3 cubs/lioness/year, very high cub survival rates, and subadults leaving the pride at young ages. This translated into substantially faster growth rates than are typical in large lion populations in ecologically similar circumstances such as Kruger National Park, but are similar to those of lions in Serengeti National Park. These demographic characteristics were probably induced initially by a lack of intense intraspecific competition and high prey availability, but population stability was maintained through the removal of young subadults by management. Interestingly, variability in conception rates between lionesses resulted in lower growth rates than have been found in other similar reintroduced lion populations. These demographic traits characterize many of the small reintroduced lion populations, and call for appropriate management to avoid the consequences of high predator densities.

This study investigated the reproduction and survival of Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis). Data on birth and death of Formosan macaques at Mt. Longevity were collected from 1996 till 2006. The birth of Formosan macaques peaked from April to June (94.4%). The sex ratio of 604 infants at birth was 1:1.2 (female to male), which was not significantly different from 1:1. The death of less than one-month-old infants accounted for 22.2% of all infant death. Infant mortality (less than 1 years old) was very high (35.2%) and no sexual difference was found (p > 0.05). Mortality of males equal or older than 6 years old (16.8-33.3%) were higher than those of females (p < 0.05). In primiparous females, most females (57.6%) gave birth at four years old. The average interbirth intervals of females after infant death within the first 3 months was 0.96 years (¡Ó 0.07, n = 23) which was significantly shorter than that after the successful rearing infants (1.02 years ¡Ó 0.09, n = 185, p < 0.05). Maternal ranks, age, infant sex ratio and troop size had no significant effect on the interbirth intervals (p > 0.05). The average interbirth intervals of high-ranking females (1.03 years) were similar to those from middle- (1.10 years) and low-ranking females (1.01 years). The average interbirth intervals after daughters were slightly longer than those after sons (1.02 and 1.01 years, prospectively). Interbirth intervals among small-sized troops (0.97 years) was slightly shorter than those from large- (1.02 years) and middle-sized troops (1.00 years). The birth rates of high- and middle-ranking females (66.3% and 68.0%, prospectively) were significantly higher than that of low-ranking females (45.6%, p < 0.05). Maternal rank and age had no significant effect on male infant ratio (p > 0.05). However, male infant ratio of high-ranking and young-aged females (76.2%) was 1.3-1.6 times of high-ranking, middle- and old-aged females, 1.5-1.7 times of middle-, low-ranking and young-aged females. Male infant ratio of middle troop size and high-ranking females (66.7%) was 1.2-1.4 times of large- and small-sized troops; 1.4-1.5 times of middle troop size and middle- and low-ranking females.

The low birth rate is a global trend Taiwan has entered the low birth rate society! The low birth rate have a deep impact not only on individuals, families, society, nation, or even a whole industry. According to the Ministry of the Interior (2010) data show that the total fertility rate of women in our country from 1960 to 1965 of 4.825, down to 0.895 in 2000-2010, fertility rates highest in the world of the reciprocal of the first, even more than the aging neighbor country Japan is even lower. Estimated to 105 years of the Republic of Taiwan's population will probably enter "zero growth"! Today's changing social structures, not married and no children of the proportion continues to increase, the motives of the pet is not just for economic or practical purposes, but accompanied by the emotional pets and owners to produce a interdependent relationship. Their beloved pet is willing to increase spending, thus creating a huge consumer market. Expected in the future, the fertility rate continued low standard of people keeping pets will be more market demand for more vigorous, it is bound to create more pet business opportunities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the low birth rate to bring the pet business opportunities, "the case of its competitors, strengths and weaknesses and its opportunities and threats SWOT analysis to understand the circumstances of its comparative advantage. Furthermore, the use of the SWOT matrix analysis graph matching, correlation analysis of the pet industry, summed up the advantages and disadvantages of the pet industry, combined with the related policy analysis theory. Finally, conclusions and provide recommendations in the strategy of the industry. This study eventually granted to the following six factors suggested that the industry reference in the business: (¤@) management style (¤G) market segment (¤T) education and training (¥|) strategic alliance (¤­) Promotion (¤») pet related systems and laws Keywords: low birth rate, fertility, pet, business opportunities, the SWOT, the pet industry

本研究旨在瞭解少子化對教育環境與國民中學學校經營之影響、教育行政機關在政策面及實務面因應少子化之道、少子化下國民中學學校經營之因應策略及其重要性等方面。研究對象為臺北縣市教育行政機關人員及臺北縣市公立國民中學之校長、候用校長與教務主任為訪談及問卷施測之對象。問卷發出277份，回收218份，問卷回收率為78.70%。資料分析採平均數與標準差等方法。 綜合問卷與訪談結果，本研究歸納幾點結論： 一、少子化對教育環境的影響包括對社會整體、學校環境、教師及家長等層面之影響。 二、教育行政機關因應之道，中央行政機關的政策面與實務面因應之道包括：(一)建立裁併校指標、(二)教師方面培養教師第二專長、增加輔導教師人力及規劃教師共聘機制、(三)學校層面降低班級人數提昇教學品質、編列教育補助預算、(四)推動教師及師培機構評鑑機制等層面；地方行政機關的政策面與實務面因應之道包括：(一)學校教師員額管控與聘任新進教師、(二)教師專業成長、(三)偏遠地區學校裁併與新設校之考量、(四)學校空間規劃與硬體之改善等層面。 三、少子化對國民中學學校經營之影響層面包括：(一)少子化對國民中學學校經營之衝擊、(二)少子化對國民中學學校經營之新契機、(三)少子化對國民中學教師帶來之改變。 四、少子化國民中學學校經營之因應策略及其重要性為：(一)建立品牌形象、(二)精進教師專業成長、(三)強化學校招生策略、(四)推動學校創新經營、(五)加強校本課程、(六)運用學校校園閒置空間等層面。 依據上述研究結果，針對中央及地方教育行政機關、對國民中學學校經營、對後續研究提出幾項具體建議，供教育行政機關及學校校長等相關政策規劃及學校經營上之參考。 / The object of this research is focused on exploring and understanding how a birth rate policy affects junior high school education, school management, administrative authorities for education policy and practice ;therefore ,responds the adaption to the changing environment,and concludes the implication and importance for school management strategy . This research was conducted under the questionnaire survey aiming at Taipei public and private authorities staffs , schools principals and its candidates , and academic affair supervisors with sampling size of 277 volunteers and withdrew 218 copies thereof effective, i.e. withdrawing rate 78.70%. Regarding the research tool includes mean and standard deviation analysis. According to the research analysis and discussion, it comes to the conclusions as following： 1.A birth rate policy influences on education environment including society, school, teacher and parent aspects. 2.As regards Central education authorities responding the policy and practice to the changing environment include. (1)establish school close down and consolidation indicators. (2)cultivate and train teachers with secondary specialty , enhance faculty counseling staffs and planning mechanism for co-selecting teachers. (3)scale down the number of a class student , promote education quality, and propose a education supplementary budgets. (4)promote teacher performance and appraisal implement mechanism ; and further,Local education authorities responding the policy and practice are (1)Control the number of faculty and new teachers recruitment. (2)Cultivate and promote teachers specialty. (3)Feasibility study on remote district schools close down or consolidation. (4)Improving the campus space and hardware facility . 3.A birth rate policy influences on junior high school management respects are: (1) Impacting on school administration and management. (2)Emerging incidentally new opportunity from those influences. (3)As far as junior high schools’ teachers are concerned, changing incidentally with those influences. 4.The said policy implication and importance for school management strategy including： (1)To establish brand image. (2)Cultivate and promote teachers specialty. (3)To strengthen the student enrollment strategy. (4)Creating an innovative school management strategy. (5)Upgrade and intensify the course contents and level. (6)To utilize the unused or idle space or facility. Finally, according to the research findings and conclusions, I propose some suggestions regarding practice applications and subsequent studies respectively to school principal and education authorities for implementing the related policy and management strategy.

Anthropogenic climate change is one of the most important factors influencing population growth and survival. Therefore, to be able to predict the effect of climate change on ecosystem composition and function, it is important to understand its effect on demographic variables, such as productivity. As a measure of productivity, I related the proportion of yearling birds captured during bird ringing in southern Sweden with mean temperature during the breeding season. I then compared the relationship between temperature and productivity for species with different traits regarding number of broods produced per season, thermal niches and migration behaviours. For most species (72%), productivity positively related to temperature during the breeding season. The relationship was strongest for species with the ability to vary the number of broods per year and species with a warmer thermal niche, whereas there was no difference between long-distance migratory and short-distance migratory species. The results suggest that, for some bird species in the study area, climate warming can increase population sizes. However, long-term effects of climate change may be different than the interannual fluctuations of temperature considered in this study, especially when interacting effects of habitat losses are taken into account.

Taiwan's birth rate drops to lowest in the world. The Birth rate decline has bring about the over-supply market of the student. Under the over-supply market and high competition situation, how to attract and recruit students is the urgent issue for most schools. School organizational change is necessary . Because School organizational change can effectively activate organization, reinforce school efficiency and enhance education quality. School actualization program come from the government subsidy that expect to help school reach the goal of quality senior high school . This paper divides four main parts. First,to analyze the difference of swots during three years. Second, to research difference of action strategy between schools. And then, to summarize the Implementation and Outcome of School actualization program . Finally, according to informations of organizational change and implementation schedule to construct an integrative model of school organizational change. To export the advantages and disadvantages of implementation process at school . Based on conclusions mentioned above, this study proposed some suggestions for educational administrative authorities, quality schools, and future researchers.

Magistro darbo „Socialinės paramos daugiavaikėms šeimoms vertinimas ir galimo tobulinimo kryptys“ tikslas-: išanalizuoti daugiavaikių šeimų socialinę padėtį ir identifikavus problemas, projektuoti jų sprendimų būdus. Siekiant šio tikslo, iškelti uždaviniai išanalizuoti socialinės paramos sampratą, paramos teikimo modelius, išnagrinėti socialinės paramos teikimą daugiavaikėms šeimoms reglamentuojančius įstatymus, išryškinti socialinės paramos teikimo gausioms šeimoms problemas ir galimus jų sprendimo būdus. Pirmoje dalyje nagrinėjama socialinė apsauga Europos Sąjungoje ir Lietuvoje, socialinės apsaugos tipai, gerovės valstybių socialinė politika. Antroje dalyje remiantis Lazdijų rajono Kapčiamiesčio seniūnijoje atlikto tyrimo duomenimis, atskleidžiami socialinės paramos daugiavaikėms šeimoms trūkumai ir pateikiamos rekomendacijos paramos tobulinimui. / The purpose of the Master paper “Assessment of social support to large families and trends of possible development” is to analyze social status of large families and project ways how to solve problems after identifying them. In pursue of this purpose the goal has been set to analyze the concept of social support, models of support provision, to analyze laws regulating provision of social support to large families, to point out problems of provision of social support to large families and possible ways how to solve them. The first part analyzes social security in the European Union and Lithuania, types of social security and social policy of welfare states. The second part covers shortcomings of social support to large families based on the results of the research conducted in Lazdijai district Kapčiamiestis elderate and provides recommendations for improvement of the support. Having analyzed data of the research conclusions have been made that provision of social support to large families is not efficient and adequate. Families would like that raising of children was equal to the work that is socially beneficial and was paid for.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Sept. 9, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-126).