Background: Since 1998 Sweden has individual accounts as a part of both public and occupational schemes (Sundén 2006). Yearly, 2,5% of the pensionable income is set aside to the premium pension (The Swedish Pension Agency 2021) Individuals are able to choose how the premiums should be paid in the system and in what way the money should be invested, either by choosing from the fund market or by refraining from making an active choice and instead let the Swedish pension agency management their money in the passive alternative called AP7 Såfa. The passive alternative AP7 Såfa is a portfolio which adapts to the age of the investor and is built to fit a long-term pension investment.  Purpose: This study will focus on evaluating if the passive alternative AP7 Såfa has an excess risk-adjusted return compared to given portfolios in the premium pension selection system, or if the investor would benefit from managing the portfolio more actively. The study will also search for benefits using the Treynor-Black model to check the optimal allocation between this actively managed portfolio versus the passive alternative AP7 Såfa.  Conclusion: This thesis has shown that there might be superior strategies rather than the index fund to find risk-adjusted excess return in the premium pension system. However, those strategies require professional analysts in order to forecast securities. For households choosing between active management themselves or the passive index fund AP7 Såfa, the most beneficial investment is to be passive and to not actively manage the portfolio. The optimum strategy is found to be the Treynor-Black model with a combined portfolio of the index fund and the active portfolio.

Abstract The subject of the thesis concerns visual representations of the African diaspora in Swedish art history. The focus is on paintings by students at the Royal Swedish Academy for Fine Arts 1878–1903 for which the dockworker and artists’ model Pierre Louis Alexandre (1844–1902) posed. Twelve paintings are selected for visual analysis. Drawing on a theoretical framework provided by postcolonial studies and critical visual culture studies, the thesis investigates how Alexandre lent his body to visual types and representations, as well as how he himself emerges through these paintings. The thesis arrives at the following conclusions: Alexandre lent his body to several figures and representations constructed through contemporary orientalist ideas concerning race and the “Orient”. However, he can also be seen depicted as figures of the male worker in a modern Stockholm. Additionally, some of these images can be interpreted as the model himself emerging, thus enabling a claim to existence as an individual and subject, historical and visual. / Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Uppsatsen undersöker hur Pierre Louis Alexandre (1844–1905), levande modell och hamnarbetare med afrikanskt ursprung, framställdes i elevarbeten skapade på Konstakademien mellan 1878–1903. Med hjälp av postkoloniala studier och kritiska visuella kulturstudier samt konstvetenskapliga metoder för bildanalys undersöks tolv målningar som han poserade för. De frågor som ställs inför verken berör hur Alexandre lånade sin kropp till visuella representationer och typer, samt även hur han själv framträder genom målningarna. Målningarnas visuella innehåll och produktionssammanhang analyseras i relation till verkens och modellens samtida kontext, utifrån konsthistoriska perspektiv rörande konstakademiska ideal, och idéer kring ras, genus och klass. Resultatet visar att flera av de figurer modellen lånade sin kropp till konstruerades enligt samtida orientalistiska idéer kring ras och ”Orienten”. Dock så kan flera av verken istället ses skildra arbetaren som figur i ett samtida Stockholm. Slutligen kan Alexandre själv tolkas framträda genom verken, vilket möjliggör ett anspråk på historisk och visuell existens som individ och subjekt.