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NAFCOC, the state and national-democratic struggleHope, P J 22 November 2016 (has links)
No description available.
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A narrative understanding of the maternal experience of urban black South African mothers.Dale, Lindsay Kate 03 April 2013 (has links)
This qualitative study explores the maternal experiences of black South African mothers living in a township in Johannesburg. Extensive research and literature has begun to address the experiences of motherhood from the mother’s perspective, however research into the experiences of black mothers is still limited. In the past psychological literature on South African motherhood tended to focus on at-risk mothers and children rather than exploring their personal narratives. This study presents the narratives of six black mothers living in Alexandra township in Johannesburg, Gauteng. The six mothers participated in individual, semi-structured interviews. The data was analysed using the narrative analysis technique. The analysis provides insight into the personal experiences of motherhood and highlights the central narratives that these mothers told. What emerged is that mothers have individual and unique stories to tell, their stories about becoming a mother are central to their narratives on motherhood and the context in which mothers mother is pivotal in shaping their mothering experiences.
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Estimating glomerular filtration rate in black South AfricansVan Deventer, Hendrick Emanuel 16 April 2010 (has links)
MMed, Chemical Pathology, Faculty of health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009 / Background
The 4-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (4-v MDRD) and Cockcroft-Gault (CG)
equations are commonly used for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR); however,
neither of these equations has been validated in an indigenous African population. The aim of
this study was to evaluate the performance of the 4-v MDRD and CG equations for
estimating GFR in black South Africans against measured GFR and to assess the
appropriateness for the local population of the ethnicity factor established for African
Americans in the 4-v MDRD equation.
Methods
We enrolled 100 patients in the study. The plasma clearance of chromium-51–EDTA (51Cr-
EDTA) was used to measure GFR, and serum creatinine was measured using an isotope
dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) traceable assay. We estimated GFR using both the
reexpressed 4-v MDRD and CG equations and compared it to measured GFR using 4
modalities: correlation coefficient, weighted Deming regression analysis, percentage bias,
and proportion of estimated GFR within 30% of measured GFR (P30).
Results
The Spearman correlation coefficient between measured and estimated GFR for both
equations was similar (4-v MDRD R2 = 0.80 and CG R2 = 0.79). Using the 4-v MDRD
equation with the ethnicity factor of 1.212 as established for African Americans resulted in a
median positive bias of 13.1 (95% CI 5.5 to 18.3) mL/min/1.73m2. Without the ethnicity
factor median bias was 1.9 (95% CI -0.8 to 4.5) mL/min/1.73m2.
Conclusion
The 4-v MDRD equation, without the ethnicity factor of 1.212, can be used for estimating
GFR in black South Africans.
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Die skeppende benadering van die Suid-Afrikaanse advertensiebedryf tot die swart verbruikerEnslin, Carla 21 October 2015 (has links)
M.A. (Communication) / This study examines the creative approach of the South African advertising industry towards the black consumer. The study of literature finds its point of departure in the systems approach of communications. The communication process and the components therein (sender, message, communication medium and receiver) are analysed as a system in the cultural context of the black consumer. The cultural context of the black consumer represents the external environment of the system. In this study emphasis is placed on the sender of the advertising message to the black consumer ...
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The experience of affirmative action by black beneficiariesAngoma, Nompumelelo 28 February 2011 (has links)
D. Lit. et Phil. / The process of change can be complex and the introduction of affirmative action in South Africa against an apartheid backdrop is undoubtedly one such change. In 1998 the Employment Equity Act was passed. The purpose of the Act was to achieve equity in the workplace by promoting equal opportunity and fair treatment in employment through the elimination of unfair discrimination and; implementing affirmative action measures to redress the disadvantages in employment experienced by designated groups, in order to ensure their equitable representation iIi all occupational categories and levels in the workforce (Government Gazette, 1998). Whilst the concept is not new and has been extensively researched in several countries, it was introduced under unique circumstances in South Africa (Luhabe, 1993). There is therefore, a need for the generation of additional theories that are relevant and applicable to South Africa's unique circumstances -theories that are grounded in, and account for this area in South Africa. As Stamp (1999) put it, a grounded theory that is generated form the ground up". The present study aimed to generate theory from the lived experiences of black affi'rmative action participants in South African organisations. The study intended to look at how affirmative action is experienced by beneficiaries without prior judgement from previous literature on the subject. It aimed not to verify past theories but to understand the situation as it is experienced. Hence, the grounded theory method of analysis was chosen by the researcher. Grounded theory is a qualitative method that generates theory by the systematic collection and analysis of data (Glaser,1992). The grounded theory method of research aims to generate new theory that is grounded in the data of a substantive area. It therefore aims to create theory from the central themes and categories that emerge form the data.
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The South African black youth's likeability of African-American advertisementsHugo, Angela Odette 11 September 2012 (has links)
M.A. / The objective of the study was to determine the influence of African-American culture and the impact of African-American advertisements within a South African advertising communications context. The study focused on the urban black South African youth for two reasons: the first is that most of the African-American advertisements are targeted at them. The second reason is that they can be considered innovators when it comes to adopting new attitudes and trends. Before the evaluation could be completed, the singular definitions for the terms African-American, Eurocentric and Afrocentric were compiled with input from people in the advertising industry. The relevance of this study is that the black South African youth are incessantly being exposed to the African-American culture through advertisements and the media. By implication they will increasingly be able to relate to the African-American ideals, values and norms as reflected in the afore-mentioned and they will potentially start to neglect and eventually abandon their own cultural heritage. The issue that was raised was that marketers and advertisers should be adopting the philosophy of "mashakane" and be aiding nation building in South Africa, not encouraging the fragmentation of it. The other concern that was raised was that in South Africa, whites are creating advertisements for blacks. There are cultural differences between the two and therefore inter-cultural communication is occurring. A literature study on inter-cultural communication revealed the similarities and the differences between white and black South Africans. In general terms with the primary difference being that whites can be classified as individualistic and by implication a low-context communication culture. Blacks on the other hand are collectivistic which means that they are a high-context communication culture. On the macro level, the South African socio-economic environment in which the black South African youth are growing up in, was analysed as it will impact directly on them as receptors .of advertising communication. The study then concentrated on the evolution of black market segmentation in South Africa. The future trends that are emerging in the black market, which will assist in advertising positioning strategies, were also briefly discussed. The black South African youth market was analysed in detail particularly from an advertising and consumer point of view. Advertising's psychological implications on them were also discussed. Furthermore a demographic and sociographic profile of the black South African youth market was completed. This demographic and sociographic analysis was based on the results of the 1994 "Youth Survey" conducted by Mkhasibe (1995). The research that was conducted for this study evaluated the shift in the trends (from 1994-1996) influencing the black South African youth (this included their media consumption, their role models and the country they would most like to visit). Furthermore the aspirational appeal that America holds for them versus South Africa was examined. Finally the likabilty of certain African-American advertisements versus Eurocentric and Afrocentric advertisements was determined to assess the effectiveness of African-American advertisements for this target market. From the study it is evident that fashion, movies and music are important to the black South African youth. They also prefer examples of the above-mentioned that are African-American. Fashion is the only exception where Italy and France (specifically Paris) are appealing to them. It is also evident from the study that their Africaness is important to them and they criticise those who have adopted the African-American culture in its entirety. They are considered sell-outs. There is value in advertisers utilising an African-American positioning for advertisements targeted at the black South African youth. However advertisers should be aware that their Africaness should not be ignored and should be incorporated into the advertisements. Therefore by procuring the African-Americans positioning the advertisement retains desirability and by embodying an Afrocentric aspect the identification with the advertisement by the black South African youth is much stronger.
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Depot differences in adipose tissue metabolism and function in obese black South African women and changes in response to an exercise training interventionNono Nankam, Pamela Arielle 18 February 2021 (has links)
Black South African (SA) women are disproportionally affected by obesity and insulin resistance, which have been associated with depot-specific alterations in adipose tissue function. This thesis aimed to evaluate the differences in fatty acid (FA) composition and gene expression between abdominal (aSAT) and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue (gSAT), and the changes in response to exercise training in relation to body composition, hepatic fat, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, and insulin sensitivity (SI) in obese black SA women. This research evaluated the i) FA composition of aSAT and gSAT, and red blood cell total phospholipids (RBC-TPL) and their associations with body composition, hepatic fat and SI, ii) changes in these FA profiles in response to exercise training and the relationship with changes in systemic inflammation, hepatic fat and SI; iii) effects of exercise training on systemic markers and SAT gene expression of inflammation and oxidative stress; and iv) regional differences in transcriptome profiles of aSAT and gSAT pre- and post-exercise training. Forty-five IsiXhosa women (30-40kg/m2 , 20-35 years) were randomized into control (n=22) or exercise groups (n=23; 12-week aerobic-resistance training, 40-60 min/session, 4 days/week). Pre and postintervention measurements included: anthropometry, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, dietary intake, SI, hepatic fat, systemic markers and SAT gene expression of adipokines, inflammation and oxidative stress, RBC-TPL and SAT fatty acids profiles, and untargeted SAT gene expression analyses. The main findings showed differences in the circulating (RBC-TPL) and stored (SAT) FA composition, which reflected in different associations between these FA profiles and SI. Moreover, the changes in FA composition in response to exercise training were depot-specific, with the changes in RBC-TPL correlating with a decrease in systemic inflammation and hepatic fat. Exercise training alleviated systemic oxidative stress and induced increased gSAT inflammatory genes, reflecting SAT remodelling. These changes coincided with a reduction in gynoid fat and were not associated with increased SI. Furthermore, there were unique depot-specific gene expression signatures relating to embryonic development at baseline and more diverse functional-related processes at post-training. This generated novel candidate genes potentially implicated in the relationship between body fat distribution and metabolic status in obese black SA women.
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The funding of black economic empowerment in South AfricaPhillips, Natalie Emma 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study considers Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) in South Africa, and in
particular, the various funding structures of Black Economic Empowerment
transactions. Whilst these structures have a variety of forms, past experience has
suggested some fundamental problems with the actual funding sources and structures.
Various definitions and interpretations of Black Economic Empowerment within the
context of this paper are discussed. Two BEE strategies are identified, one of which
namely, the creation of a broader, more sustainable group of black entrepreneurs for
South Africa will be the focus of this paper. The issue of entrepreneurial
empowerment will remain an ongoing theme throughout all chapters in this paper.
The second BEE strategy, namely, poverty alleviation and employment creation is
only briefly discussed although its importance is not underestimated. From the study
it is concluded that BEE ought not be a strategy aimed at the enrichment of a select
group of black elite. Lessons learnt from past failures are also highlighted.
A historical analysis of the provision of funding to historically disadvantaged people
(HDP)1 in South Africa is presented. The theme of inequality in providing access to
finance for black entrepreneurs and small businesses is looked at in this context. The
historical analysis starts with the early years in South Africa and then focuses on the
period 1990 – 1999.
This report also provides a critical assessment of some of the biggest shortcomings of
the pyramid structures and complex financial engineering of the first attempts of
Black Economic Empowerment in the narrow sense of the word. It is established that
the Special Purpose Vehicle funding structures of the late 1990s were a failure.
Further, this study looks at current financing options and possible solutions. Some
recent examples are also provided of BEE funding structures which seem to have
worked. Traditional government institutions such as the Industrial Development
Corporation, in particular, have also come a long way in developing more viable funding in transactions with BEE companies. It is also noted that recent alternative
financing structures by the private sector are addressing some of the key challenges of
BEE such as ownership, control and the promotion of sustainable black businesses for
the transformed South African economic landscape going forward. However, many
obstacles remain with the potential sources of funding of BEE such as traditional
banks and life assurers in South Africa who are still not more accessible to the poor.
Fundamental problems have also been identified in the analysis of the Development
Finance Institutions (DFIs) of government such as the National Empowerment Fund,
Khula Enterprises and the Land Bank which are also anticipated to play a crucial role
in the provision of financing for BEE over the coming years.
This study highlights the significant cost involved with the implementation of the
BEE strategies. The single biggest challenge to the economic empowerment of the
previously disadvantaged is access to funding. About the need for broad-based Black
Economic Empowerment in South Africa, there is no dispute. But it is important that
these costs are weighed against other sustainable development objectives. The private
sector often seems to see BEE as a cost rather than an opportunity. But while the
shortcomings of numerous empowerment initiatives, exacerbated by the 1998 stock
market crash, may have caused the financial sector to get cold feet about these
transactions, the sector can come up with some creative options that go beyond old
problems. Therefore, the future role of government financed institutions together with
the private sector remains critical in ensuring that these objectives are met.
In conclusion, the discussion on the funding of Black Economic Empowerment in
South Africa must be seen within the context of the political and economic landscape
of the 1900s and then in particular, the history of the past ten years.
Narrowly defined black economic empowerment has gained significant momentum in
recent years due to the economic restructuring of the business sector which has been
propelled by recent government legislation such as the Mining Charter, the Black
Economic Empowerment Commission’s recommendations, the Department of Trade
and Industry’s discussion documents and other legislation currently in the pipeline.
However, the economic landscape still looks bleak. Real economic growth has been
inadequate since large parts of our population are still unemployed. A significant hurdle still facing our economy is the high degree of wealth inequality that exists. It is
within this context that one should assess the many policy and funding initiatives that
have been taken and the strategies proposed to redress historical imbalances in the
country.
The paper itself is comprised of six parts. This executive summary only serves to
provide a brief overview of the various areas covered in this study. Chapter One
analyses the various definitions of the term Black Economic Empowerment, their
relevance and the development of BEE in South Africa over the years. This leads to a
discussion in Chapter Two on the problem statement, being the funding of BEE.
Chapter Three is divided into seven sub-sections and provides a historical analysis of
the funding obstacles facing black people since the early 1900s, then looks at
developments of BEE since the early 1990s with a critical assessment of the failures
of empowerment and the funding structures utilized during this period. Chapter Three
also identifies various similarities and lessons learnt from examples of empowerment
experiences in other countries. Chapter Four looks at the estimated size of the funding
requirement and current sources of financing from the private and public sector.
Certain conclusions are drawn from this overview. Chapter Five looks at the major
risks facing the impact of BEE and the financing thereof in the future. Chapter Five
also applies the criteria for appropriate funding of BEE to a recent BEE transaction in
the form of a case study. Some possible solutions are also put forward in this section
of the analysis. Chapter Six summarises and concludes. 1 Note that HDP incorporates all disadvantaged groupings such as the Black, Indian, Coloured
populations of South Africa. In historical terms it also includes the various tribes that existed in South Africa during the early years as well as those who were slaves.
Africa during the early years as well as those who were slaves. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging (SEB) in Suid-Afrika, en in
die besonder die verskillende befondsingstrukture van Swart Ekonomiese
Bemagtigingstransaksies. Hoewel hierdie strukture ’n verskeidenheid vorms mag hê,
het ondervinding getoon dat daar wesentlike probleme is wat die werklike
befondsingsbronne en -strukture betref.
Verskillende definisies en vertolkings van Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging binne die
konteks van hierdie verhandeling word bespreek. Twee SEB-strategieë word
geïdentifiseer, waarvan een, naamlik die daarstelling van ’n meer omvattende en meer
volhoubare groep swart entrepreneurs vir Suid-Afrika, die fokuspunt van hierdie
verhandeling sal wees. Die vraagstuk van entrepreneuriale bemagtiging sal ’n
deurlopende tema in alle hoofstukke van hierdie verhandeling bly. Die tweede SEBstrategie,
naamlik armoedeverligting en werkskepping word slegs vlugtig bespreek,
alhoewel die belang daarvan nie onderskat word nie. ’n Gevolgtrekking van die
studie is dat SEB nie ’n strategie behoort te wees wat op die verryking van ’n
uitgesoekte swart elite-groep gerig is nie. Lesse wat uit mislukkings van die verlede
geleer is, word ook belig.
’n Geskiedkundige ontleding van die voorsiening van befondsing aan voorheen
benadeelde mense in Suid-Afrika word gebied. Die tema van ongelykheid in die bied
van toegang tot finansiering vir swart entrepreneurs en klein besighede word binne
hierdie verband bekyk. Die geskiedkundige ontleding begin met die vroeë jare in
Suid-Afrika en fokus vervolgens op die tydperk 1990 – 1999.
Hierdie verslag bied ook ’n kritiese evaluering van sommige van die grootste
tekortkomings van die piramidestrukture en ingewikkelde finansiële geniëring van die
eerste pogings tot Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging in die eng sin van die woord. Daar
word bewys dat die Gespesialiseerde Voertuig-befondsingstrukture van die laat
1990’s ’n mislukking was. Hierdie studie kyk boonop na huidige finansieringsopsies
en moontlike oplossings. ’n Aantal onlangse voorbeelde van SEBbefondsingstrukture
wat klaarblyklik suksesvol was, word ook gebied. Tradisionele
regeringsinstansies, soos die Nywerheidsontwikkelingskorporasie in die besonder, het ook heelwat vordering getoon wat die ontwikkeling van meer lewensvatbare
befondsing in transaksies met SEB-maatskappy betref. Daar word ook gelet op die
feit dat onlangse alternatiewe finansieringstrukture deur die privaat sektor sommige
van die sleuteluitdagings van SEB, soos eienaarskap, die beheer en bevordering van
volhoubare swart besighede vir die transformerende Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomiese
landskap, aanspreek. Daar is egter steeds talle struikelblokke wat die potensiële
befondsingsbronne van SEB betref, soos tradisionele banke en lewensversekeraars in
Suid-Afrika wat steeds nie meer toeganklik vir die armes is nie. Wesentlike probleme
is ook geïdentifiseer in die ontleding van die regering se
Ontwikkelingsfinansieringsinstansies, soos die Nasionale Bemagtigingsfonds, Khula
Enterprises en die Landbank, wat na verwagting ook ’n beslissende rol in die
voorsiening van finansiering vir SEB in die komende jare sal speel.
Hierdie studie belig die aansienlike koste wat by die implementering van die SEBstrategieë
betrokke is. Die grootste enkele uitdaging vir die ekonomiese bemagtiging
van voorheen benadeeldes is toegang tot befondsing. Die behoefte aan omvattende
Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging in Suid-Afrika word nie betwis nie. Maar dis
belangrik dat hierdie koste opgeweeg moet word teen ander volhoubare
ontwikkelingsdoelwitte. Dit wil voorkom asof die privaat sektor SEB as ’n uitgawe
eerder as ’n geleentheid beskou. Maar alhoewel die tekortkominge van talle
bemagtigingsinisiatiewe, wat deur die ineenstorting van die aandelemark in 1998
vererger is, daartoe kon gelei het dat die finansiële sektor bra lugtig vir hierdie
transaksies is, kan die sektor tog met skeppende opsies vorendag kom om ou
probleme die hoof te bied. Die toekomstige rol van staatsgefinansierde instansies in
samewerking met die privaat sektor bly dus deurslaggewend om te verseker dat
hierdie doelwitte bereik word.
Kortom, die bespreking van die befondsing van Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging in
Suid-Afrika moet gesien word binne die konteks van die politieke en ekonomiese
landskap van die 1900’s en die geskiedenis van die afgelope tien jaar in die besonder.
Eng gedefinieerde swart ekonomiese bemagtiging het in die laaste paar jaar
aansienlike stukrag verkry danksy die ekonomiese herstrukturering van die
sakesektor, wat verder aangedryf is deur onlangse regeringswetgewing soos die Mynbouhandves, die aanbevelings van die Swart Ekonomiese
Bemagtigingskommissie, die Departement van Handel en Nywerheid se
samesprekingsdokumente en ander wetgewing wat tans beplan word. Die
ekonomiese landskap lyk egter steeds allesbehalwe rooskleurig. Reële ekonomiese
groei is onvoldoende aangesien groot gedeeltes van ons bevolking steeds werkloos is.
’n Betekenisvolle struikelblok wat ons ekonomie steeds in die gesig staar, is die groot
mate van ongelyke welvaart wat bestaan. Dit is binne hierdie verband wat die talle
beleids- en befondsingsinisiatiewe geëvalueer moet word wat onderneem is en
strategieë wat voorgestel is om die geskiedkundige wanbalanse in die land aan te
spreek.
Die verhandeling self bestaan uit ses afdelings. Hierdie inleiding dien slegs om ’n
bondige oorsig te gee van die onderskeie temas wat in hierdie studie gedek word.
Hoofstuk Een ontleed die verskillende definisies van die uitdrukking Swart
Ekonomiese Bemagtiging, hul tersaaklikheid en die ontwikkeling van SEB in Suid-
Afrika oor die jare. Dit gee aanleiding tot ’n bespreking in Hoofstuk Twee van die
probleemstelling, naamlik die befondsing van SEB. Hoofstuk Drie is in sewe
onderafdelings verdeel en bied ’n geskiedkundige ontleding van die
befondsingstruikelblokke wat swart mense sedert die vroeë 1900’s in die gesig staar,
waarna dit ontwikkelings op die gebied van SEB sedert die vroeë 1990’s ondersoek,
met ’n kritiese evaluering van die mislukkings van bemagtiging en die
befondsingstrukture wat in hierdie tydperk toegepas is. Hoofstuk Drie identifseer ook
verskillende ooreenkomste tussen en lesse wat geleer is uit voorbeelde van
bemagtigingsondervinding in ander lande. Hoofstuk Vier kyk na die geskatte omvang
van die nodige befondsing, asook huidige bronne van finansiering uit die privaat en
openbare sektor. Sekere gevolgtrekkings word aan die hand van hierdie oorsig
gemaak. Hoofstuk Vyf belig die grootste risiko’s wat die impak van SEB in die gesig
staar, asook die toekomstige finansiering daarvan. Hoofstuk Vyf pas boonop die
kriteria vir genoegsame befondsing vir SEB op ’n onlangse SEB-transaksie in die
vorm van ’n gevallestudie toe. ’n Aantal moontlike oplossings word ook in hierdie
afdeling van die ontleding gebied. Hoofstuk Ses vat saam en kom tot ’n slotsom.
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The role of provincial government support in the development of black-owned small tourism businesses in the city of Cape Town.Quesada, Lemay Llorente January 2005 (has links)
Since 1994, tourism has become one of the most benefited industries among the overall of the South African economy. However, the industry is still far from being an example of transformations. The tourism industry in South Africa is still dominated by white-owned large enterprises, leaving limited space for the development of black-owned small tourism businesses. The existing literature identifies that government support represents a key variable regarding small tourism business development, specifically among black entrepreneurs. This study evaluated the role of provincial government support in the development of black-owned small tourism businesses in the South Africa, with a focus on Cape Town.
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Exploring the meanings attached to the sexual identity of Black women-loving-women (WLW) in Soweto.Pakade, Nomancotsho 09 January 2014 (has links)
Women’s bodies and sexualities across history and race have been subjected to policing by
the state, society and men. However, within the context of Black sexuality, black women’s
bodies have been subject to silencing during the colonial encounter.This exploratory study set
to document the subjective meanings associated with the Black WLW sexual identity of 50
women in Soweto. This study seeks to contribute to the recently emerging body of literature
which has documented Black women’s same-sex sexualities as means to render their
identities and experiences visible. Furthermore, to capture the terms used to describes samesex
practicing women. The Q methodology was used to capture the various expressions along
with their subjective representation. Two main distinct accounts emerged from the analysis.
The Q analysis results indicated that there are two dominant forms of gender expressions and
perceptions of what constitutes a Black WLW sexual identity in Soweto. Factor A
distinguished itself through conceptualising this sexual identity in a ‘closed construction’ of
attraction, with distinct gender roles. As such women in this factor identified with a sense of
being domineering in the relationship, with potential partners expected to cook and clean. On
the other hand, women who defined Factor B had a more inclusive construction of the Black
WLW. These women placed emphasis on being comfortable with the bodies, particularly
their breasts. Additionally, they valued the notion of equality in their relationships from
sharing household chores to believing that sex should be about both partners pleasuring each
other. The study also unpacked the meaning of self-identifying terms used by WLW in
Soweto. In the absence of historically positive terms for same-sex sexualities, specifically
indigenous terms, labelling becomes a site that does not prioritise meaning but reflects the
negotiation of an oppressed sexual identity. What is in a name becomes a continuous struggle
of reclaiming existence and visibility with oneself, the lesbian and gay community and the
broader society.
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