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Catchwords and catchphrases denoting crucial ideological concepts or disqualifying an opponent serve as indices pointing to the line of demarcation between political camps. Using the example of three catchwords (Patriotyzm genetyczny genetic patriotism, pka kulturowa cultural shelf, Palikotyzacja X-a Palikotization of X) emerging in the aggravated political debate in Poland between 2000 and 2009, and mainly signaling affiliation with the national conservative PiS-party, a twofold approach combining methods from discourse analysis and cognitive linguistics is proposed. On the one hand, the lexical items are analyzed as keywords in statu nascendi which are disputed, quoted or ridiculed and serve as intertextual hinges which still have the potential to evoke the communicative situation in which they have been created. On the other hand, the selected newly created lexical items are analyzed as conceptual integration networks within the framework of blending theory. The blending analysis reveals the underlying logic of the novel conceptual structure and displays the explanative and argumentative pattern suggested by the blend and condensed in the catchword. By tracing the disputes elicited by these catchwords and analyzing sequences in which these newly created concepts are contested or maintained from a cognitive perspective, we can see how the logic suggested by the blend is either perpetuated or perverted in the process of the ongoing dissemination of the catchword.

This thesis aims to construct a semantic system for the disparate uses of peh in TSM and peh¡¦s pragmatic functions in actual language uses in terms of cognitive accounts. Firstly, based on the data collected from dictionaries of the Ministry of Education, the present study divided the various meanings of peh into two main types, i.e., prototypical meaning and extended meanings. Prototypical meaning is further classified into perception-based type. How peh is perceived in perception-based type is in close relationship with the actual environment where we interact with. On the other hand, the main category under extended meanings is conception-based type, which is divided into four subcategories of cognitive mechanisms. That is, the diverse meanings of peh in conception-based type will be interpreted in the perspective of four subcategories of cognitive mechanisms. They are metonymic extension, metaphorical extension, the interaction of metaphor and metonymy, and culturally-related extension. Then, to better understand peh¡¦s pragmatic functions in TSM, the study shifts its foucus to the examination of the interrelationship between peh and the shared Taiwanese cultural background knowledge in actual language uses. Basically, the function which peh serves in discourse depends mainly on the context where it is used, and the world or the community will determine and pick up the most appropriate wordings for us (Mey, 2008). There is no definite answer as to which linguistic expression bears which meaning or interpretation when we try to sort out all possible interpretations and meanings for each linguistic expression containing peh. We need both contextual clues and cultural background knowledge to decipher peh¡¦s underlying meanings. The encodings of color perception do not lie in our biology; instead, it is structured socially (Lucy, 1997). In addition, certain uses of peh, e.g., pe̍h-pau (¥Õ¥]), pe̍h-thiap-á (¥Õ©«¥J), etc., in real life discourse make the function of peh more than a representation of the color itself but bridge the gap and create interpersonal relationship between their language users at the same time. On the whole, this research may shed light on the cognitive understanding of peh in TSM not only semantically but also pragmatically.

Paul Ricoeur believes that metaphors not only provide information, but also convey truths. When people express non-image concepts with image-based language, they use metaphor. Reading Biblical metaphor is to look for God through reading. Metaphors are used throughout the Bible as a means of pointing to truths and as a tool to allow readers to recognize God. How has the Bible enabled millions of believers for centuries to serve God despite the limitations of human language? The answer is that God reveals Himself through metaphor, allowing people to know His value. The use of metaphor is not only a literary device designed for aesthetic purposes; the main purpose of metaphor is to express concepts that are difficult to describe directly. This article uses conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) from Metaphors We Live By (Lakeoff & Johnson, 1980, 2003) and blending theory (BT) by Fauconnier and Turner (1995) as analysis strategies for Biblical texts, they are also one kind of tool of organizing information at the same time. Metaphor is a type of inspirational linguistic phenomenon; a linguistic device that enables people¡¦s minds to ascend to a higher place. Biblical metaphors are extremely rich, and this article offers only an initial analytical interpretation of the four main themes of Biblical metaphors: The exploration of God¡¦s nature and attributes; to see the default table of the Old Testament and the intertextuality of the New Testament; the characteristics of believers; and the interactive relationship between God and man, including God¡¦s will for humanity. Using these four basic and essential themes, this study explores how the Bible uses metaphor to convey abstract concepts and relate communications between God and man, as well as exploring how moral lessons are conveyed through metaphors, enabling the average person to understand them. In addition, in a position of Biblical readers to explore how readers use their own experience and cognitive abilities regarding metaphors to ascertain the true meaning of faith, including metaphorical thinking of the solutions, the experience of faith is the extension of the metaphor. ¡¨Christ¡¨ is the necessary key for Biblical interpretation, as well as the metaphor is possible as an edge tool of cognition & expression, that is, Biblical readers can transfer the implication of belief through the modes of metaphor understanding per the information provided by Bible. Using the same principle, the reading technique of metaphorical cognition can be applied to other texts as a method of interpreting meaning¡Xespecially abstract meaning.

This dissertation examines genericity from a textual perspective. The material consists of popular science texts about species of animals. The investigation concerns both the distribution of different forms of generic noun phrases and the boundary between generic and non-generic noun phrases. The analytical tools are taken from Accessibility Theory and Blending Theory. Two separate studies have been undertaken. The results of the first study indicate that generic reference on the whole follows the same principles of accessibility as non-generic reference, although there are some differences that can be attributed to the distinction between generic and non-generic reference. Some results suggest that our mental representations of generic referents are generally less accessible than those of non-generic referents. Factors other than accessibility influencing the choice of generic noun phrases are also identified. While genericity is generally treated as an all-or-nothing phenomenon, an important experience of this first study concerns the difficulties facing anyone who tries to distinguish between generic and non-generic noun phrases in authentic texts. These difficulties are the centre of attention in the second study, which shows that genericity is an extremely context-dependent phenomenon. The sentence context may clearly indicate a particular, non-generic reference, while the wider context of the text reveals that the noun phrase in question is in fact generic. Not infrequently, chains of reference involve a great deal of shifting and slithering between a generic and a non-generic meaning, although the references are seemingly coreferential. It is sometimes difficult to decide on the real referents intended. At times there are also clear cases where the noun phrase must be analysed as referring to both generic and non-generic entities at the same time. This implies that it is unlikely that we actually decide for every reference if it is generic or non-generic.

SILVA, Pedro Henrique Sousa da. O discurso de torcedores vítimas da violência no futebol à luz da teoria dos sistemas adaptativos complexos e da teoria da integração conceitual: em busca da emergência de metáforas e ou metonímias sistemáticas. 2013. 115f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2013. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-06-05T12:36:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_phssilva.pdf: 1783821 bytes, checksum: 3cb615b314568a9168c85b689125d28a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-06-05T13:42:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_phssilva.pdf: 1783821 bytes, checksum: 3cb615b314568a9168c85b689125d28a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-05T13:42:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_phssilva.pdf: 1783821 bytes, checksum: 3cb615b314568a9168c85b689125d28a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The discourse can be seen as a complex adptive system, which adapts itself in function of the contextual needs interconnected into the discoursive flow. Each speaker contributes to the discourse in a complex, dynamic and dialogical way, through the historical, sociocultural and ontogenetical dimension, in which they insert themselves. Thus, metaphors and metonyms seem to emerge in the discourse from the interaction among conceptual and linguistic systems, considering a negotiation among the speakers. According to Cameron (2003, 2007, 2008), systematic metaphor can be understood as a web of linguistic metaphors or metonymys that are connected to the discoursive topics in the discourse. The systematic metaphor can also be considered as pattern or a conceptualization that emerge in the discourse by the interactions among the speakers. That conceptualization is ad hoc and stabilizes itself temporarily, emerging by interactions among various systems connected into the discourse, in which Cameron emphasizes the discoursive system and the cognitive system. However, Cameron does not specify which cognitive displays could have been used to emerge the conceptualization. In this sense, this research raises the hypothesis that systematic metaphor approach can explore the conceptualization of violence in the football only in the discoursive plan. The second hypothesis is that Blending Theory, from Fauconnier and Turner (2002, 2007), can clarify the gaps left by systematic metaphor in respect to the cognitive displays. It is also defended the hypothesis that the systematic metaphor can be seen as a systematic metonymy. The vision of Morin (2013) about system and its implications was considered to the last hypothesis. Beyond this, it was also considered what Weaver (1948), Mitchel (2009), Larsen-Freeman e Cameron (2008) talk about complex adaptive systems. In order to verify the mentioned hypothesis, it was used the focal group investigation technique. The group was composed by 06 football supporters who talk about violence in the football. The discourse was recorded in audio and video, then transcribed according to the procedures listed by Cameron et al. (2009). The research is qualitative. The data analysis was guided follow a interface that has converge: Complex Adaptive Theory and the metaphor-led discourse analysis approach (CAMERON, 2003, 2007, 2008; CAMERON et al. 2009; CAMERON; MASLEN, 2010) and Blending Theory (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2002) / A interação discursiva pode ser compreendida como sistema adaptativo complexo, de modo que adaptações ocorrem em função de variadas demandas contextuais interconectadas no fluxo discursivo. Cada interlocutor contribui com a interação, de forma complexa, sistemática e dialógica, através das dimensões socioculturais, históricas e ontogenética nas quais se insere. Nesse sentido, as metáforas e as metonímias presentes no fluxo discursivo parecem emergir a partir de uma negociação conceitual entre os interlocutores. Segundo Cameron (2003, 2007, 2008), a metáfora sistemática pode ser entendida como uma rede de metáforas linguísticas que emerge no fluxo discursivo, conectando-se a determinados tópicos discursivos, formando um padrão, ou seja, uma conceitualização que, ao emergir no e pelo discurso, alcança uma estabilidade temporária, sendo, portanto, fruto da interação entre diversos agentes e/ou subsistemas: pragmáticos, sociais, culturais, históricos e cognitivos. No entanto, Cameron não especifica que aparatos cognitivo-conceituais podem contribuir para a emergência da reportada conceitualização. Nesse sentido, este trabalho parte da hipótese de que a abordagem de metáforas sistemáticas pode dar conta da conceitualização da violência no futebol apenas no plano discursivo. A teoria da integração conceitual, de Fauconnier e Turner (2002, 2007) pode aclarar a base cognitivo-conceitual lacunada pelas metáforas sistemáticas, o que se configurou como uma hipótese desencadeada pela primeira. Também é defendida a hipótese de que a metáfora sistemática pode ser entendida, em certo aspecto, como metonímia sistemática. Para tanto, consideramos a visão de Morin (2013) no que diz respeito a sistema e suas implicações, bem como a perspectiva de Weaver (1948), Mitchel (2009), e, Larsen-Freeman e Cameron (2008) sobre sistemas adaptativos complexos. No intuito de verificar as mencionadas hipóteses, foi utilizada a técnica de investigação de grupo focal, formado por 06 torcedores que discutiram sobre violência no futebol. O discurso foi gravado em áudio e vídeo, depois transcrito segundo os procedimentos listados por Cameron et al. (2009). A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa. Os dados são interpretados a partir de uma interface que converge: a Teoria dos Sistemas Adaptativos Complexos e a análise do discurso à luz da metáfora sistemática (CAMERON, 2003, 2007, 2008; CAMERON et al. 2009, CAMERON; MASLEN, 2010) e Teoria da Integração Conceitual (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2002).

nÃo hà / A interaÃÃo discursiva pode ser compreendida como sistema adaptativo complexo, de modo que adaptaÃÃes ocorrem em funÃÃo de variadas demandas contextuais interconectadas no fluxo discursivo. Cada interlocutor contribui com a interaÃÃo, de forma complexa, sistemÃtica e dialÃgica, atravÃs das dimensÃes socioculturais, histÃricas e ontogenÃtica nas quais se insere. Nesse sentido, as metÃforas e as metonÃmias presentes no fluxo discursivo parecem emergir a partir de uma negociaÃÃo conceitual entre os interlocutores. Segundo Cameron (2003, 2007, 2008), a metÃfora sistemÃtica pode ser entendida como uma rede de metÃforas linguÃsticas que emerge no fluxo discursivo, conectando-se a determinados tÃpicos discursivos, formando um padrÃo, ou seja, uma conceitualizaÃÃo que, ao emergir no e pelo discurso, alcanÃa uma estabilidade temporÃria, sendo, portanto, fruto da interaÃÃo entre diversos agentes e/ou subsistemas: pragmÃticos, sociais, culturais, histÃricos e cognitivos. No entanto, Cameron nÃo especifica que aparatos cognitivo-conceituais podem contribuir para a emergÃncia da reportada conceitualizaÃÃo. Nesse sentido, este trabalho parte da hipÃtese de que a abordagem de metÃforas sistemÃticas pode dar conta da conceitualizaÃÃo da violÃncia no futebol apenas no plano discursivo. A teoria da integraÃÃo conceitual, de Fauconnier e Turner (2002, 2007) pode aclarar a base cognitivo-conceitual lacunada pelas metÃforas sistemÃticas, o que se configurou como uma hipÃtese desencadeada pela primeira. TambÃm à defendida a hipÃtese de que a metÃfora sistemÃtica pode ser entendida, em certo aspecto, como metonÃmia sistemÃtica. Para tanto, consideramos a visÃo de Morin (2013) no que diz respeito a sistema e suas implicaÃÃes, bem como a perspectiva de Weaver (1948), Mitchel (2009), e, Larsen-Freeman e Cameron (2008) sobre sistemas adaptativos complexos. No intuito de verificar as mencionadas hipÃteses, foi utilizada a tÃcnica de investigaÃÃo de grupo focal, formado por 06 torcedores que discutiram sobre violÃncia no futebol. O discurso foi gravado em Ãudio e vÃdeo, depois transcrito segundo os procedimentos listados por Cameron et al. (2009). A pesquisa à de natureza qualitativa. Os dados sÃo interpretados a partir de uma interface que converge: a Teoria dos Sistemas Adaptativos Complexos e a anÃlise do discurso à luz da metÃfora sistemÃtica (CAMERON, 2003, 2007, 2008; CAMERON et al. 2009, CAMERON; MASLEN, 2010) e Teoria da IntegraÃÃo Conceitual (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2002). / The discourse can be seen as a complex adptive system, which adapts itself in function of the contextual needs interconnected into the discoursive flow. Each speaker contributes to the discourse in a complex, dynamic and dialogical way, through the historical, sociocultural and ontogenetical dimension, in which they insert themselves. Thus, metaphors and metonyms seem to emerge in the discourse from the interaction among conceptual and linguistic systems, considering a negotiation among the speakers. According to Cameron (2003, 2007, 2008), systematic metaphor can be understood as a web of linguistic metaphors or metonymys that are connected to the discoursive topics in the discourse. The systematic metaphor can also be considered as pattern or a conceptualization that emerge in the discourse by the interactions among the speakers. That conceptualization is ad hoc and stabilizes itself temporarily, emerging by interactions among various systems connected into the discourse, in which Cameron emphasizes the discoursive system and the cognitive system. However, Cameron does not specify which cognitive displays could have been used to emerge the conceptualization. In this sense, this research raises the hypothesis that systematic metaphor approach can explore the conceptualization of violence in the football only in the discoursive plan. The second hypothesis is that Blending Theory, from Fauconnier and Turner (2002, 2007), can clarify the gaps left by systematic metaphor in respect to the cognitive displays. It is also defended the hypothesis that the systematic metaphor can be seen as a systematic metonymy. The vision of Morin (2013) about system and its implications was considered to the last hypothesis. Beyond this, it was also considered what Weaver (1948), Mitchel (2009), Larsen-Freeman e Cameron (2008) talk about complex adaptive systems. In order to verify the mentioned hypothesis, it was used the focal group investigation technique. The group was composed by 06 football supporters who talk about violence in the football. The discourse was recorded in audio and video, then transcribed according to the procedures listed by Cameron et al. (2009). The research is qualitative. The data analysis was guided follow a interface that has converge: Complex Adaptive Theory and the metaphor-led discourse analysis approach (CAMERON, 2003, 2007, 2008; CAMERON et al. 2009; CAMERON; MASLEN, 2010) and Blending Theory (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2002)

Drönare blir alltmer etablerat i samhället, och används idag av både privatpersoner och företag. Detta beror till stor del på de fördelar som drönare ger oss människor samt att de kan appliceras inom ett flertal användningsområden; allt från fotografering till räddningsuppdrag. Det här arbetet syftar till att undersöka hur en grupp med drönare skulle kunna arbeta tillsammans i en räddningsinsats. Det görs genom att utforska metaforerna svärm, lag och flock, och hur dessa kan appliceras på drönarna samt vilka designkonsekvenserna av detta blir.                       Arbetet är en fallstudie inom interaktionsdesign, och en språklig analys utfördes för att utforska metaforerna för att sedan i konceptuell design utforska vilka konsekvenser detta får. Ett individuellt arbete samt en workshop utfördes för att generera konceptidéer, vilket resulterade i en syntes mellan metaforerna lag och flock. Av arbetet kan slutsatsen dras att en ledare anses vara avgörande för att drönargruppen ska arbeta så effektivt och strukturerat som möjligt.

O prefixo ver- já foi tema de estudo para diversos linguistas que se dedicam à língua alemã (LEOPOLD, 1907; SCHIRMEIER, 2006, entre outros). O caráter polissêmico desse prefixo é o grande motivo para tamanho interesse. Diferentemente dos trabalhos citados, esta dissertação analisa novas formações verbais com o prefixo ver-, a fim de descobrir regularidades, tanto semântica quanto morfológicas no processo de formação dos verbos. Para tanto, pesquisamos novos verbos ainda não lexicalizados em um sítio eletrônico (http://www.deflok.de/HipHopLyrics/Texte/), composto por letras de música do hip hop alemão. Assim, o endereço virtual foi tomado como corpus para a tarefa. A busca permitiu encontrar doze novos verbos: verbassen, verspeien, verpeilen, verchecken, verächten, verkreuzen, verstumpfen, vergaukeln, verschlendern, vernabeln, verreimen, verstottern. Para tanto, os dicionários DUDEN (www.duden.de), Langescheidt (versão digital) e PONS (versão digital) foram usados como ferramenta de exclusão lexicográfica. O dicionário DUDEN funcionou também como fonte para conhecer as acepções que o prefixo ver- imprimia nos derivados em que se encontrava. O arcabouço teórico usado teve como base os conceitos da teoria da gramática de construções, a partir de GOLDBERG (1995) que permitiram conhecer novas propostas de interpretação dos mecanismos envolvidos na formação dos verbos com o prefixo ver. Ademais, recorremos à teoria da mesclagem de FAUCONNIER & TURNER (2003) para explicar a construção de sentido de determinados verbos, uma vez que essa permitia explorar aspectos não contemplados pela teoria da gramática de construções. / The prefix ver- has already been a theme of many linguistics (LEOPOLD, 1907; SCHIRMEIER, 2006, and others), that are dedicated to German language. The polissemic aspect from this prefix is the main reason for such a big interest. Unlike those authors, with this paper I analyse new verbal formations with the prefix ver- in order to discover semantic as well as morphological regularities in the process of verbal formations. Therefore, I researched new not yet lexicalized verbs in a website (http://www.deflok.de/HipHopLyrics/Texte/), composed of hip hop lyrics in German. The web address was treated as the corpus. Twelve new verbs were detected: verbassen, verspeien, verpeilen, verchecken, verächten, verkreuzen, verstumpfen, vergaukeln, verschlendern, vernabeln, verreimen, verstottern. In order to verify that these verbs were not yet lexicalized we used the following dictionaries: DUDEN (www.duden.de) and the digital version of Langenscheidt, and PONS. The dictionary DUDEN also served to specify the different meaning, that the prefix ver- gives to the derivates, in which it is part of. The theoretical support is based on the terms and definitions of the construction grammar (Goldberg, 1995), that allowed to get a new point of view about the mechanisms involved in the verb formation with the prefix ver-. Complementary I employed the definitions proposed by FAUCONNIER & TURNER (2003) to explain the meaning of certain neologism to which the construction grammar theory could not be applied.

O prefixo ver- já foi tema de estudo para diversos linguistas que se dedicam à língua alemã (LEOPOLD, 1907; SCHIRMEIER, 2006, entre outros). O caráter polissêmico desse prefixo é o grande motivo para tamanho interesse. Diferentemente dos trabalhos citados, esta dissertação analisa novas formações verbais com o prefixo ver-, a fim de descobrir regularidades, tanto semântica quanto morfológicas no processo de formação dos verbos. Para tanto, pesquisamos novos verbos ainda não lexicalizados em um sítio eletrônico (http://www.deflok.de/HipHopLyrics/Texte/), composto por letras de música do hip hop alemão. Assim, o endereço virtual foi tomado como corpus para a tarefa. A busca permitiu encontrar doze novos verbos: verbassen, verspeien, verpeilen, verchecken, verächten, verkreuzen, verstumpfen, vergaukeln, verschlendern, vernabeln, verreimen, verstottern. Para tanto, os dicionários DUDEN (www.duden.de), Langescheidt (versão digital) e PONS (versão digital) foram usados como ferramenta de exclusão lexicográfica. O dicionário DUDEN funcionou também como fonte para conhecer as acepções que o prefixo ver- imprimia nos derivados em que se encontrava. O arcabouço teórico usado teve como base os conceitos da teoria da gramática de construções, a partir de GOLDBERG (1995) que permitiram conhecer novas propostas de interpretação dos mecanismos envolvidos na formação dos verbos com o prefixo ver. Ademais, recorremos à teoria da mesclagem de FAUCONNIER & TURNER (2003) para explicar a construção de sentido de determinados verbos, uma vez que essa permitia explorar aspectos não contemplados pela teoria da gramática de construções. / The prefix ver- has already been a theme of many linguistics (LEOPOLD, 1907; SCHIRMEIER, 2006, and others), that are dedicated to German language. The polissemic aspect from this prefix is the main reason for such a big interest. Unlike those authors, with this paper I analyse new verbal formations with the prefix ver- in order to discover semantic as well as morphological regularities in the process of verbal formations. Therefore, I researched new not yet lexicalized verbs in a website (http://www.deflok.de/HipHopLyrics/Texte/), composed of hip hop lyrics in German. The web address was treated as the corpus. Twelve new verbs were detected: verbassen, verspeien, verpeilen, verchecken, verächten, verkreuzen, verstumpfen, vergaukeln, verschlendern, vernabeln, verreimen, verstottern. In order to verify that these verbs were not yet lexicalized we used the following dictionaries: DUDEN (www.duden.de) and the digital version of Langenscheidt, and PONS. The dictionary DUDEN also served to specify the different meaning, that the prefix ver- gives to the derivates, in which it is part of. The theoretical support is based on the terms and definitions of the construction grammar (Goldberg, 1995), that allowed to get a new point of view about the mechanisms involved in the verb formation with the prefix ver-. Complementary I employed the definitions proposed by FAUCONNIER & TURNER (2003) to explain the meaning of certain neologism to which the construction grammar theory could not be applied.